105-488: The Times , also known as The Victor Harbor Times , is a newspaper published weekly in Victor Harbor , South Australia , since August 1912. Its title has, as with most regional newspapers, undergone a series of name changes and simplifications over its history. It was later sold to Rural Press , previously owned by Fairfax Media , but now an Australian media company trading as Australian Community Media . The newspaper
210-450: A Terraplane Special . The beaches of Victor Harbor and nearby Port Elliot have been facing rising seas , and more has to be done to stop this. In November 2023, Victor Harbor mayor Moira Jenkins voiced strong opposition, citing risks to the environment, to a proposal for a $ 350 million marina in the town. The project is promoted by local businessman Mark Taplin, who has stated that he wants to "enhance Victor Harbor." Victor Harbor
315-787: A lord of the manor with a Roman Catholic church and priest. Thanks to the exchange with the Al-Andalus where the Arab Agricultural Revolution was underway, European agriculture transformed, with improved techniques and the diffusion of crop plants, including the introduction of sugar, rice, cotton and fruit trees (such as the orange). After 1492, the Columbian exchange brought New World crops such as maize, potatoes, tomatoes, sweet potatoes , and manioc to Europe, and Old World crops such as wheat, barley, rice, and turnips , and livestock (including horses, cattle, sheep and goats) to
420-400: A Friday (1932-1973), Thursday (1973) and Wednesday (1974-1978)) and called Victor Harbour Times. Between 30 March 1978 and 31 December 1986 it was called Victor Harbor Times . From 7 January 1987, the header was simplified further. For 11 years, from 1 August 1984 to 17 November 1995, it was published bi-weekly. The newspaper then started publishing Thursdays from 5 June 1997. From 1922,
525-466: A combination of labor supply and labor demand trends have driven down the share of population employed in agriculture. During the 16th century in Europe, between 55 and 75% of the population was engaged in agriculture; by the 19th century, this had dropped to between 35 and 65%. In the same countries today, the figure is less than 10%. At the start of the 21st century, some one billion people, or over 1/3 of
630-413: A different study putting the number at 26 that year. After 28 birds were counted in mid-2023, researchers were hopeful of a recovery in numbers. The SteamRanger Heritage Railway runs train services, most notably The Cockle Train between Victor Harbor and Goolwa, along the Victor Harbor railway line . Between June and September, whale spotting is a popular attraction. Southern right whales come to
735-456: A gala reopening of the venue, and experienced a new lease of life as a picture theatre during World War II owing to the number of service personnel swelling the population of the town. The Wonderview was demolished in 1991. There are many local and state heritage-listed buildings in Victor Harbor, some of which are mentioned above. Adare House (as of 2024 known Adare Conference Centre)
840-664: A hazardous industry, and farmers worldwide remain at high risk of work-related injuries, lung disease, noise-induced hearing loss , skin diseases, as well as certain cancers related to chemical use and prolonged sun exposure. On industrialized farms , injuries frequently involve the use of agricultural machinery , and a common cause of fatal agricultural injuries in developed countries is tractor rollovers . Pesticides and other chemicals used in farming can be hazardous to worker health , and workers exposed to pesticides may experience illness or have children with birth defects. As an industry in which families commonly share in work and live on
945-444: A high use of inputs (water, fertilizer, pesticide and automation). It is practiced mainly in developed countries. From the twentieth century onwards, intensive agriculture increased crop productivity. It substituted synthetic fertilizers and pesticides for labor, but caused increased water pollution, and often involved farm subsidies. Soil degradation and diseases such as stem rust are major concerns globally; approximately 40% of
1050-482: A pastoralist and businessman, bought the property in 1889. Based on designs by architect Frederick William Dancker (1852–1936), the original house was rebuilt and expanded it to include 19 rooms, a cellar, a tower, a balcony, and three turrets . It was completed in 1893. It is located on the outskirts of the town, next to the Hindmarsh River . Since the second half of the 20th century, Adare House has been used by
1155-447: A positive note, the gender gap in access to mobile internet in low- and middle-income countries fell from 25 percent to 16 percent between 2017 and 2021, and the gender gap in access to bank accounts narrowed from 9 to 6 percentage points. Women are as likely as men to adopt new technologies when the necessary enabling factors are put in place and they have equal access to complementary resources. Agriculture, specifically farming, remains
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#17328906047011260-404: A significant decrease in genetic diversity and resources among livestock breeds, leading to a corresponding decrease in disease resistance and local adaptations previously found among traditional breeds. Grassland based livestock production relies upon plant material such as shrubland , rangeland , and pastures for feeding ruminant animals. Outside nutrient inputs may be used, however manure
1365-485: A small area of forest is cleared by cutting and burning the trees. The cleared land is used for growing crops for a few years until the soil becomes too infertile, and the area is abandoned. Another patch of land is selected and the process is repeated. This type of farming is practiced mainly in areas with abundant rainfall where the forest regenerates quickly. This practice is used in Northeast India, Southeast Asia, and
1470-619: A three-day schoolies festival in late November mainly for South Australian school leavers. Victor Harbor hosts the second largest schoolies festival in Australia after the Gold Coast , centring around official festival activities in Warland Reserve. These events are managed by the official event organisers and not-for-profit charity, Encounter Youth, and are supported by the local council, SA Police, SA Ambulance and St Johns SA. The centre of
1575-552: A year, or requiring irrigation. In all of these environments perennial crops are grown (coffee, chocolate) and systems are practiced such as agroforestry . In temperate environments, where ecosystems were predominantly grassland or prairie , highly productive annual farming is the dominant agricultural system. Important categories of food crops include cereals, legumes, forage, fruits and vegetables. Natural fibers include cotton, wool , hemp , silk and flax . Specific crops are cultivated in distinct growing regions throughout
1680-470: A yearly summit to discuss safety. Overall production varies by country as listed. The twenty largest countries by agricultural output (in nominal terms) at peak level as of 2018, according to the IMF and CIA World Factbook . Cropping systems vary among farms depending on the available resources and constraints; geography and climate of the farm; government policy; economic, social and political pressures; and
1785-571: Is a hybrid of a Chilean and a North American species, developed by breeding in Europe and North America. The indigenous people of the Southwest and the Pacific Northwest practiced forest gardening and fire-stick farming . The natives controlled fire on a regional scale to create a low-intensity fire ecology that sustained a low-density agriculture in loose rotation; a sort of "wild" permaculture . A system of companion planting called
1890-626: Is both a cause of and sensitive to environmental degradation , such as biodiversity loss , desertification , soil degradation , and climate change , all of which can cause decreases in crop yield. Genetically modified organisms are widely used, although some countries ban them . The word agriculture is a late Middle English adaptation of Latin agricultūra , from ager 'field' and cultūra ' cultivation ' or 'growing'. While agriculture usually refers to human activities, certain species of ant , termite and beetle have been cultivating crops for up to 60 million years. Agriculture
1995-471: Is connected to the mainland by a short tram /pedestrian causeway . The tram service is provided by the Victor Harbor Horse Drawn Tram , one of the very few horse-drawn tram routes remaining in public transit service. Granite island is home to a large colony of little penguins which are a popular attraction on the island. These penguins shelter on the island during the night, departing in
2100-444: Is defined with varying scopes, in its broadest sense using natural resources to "produce commodities which maintain life, including food, fiber, forest products, horticultural crops, and their related services". Thus defined, it includes arable farming , horticulture, animal husbandry and forestry , but horticulture and forestry are in practice often excluded. It may also be broadly decomposed into plant agriculture , which concerns
2205-546: Is found in several geographical names in South Australia, including Outer Harbor and Blanche Harbor . According to the State Library of South Australia , the lack of the "u" is not influenced by American spelling, but archaic English spelling. The name is not consistently applied. The Victor Harbor Times used "Harbour" in its masthead from 1922 to 1978, before reverting to "Harbor". The Victor Harbour railway station
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#17328906047012310-438: Is returned directly to the grassland as a major nutrient source. This system is particularly important in areas where crop production is not feasible because of climate or soil, representing 30–40 million pastoralists. Mixed production systems use grassland, fodder crops and grain feed crops as feed for ruminant and monogastric (one stomach; mainly chickens and pigs) livestock. Manure is typically recycled in mixed systems as
2415-756: Is spelt with the u . In 1923, two picture palaces opened in Victor Harbor: the Victor Theatre in Ocean Street on 24 November (still operating today as the Victa Cinema; see below), and the Wonderview near the beachfront, opposite the Soldiers' Memorial Gardens, on 22 December 1923. On 26 December 1936, a one-off motor race meeting was held to the east of the town to commemorate the centenary of South Australia –
2520-476: Is the Times (1987–). The newspaper was originally published as The Victor Harbor Times and Encounter Bay and Lower Murray Pilot , with the first edition published on Friday 23 August 1912. On 16 May 1930, the title was briefly altered to Times Victor Harbor and Encounter Bay and Lower Murray Pilot . From 15 April 1932 until 31 December 1986 it was called Victor Harbor Times . Other historical publications included
2625-477: Is the centre of the surf zone stretching for around 50 km (31 mi) from west of Victor Harbor along to Goolwa, known as the "South Coast" to Adelaide and local surfers. Popular surf beaches in the area include Parsons, Waitpinga, Middleton, and Goolwa . The Granite Island breakwater usually shields the town from waves. Victor Harbor offers numerous fishing opportunities, varying from offshore reefs for larger boat based anglers to excellent surf fishing on
2730-577: The Great Southern Star (21 November 1995 – June 1999), a free local newspaper with content covering the whole of the Fleurieu Peninsula. As of 2023 the newspaper continues to be published weekly as The Times and includes a digital edition. Its address is 2 Coral St. The Times serves towns including Victor Harbor, Port Elliot , Middleton , Goolwa , Strathalbyn , Myponga , Normanville , Yankalilla , and Cape Jervis . The Times won
2835-494: The Indus Valley civilization . In China, from the 5th century BC, there was a nationwide granary system and widespread silk farming . Water-powered grain mills were in use by the 1st century BC, followed by irrigation. By the late 2nd century, heavy ploughs had been developed with iron ploughshares and mouldboards . These spread westwards across Eurasia. Asian rice was domesticated 8,200–13,500 years ago – depending on
2940-572: The Paleolithic , after 10,000 BC. Staple food crops were grains such as wheat and barley, alongside industrial crops such as flax and papyrus . In India , wheat, barley and jujube were domesticated by 9,000 BC, soon followed by sheep and goats. Cattle, sheep and goats were domesticated in Mehrgarh culture by 8,000–6,000 BC. Cotton was cultivated by the 5th–4th millennium BC. Archeological evidence indicates an animal-drawn plough from 2,500 BC in
3045-504: The Tigris and Euphrates rivers and a canal system for irrigation. Ploughs appear in pictographs around 3,000 BC; seed-ploughs around 2,300 BC. Farmers grew wheat, barley, vegetables such as lentils and onions, and fruits including dates, grapes, and figs. Ancient Egyptian agriculture relied on the Nile River and its seasonal flooding. Farming started in the predynastic period at the end of
3150-712: The Uniting Church for group camps, and the grounds used as a caravan park . Since the 21st century, the building has been used for weddings and other private functions. Dancker also designed a residence, Attunga , that is now part of Burnside Hospital ; the Queen Victoria Hospital , St Paul's Lutheran Church at Hahndorf , and the Malvern Uniting Church. Agriculture Agriculture encompasses crop and livestock production, aquaculture , and forestry for food and non-food products. Agriculture
3255-613: The molecular clock estimate that is used – on the Pearl River in southern China with a single genetic origin from the wild rice Oryza rufipogon . In Greece and Rome , the major cereals were wheat, emmer, and barley, alongside vegetables including peas, beans, and olives. Sheep and goats were kept mainly for dairy products. In the Americas, crops domesticated in Mesoamerica (apart from teosinte) include squash, beans, and cacao . Cocoa
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3360-536: The organic movement . Unsustainable farming practices in North America led to the Dust Bowl of the 1930s. Pastoralism involves managing domesticated animals. In nomadic pastoralism , herds of livestock are moved from place to place in search of pasture, fodder, and water. This type of farming is practiced in arid and semi-arid regions of Sahara , Central Asia and some parts of India. In shifting cultivation ,
3465-523: The 1930s. On 21 December 1934 the Victor Theatre reopened as an Ozone cinema. The cinema had a seating capacity of 910 at the time of its takeover by Hoyts in 1951. It operated restricted opening times from 1960 onwards, and from 1963 closed during the winter. In 1970 it was acquired by independent operator Roy Denison for A$ 25,000 , who reopened it as the Victa Theatre. Manager Geoff Stock bought
3570-466: The 2007 Best SA Country Newspaper over 6000 circulation award. The National Library of Australia has digitised photographic copies of most issues of The Victor Harbor Times and Encounter Bay and Lower Murray Pilot from Vol I, No. 1 of 23 August 1912 to Vol. XIX No. 920 of 9 May 1930 and its successor The Victor Harbour Times from Vol XXI, No. 1019 of 15 April 1932 to Vol. 74 No. 3,478 of 31 December 1986. These copies may be accessed via Trove . On
3675-528: The Amazon Basin. Subsistence farming is practiced to satisfy family or local needs alone, with little left over for transport elsewhere. It is intensively practiced in Monsoon Asia and South-East Asia. An estimated 2.5 billion subsistence farmers worked in 2018, cultivating about 60% of the earth's arable land . Intensive farming is cultivation to maximize productivity, with a low fallow ratio and
3780-547: The Americas. Irrigation , crop rotation , and fertilizers advanced from the 17th century with the British Agricultural Revolution , allowing global population to rise significantly. Since 1900, agriculture in developed nations, and to a lesser extent in the developing world, has seen large rises in productivity as mechanization replaces human labor, and assisted by synthetic fertilizers , pesticides, and selective breeding . The Haber-Bosch method allowed
3885-959: The Coast is a monthly publication first begun as a quarterly in December 1989 by Country Publishers. In October 1990, it absorbed The District Telegraph (issued February 1988-July 1990), a publication of the Willunga Council . By 1992 it was a small monthly newspaper published by The Times to serve the Fleurieu Peninsula . It is posted and delivered to Sellicks, Aldinga Beach, McLaren Vale, McLaren Flat, Maslin Beach, Moana, Seaford and Willunga (and available at general stores in Aldinga, Old Noarlunga, Mt. Compass, McLaren Vale, Sellicks, Seaford, Seaford Rise, Maslins Beach, and Willunga Library). The Times also published
3990-527: The Coast is available in microfiche and physical formats in the State Library of South Australia . Victor Harbor, South Australia Victor Harbor is a town in the Australian state of South Australia located within the City of Victor Harbor on the south coast of the Fleurieu Peninsula , about 82 kilometres (51 mi) south of the state capital of Adelaide . The town is the largest population centre on
4095-523: The Fleurieu Peninsula. At Power FM's launch on 98.7 in Murray Bridge, reception in Victor Harbor and along the Fleurieu Peninsula was very poor due to terrain constraints, so Power FM set up its own transmission site for residents of the Fleurieu, north of Port Elliot in 2002. This operates on 99.7 MHz continually as of September 2024. 5MU, initially on 1458 kHz, then on 1125 kHz AM covered
4200-568: The Paleolithic Levant, 23,000 years ago, cereals cultivation of emmer , barley , and oats has been observed near the sea of Galilee. Rice was domesticated in China between 11,500 and 6,200 BC with the earliest known cultivation from 5,700 BC, followed by mung , soy and azuki beans. Sheep were domesticated in Mesopotamia between 13,000 and 11,000 years ago. Cattle were domesticated from
4305-513: The Soldiers' Memorial Gardens. The company selected the name "Wonderview" from 87 public submissions in October 1923. The "Wonderview De Luxe Beach Theatre", like the Victor, was also designed by Chris A. Smith . It was described as being "palatial"; wider than the older long narrow theatres, with a latticework ceiling containing concealed lighting, comfortable seating that included settees . Its equipment
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4410-525: The South Australian Centenary Grand Prix, often referred to as the 1937 Australian Grand Prix . The circuit was made of public roads, measured 12.6 kilometres in length and featured two long straights, two short straights, and several corners, including the banked Nangawooka Hairpin. The winners of the 240-mile Grand Prix, which was held as a handicap, were Les Murphy in an MG P-type , Tim Joshua in another P-type, and Bob Lea-Wright in
4515-479: The Three Sisters was developed in North America. The three crops were winter squash , maize, and climbing beans. Indigenous Australians , long supposed to have been nomadic hunter-gatherers , practiced systematic burning, possibly to enhance natural productivity in fire-stick farming. Scholars have pointed out that hunter-gatherers need a productive environment to support gathering without cultivation. Because
4620-786: The United Nations (FAO) posits that the roles and responsibilities of women in agriculture may be changing – for example, from subsistence farming to wage employment, and from contributing household members to primary producers in the context of male-out-migration. In general, women account for a greater share of agricultural employment at lower levels of economic development, as inadequate education, limited access to basic infrastructure and markets, high unpaid work burden and poor rural employment opportunities outside agriculture severely limit women's opportunities for off-farm work. Women who work in agricultural production tend to do so under highly unfavorable conditions. They tend to be concentrated in
4725-517: The United States is roughly 1.7 times more productive than it was in 1948. Agriculture employed 873 million people in 2021, or 27% of the global workforce, compared with 1 027 million (or 40%) in 2000. The share of agriculture in global GDP was stable at around 4% since 2000–2023. Despite increases in agricultural production and productivity, between 702 and 828 million people were affected by hunger in 2021. Food insecurity and malnutrition can be
4830-530: The annual work-related death toll among agricultural employees is at least 170,000, twice the average rate of other jobs. In addition, incidences of death, injury and illness related to agricultural activities often go unreported. The organization has developed the Safety and Health in Agriculture Convention, 2001 , which covers the range of risks in the agriculture occupation, the prevention of these risks and
4935-640: The area from their transmission tower on Gifford Hill , near Murray Bridge , however when 5MU converted to FM in 2021, due to terrain constraints with the FM transmission tower (also on Gifford Hill) the repeater transmitter site in Port Elliot became purposed for both 5MU and Power FM SA and operates the 5MU service on 97.1 MHz Some community radio stations operate in the area, including Fleurieu FM, Happy FM and others that focus on areas outside of Victor Harbor but have fortuitous coverage in. The Victor Theatre
5040-553: The available work force, were employed in agriculture. This constitutes approximately 70% of the global employment of children, and in many countries constitutes the largest percentage of women of any industry. The service sector overtook the agricultural sector as the largest global employer in 2007. In many developed countries, immigrants help fill labor shortages in high-value agriculture activities that are difficult to mechanize. Foreign farm workers from mostly Eastern Europe, North Africa and South Asia constituted around one-third of
5145-736: The beaches closer to the Murray Mouth . The Urimbirra Wildlife Park is a local attraction with a considerable collection of native, and some domestic, animals. The Soldiers' Memorial Gardens on the Esplanade include a park and a war memorial within. Both were heritage-listed on the South Australian Heritage Register in 1985. Greenhills Adventure Park offered activities including waterslides, canoes, rock wall climbing, archery, mini golf, and go-karting; however this attraction has since closed down on 1 May 2016. This town hosts
5250-579: The beaches on this stretch are popular surfing spots. It is a popular destination with South Australian high school graduates for their end of year celebrations, known colloquially as schoolies . Victor Harbor lies in the traditional lands of the Ramindjeri clan of the Ngarrindjeri people. Matthew Flinders in HMS ; Investigator visited the bay on 8 April 1802, while on the first circumnavigation of
5355-528: The building extensively renovated. A dress circle was added, increasing the seating capacity to 1000 seats. After a fire gutted the building in early 1934, it underwent reconstruction and extension in September of that year, to designs by F. Kenneth Milne . It is thought to be one of the first buildings in South Australia created in the style known as streamlined , a type of Art Deco that became popular in
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#17328906047015460-417: The building housed the horse-drawn trams. After several renovations, including one in 2008, the centre hosts a number of interactive exhibits. In December 2022, after more restoration of the goods shed, the building reopened as a combined Visitor Centre and SA Whale Centre, to be known as "Victor Harbor Visitor Centre", or "VC". The centre is open daily from 10am to 4pm apart from Christmas Day. Victor Harbor
5565-530: The business operated from a building purpose-built for residence and business by Peter and Ivy Milnes. The Milnes family continued to run the paper until 1986, when it was bought by the Wilson family. Rural Press purchased it later, and eventually Fairfax (SA Regional Media) became the owners. In May 2017, the newspaper sold its 95-year old office at 13 Coral Street, moving 100m south, into Stuart Street, Victor Harbor. By 2023 it had moved again, to 2 Coral Street. On
5670-580: The central west coast and eastern central, early farmers cultivated yams, native millet, and bush onions, possibly in permanent settlements. In the Middle Ages , compared to the Roman period , agriculture in Western Europe became more focused on self-sufficiency . The agricultural population under feudalism was typically organized into manors consisting of several hundred or more acres of land presided over by
5775-523: The cinema upon Denison's retirement in 1995, and it was fully renovated and renamed Victa Cinema. Twin screens were created in August 1998, with the former balcony screen seating 286, and the screen in the former stalls screen seating 297. In 2005 it was bought by David and Carol Stonnill, who upgraded the building further, while retaining the Art Deco character. In October 2020 the City of Victor Harbor purchased
5880-526: The cinema, intending to include it in the town's Arts and Culture centre in the future. The Victa has been state heritage-listed and retains its Art Deco fittings. It was featured in a photographic exhibition called Now Showing... Cinema Architecture in South Australia held at the Hawke Centre 's Kerry Packer Civic Gallery in April/May 2024. The Wonderview Theatre was located on Flinders Parade, opposite
5985-475: The continent, mapping the unsurveyed southern Australian coast from the west. He encountered Nicolas Baudin in Le Geographe near the Murray Mouth several kilometres to the east of the present day location of Victor Harbor. Baudin was surveying the coast from the east for Napoleonic France . Although their countries were at war, each captain was given documents by the other nation's government, stating that
6090-468: The cultivation of useful plants, and animal agriculture , the production of agricultural animals. The development of agriculture enabled the human population to grow many times larger than could be sustained by hunting and gathering . Agriculture began independently in different parts of the globe, and included a diverse range of taxa , in at least 11 separate centers of origin . Wild grains were collected and eaten from at least 105,000 years ago. In
6195-656: The domestication of squash (Cucurbita) and other plants. Coca was domesticated in the Andes, as were the peanut, tomato, tobacco, and pineapple . Cotton was domesticated in Peru by 3,600 BC. Animals including llamas , alpacas , and guinea pigs were domesticated there. In North America , the indigenous people of the East domesticated crops such as sunflower , tobacco, squash and Chenopodium . Wild foods including wild rice and maple sugar were harvested. The domesticated strawberry
6300-432: The farm itself, entire families can be at risk for injuries, illness, and death. Ages 0–6 may be an especially vulnerable population in agriculture; common causes of fatal injuries among young farm workers include drowning, machinery and motor accidents, including with all-terrain vehicles. The International Labor Organization considers agriculture "one of the most hazardous of all economic sectors". It estimates that
6405-419: The federal Division of Mayo . In the 2021 Australian census , the resident population in the town ( locality ) of Victor Harbor was 4,520, of whom 53% were female. Over the summer holiday season the population almost triples. The urban population for the built-up coastal area extending from Victor Harbor to Port Elliot and nearby Goolwa was 28,363. A popular site for visitors is Granite Island , which
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#17328906047016510-430: The forests of New Guinea have few food plants, early humans may have used "selective burning" to increase the productivity of the wild karuka fruit trees to support the hunter-gatherer way of life. The Gunditjmara and other groups developed eel farming and fish trapping systems from some 5,000 years ago. There is evidence of 'intensification' across the whole continent over that period. In two regions of Australia,
6615-422: The greater use of pesticides and fertilizers. Multiple cropping , in which several crops are grown sequentially in one year, and intercropping , when several crops are grown at the same time, are other kinds of annual cropping systems known as polycultures . In subtropical and arid environments, the timing and extent of agriculture may be limited by rainfall, either not allowing multiple annual crops in
6720-441: The input of nutrients (fertilizer or manure ) and some manual pest control . Annual cultivation is the next phase of intensity in which there is no fallow period. This requires even greater nutrient and pest control inputs. Further industrialization led to the use of monocultures , when one cultivar is planted on a large acreage. Because of the low biodiversity , nutrient use is uniform and pests tend to build up, necessitating
6825-469: The lower yield associated with organic farming and its impact on global food security . Recent mainstream technological developments include genetically modified food . By 2015, the agricultural output of China was the largest in the world, followed by the European Union, India and the United States. Economists measure the total factor productivity of agriculture, according to which agriculture in
6930-405: The morning to hunt for fish before returning at sunset. This colony of penguins has declined sharply, with only seven found in 2012. It is suspected that an increase in long-nosed fur seals in the area may be to blame; however, incidents such as those in 1998 where locals apparently kicked several of them to death have also contributed. A December 2022 survey estimated 22 birds on the island, with
7035-491: The nearby waters to calve and to mate. In 1990, Ian Milnes, a marine science teacher, established the original Whale Watch Centre, when there were few whales to be seen owing to the history of whaling from the 1830s until the 1980s, when it was banned. In 1990, there were seven sightings and 13 whales. The following winter, 40 whales were spotted. In 1994, the South Australian Whale Centre was established, with
7140-524: The official opening, a children's fancy dress parade was held in the building, on 15 December 1923. The Wonderview was co-owned by a number of local shareholders, and operated by National Pictures Limited, which also operated suburban Adelaide cinemas The National at Prospect , National Pictures in North Adelaide , and the Parkside Picture Pavilion at Parkside . Local man E. G. Fairbairn
7245-488: The peninsula, with an economy based upon agriculture , fisheries , and tourism. It is a popular tourist destination, with the area's population greatly expanded during the summer holidays, usually by Adelaide locals looking to escape the summer heat. The coast stretching for around 50 km (31 mi) from west of Victor Harbor along to Goolwa is often referred to as the South Coast, especially among surfers, as many of
7350-437: The philosophy and culture of the farmer. Shifting cultivation (or slash and burn ) is a system in which forests are burnt, releasing nutrients to support cultivation of annual and then perennial crops for a period of several years. Then the plot is left fallow to regrow forest, and the farmer moves to a new plot, returning after many more years (10–20). This fallow period is shortened if population density grows, requiring
7455-414: The poorest countries, where alternative livelihoods are not available, and they maintain the intensity of their work in conditions of climate-induced weather shocks and in situations of conflict. Women are less likely to participate as entrepreneurs and independent farmers and are engaged in the production of less lucrative crops. The gender gap in land productivity between female- and male managed farms of
7560-440: The production of fish for human consumption in confined operations, is one of the fastest growing sectors of food production, growing at an average of 9% a year between 1975 and 2007. During the second half of the 20th century, producers using selective breeding focused on creating livestock breeds and crossbreeds that increased production, while mostly disregarding the need to preserve genetic diversity . This trend has led to
7665-477: The result of conflict, climate extremes and variability and economic swings. It can also be caused by a country's structural characteristics such as income status and natural resource endowments as well as its political economy. Pesticide use in agriculture went up 62% between 2000 and 2021, with the Americas accounting for half the use in 2021. The International Fund for Agricultural Development posits that an increase in smallholder agriculture may be part of
7770-844: The role that individuals and organizations engaged in agriculture should play. In the United States, agriculture has been identified by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health as a priority industry sector in the National Occupational Research Agenda to identify and provide intervention strategies for occupational health and safety issues. In the European Union, the European Agency for Safety and Health at Work has issued guidelines on implementing health and safety directives in agriculture, livestock farming, horticulture, and forestry. The Agricultural Safety and Health Council of America (ASHCA) also holds
7875-474: The salaried agricultural workforce in Spain, Italy, Greece and Portugal in 2013. In the United States of America, more than half of all hired farmworkers (roughly 450,000 workers) were immigrants in 2019, although the number of new immigrants arriving in the country to work in agriculture has fallen by 75 percent in recent years and rising wages indicate this has led to a major labor shortage on U.S. farms. Around
7980-439: The same size is 24 percent. On average, women earn 18.4 percent less than men in wage employment in agriculture; this means that women receive 82 cents for every dollar earned by men. Progress has been slow in closing gaps in women's access to irrigation and in ownership of livestock, too. Women in agriculture still have significantly less access than men to inputs, including improved seeds, fertilizers and mechanized equipment. On
8085-532: The sheltered waters in the lee of the island 'Victor Harbor' after his ship. At about the same time, two whaling stations were established, one at Rosetta Head , popularly known as "the Bluff", and the other near the point opposite Granite Island. Whale oil became South Australia's first export. From 1839, the whaling station was managed for a time by Captain John Hart , a later Premier of South Australia. The last whale
8190-534: The ships were on scientific missions, and were therefore not to be regarded as ships of war. Together, the ships returned to the bay and sheltered, while the captains compared notes. Flinders named the bay Encounter Bay after the meeting. In 1837, Captain Richard Crozier who was en route from Sydney to the Swan River Colony in command of HMS Victor , anchored just off Granite Island and named
8295-444: The short-lived South Coast News (4- 25 June 1965), printed by A.H. Ambrose, and its "successor", South Coast Sports News (20 June – 4 July 1969), printed by The Ambrose Press. The Murray Bridge-based Power FM SA & 5MU both broadcast into Victor Harbor and the Fleurieu Peninsula with a repeater transmitter stationed north of Port Elliot . Many of their programmes and station promotions are based in Victor Harbor and along
8400-488: The solution to concerns about food prices and overall food security , given the favorable experience of Vietnam. Agriculture provides about one-quarter of all global employment, more than half in sub-Saharan Africa and almost 60 percent in low-income countries. As countries develop, other jobs have historically pulled workers away from agriculture, and labor-saving innovations increase agricultural productivity by reducing labor requirements per unit of output. Over time,
8505-592: The support of the City of Victor Harbor and the South Australian Museum in a renovated goods shed at the terminus of the Cockle Train railway line. The Railway Goods Shed was built in 1864, and used by early European settlers for storing goods and produce transported along the Murray River and then across the first Australian public railway, to be shipped around the world from Victor Harbor. At one stage,
8610-400: The synthesis of ammonium nitrate fertilizer on an industrial scale, greatly increasing crop yields and sustaining a further increase in global population. Modern agriculture has raised or encountered ecological, political, and economic issues including water pollution , biofuels , genetically modified organisms , tariffs and farm subsidies , leading to alternative approaches such as
8715-731: The town is a dry zone (no alcohol) at night as well as during the Christmas Pageant and New Year's Eve. Another notable event is the Art Show run by the Rotary Club of Victor Harbor and exhibits of paintings are shown from all over Australia. The event is held in January, during the summer holidays, and the 40th Art Show was held in January 2019. It has grown to become Australia's largest outdoor art exhibition, with more than 10,000 people attending over nine days. The main newspaper printed locally
8820-655: The transition from hunter-gatherer to agricultural societies indicate an initial period of intensification and increasing sedentism ; examples are the Natufian culture in the Levant , and the Early Chinese Neolithic in China. Then, wild stands that had previously been harvested started to be planted, and gradually came to be domesticated. In Eurasia, the Sumerians started to live in villages from about 8,000 BC, relying on
8925-656: The wild aurochs in the areas of modern Turkey and Pakistan some 10,500 years ago. Pig production emerged in Eurasia, including Europe, East Asia and Southwest Asia, where wild boar were first domesticated about 10,500 years ago. In the Andes of South America, the potato was domesticated between 10,000 and 7,000 years ago, along with beans, coca , llamas , alpacas , and guinea pigs . Sugarcane and some root vegetables were domesticated in New Guinea around 9,000 years ago. Sorghum
9030-744: The world consist of fewer than 2 hectares (4.9 acres), and take up only around 12% of all agricultural land. Farms and farming greatly influence rural economics and greatly shape rural society , affecting both the direct agricultural workforce and broader businesses that support the farms and farming populations. The major agricultural products can be broadly grouped into foods , fibers , fuels , and raw materials (such as rubber ). Food classes include cereals ( grains ), vegetables , fruits , cooking oils , meat , milk , eggs , and fungi . Global agricultural production amounts to approximately 11 billion tonnes of food, 32 million tonnes of natural fibers and 4 billion m of wood. However, around 14% of
9135-774: The world's agricultural land is seriously degraded. In recent years there has been a backlash against the environmental effects of conventional agriculture, resulting in the organic , regenerative , and sustainable agriculture movements. One of the major forces behind this movement has been the European Union , which first certified organic food in 1991 and began reform of its Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) in 2005 to phase out commodity-linked farm subsidies, also known as decoupling . The growth of organic farming has renewed research in alternative technologies such as integrated pest management , selective breeding, and controlled-environment agriculture . There are concerns about
9240-664: The world's food is lost from production before reaching the retail level. Modern agronomy , plant breeding , agrochemicals such as pesticides and fertilizers , and technological developments have sharply increased crop yields , but also contributed to ecological and environmental damage . Selective breeding and modern practices in animal husbandry have similarly increased the output of meat, but have raised concerns about animal welfare and environmental damage. Environmental issues include contributions to climate change , depletion of aquifers , deforestation , antibiotic resistance , and other agricultural pollution . Agriculture
9345-481: The world, women make up a large share of the population employed in agriculture. This share is growing in all developing regions except East and Southeast Asia where women already make up about 50 percent of the agricultural workforce. Women make up 47 percent of the agricultural workforce in sub-Saharan Africa, a rate that has not changed significantly in the past few decades. However, the Food and Agriculture Organization of
9450-495: The world. In the 20th century, industrial agriculture based on large-scale monocultures came to dominate agricultural output. As of 2021 , small farms produce about one-third of the world's food, but large farms are prevalent. The largest 1% of farms in the world are greater than 50 hectares (120 acres) and operate more than 70% of the world's farmland. Nearly 40% of agricultural land is found on farms larger than 1,000 hectares (2,500 acres). However, five of every six farms in
9555-621: The world. Production is listed in millions of metric tons, based on FAO estimates. Animal husbandry is the breeding and raising of animals for meat, milk, eggs , or wool , and for work and transport. Working animals , including horses, mules , oxen , water buffalo , camels, llamas, alpacas, donkeys, and dogs, have for centuries been used to help cultivate fields, harvest crops, wrangle other animals, and transport farm products to buyers. Livestock production systems can be defined based on feed source, as grassland-based, mixed, and landless. As of 2010 , 30% of Earth's ice- and water-free area
9660-444: Was a key factor in the rise of sedentary human civilization , whereby farming of domesticated species created food surpluses that enabled people to live in the cities. While humans started gathering grains at least 105,000 years ago, nascent farmers only began planting them around 11,500 years ago. Sheep, goats, pigs, and cattle were domesticated around 10,000 years ago. Plants were independently cultivated in at least 11 regions of
9765-582: Was a special screening of films at the Wonderview. By the Christmas-New Year season of 1934, the building was known as the Wonderview Palais, with dancing on most nights, including New Year's Eve. From January 1939, the building was put to a variety of uses, including a tanning salon , J. Miller Anderson & Co. sale, church services, and residences. On 26 December 1941, Ozone Theatres held
9870-488: Was appointed manager of the Wonderview in November 1923. In January 1928, after National Theatres went into liquidation, Ozone Theatres acquired freehold ownership of the building. Although the Wonderview was larger, Ozone concentrated its efforts on the Victor, installing a Western Electric sound system there, and the Wonderview went into a decline. It started closing in the winter months from 1928, and from February 1930
9975-478: Was built on the site of Ocean Street Garage, owned by D.H. Griffin & Sons, designed by noted cinema architect Chris A. Smith . It opened under the control of Griffin Pictures on 24 November 1923, seating 700 people. It changed hands in October 1926, being sold to National Theatres (aka National Pictures ). After National Theatres went into liquidation in January 1928, its lease was taken over by Ozone Theatres , and
10080-420: Was caught off Port Victor in 1872. The town of Port Victor was laid out on the shores of Victor Harbor in 1863 when the horse-drawn tramway from Goolwa was extended to the harbour. The municipality of the town of Victor Harbor was proclaimed on 7 May 1914, with Oliver Alexander Baaner appointed the first mayor. The township of Victor Harbor was proclaimed in 1914 with the spelling "Harbor". The harbour
10185-461: Was declared a city in 2000. As a local government area , the City of Victor Harbor includes the surrounding rural area and the contiguous township of Encounter Bay as well as the town of Victor Harbor itself. Its total area is 34,463 hectares . It shares boundaries with the District Council of Yankalilla and Alexandrina Council . The city is in the state electoral district of Finniss and
10290-621: Was domesticated by the Mayo Chinchipe of the upper Amazon around 3,000 BC. The turkey was probably domesticated in Mexico or the American Southwest. The Aztecs developed irrigation systems, formed terraced hillsides, fertilized their soil, and developed chinampas or artificial islands. The Mayas used extensive canal and raised field systems to farm swampland from 400 BC. In South America agriculture may have begun about 9000 BC with
10395-548: Was domesticated in the Sahel region of Africa by 7,000 years ago. Cotton was domesticated in Peru by 5,600 years ago, and was independently domesticated in Eurasia. In Mesoamerica , wild teosinte was bred into maize (corn) from 10,000 to 6,000 years ago. The horse was domesticated in the Eurasian Steppes around 3500 BC. Scholars have offered multiple hypotheses to explain the historical origins of agriculture. Studies of
10500-419: Was listed on the South Australian Heritage Register in 1999. The land on which Adare House was built was known to the Ramindjeri people as mootiparinga , meaning murky or brackish water. In the first year of colonial settlement , the colony of South Australia 's first governor , John Hindmarsh , purchased the land. His son John built a small house on the property in the 1860s. Daniel Henry Cudmore ,
10605-419: Was modern and it included a dance floor made of Queensland hoop pine , a soda fountain , and tea room. It was officially opened on 22 December 1923 by the mayor W. F. Connell with great fanfare, and lauded for its ability to attract more visitors to the town. It was announced that the dance floor would be opened for dancing on Monday and Friday nights. It was licensed to accommodate 696 patrons. A week before
10710-404: Was originally published as The Victor Harbor Times and Encounter Bay and Lower Murray Pilot , with the first edition published on Friday 23 August 1912 (its title used "Harbour" from 8 September 1922). On 16 May 1930, the title was briefly altered to The Times Victor Harbour and Encounter Bay and Lower Murray Pilot . From 15 April 1932 to 22 March 1978, it was published weekly (variously on
10815-652: Was proclaimed on 27 May 1915 under the Harbors Act 1913 , and its name established on 15 June 1921 as "Victor Harbor". The name of the harbour was changed in June 1921 from Port Victor as a result of a near shipwreck blamed on confusion with Port Victoria on the Yorke Peninsula . The spelling of Victor Harbor, spelled without a u is a curiosity as harbour normally retains the "u" in Australian English . This spelling
10920-655: Was the home of a government high school during the day, doubling as a dance hall at night. In January 1931, after the Victor Theatre was damaged by fire and it was closed for the rest of that year, the Wonderview started showing films again, possibly using the sound equipment that had been installed in the Victor the previous year. By December 1931, the Wonderview was used mainly as a dance hall, as well as special fundraising events and showings of films on Wednesdays and Saturdays, including Tarzan and His Mate , starring Johnny Weissmuller and Maureen O'Sullivan , in October 1934. On 19 September 1934, "Victor Harbour Day", there
11025-584: Was used for producing livestock, with the sector employing approximately 1.3 billion people. Between the 1960s and the 2000s, there was a significant increase in livestock production, both by numbers and by carcass weight, especially among beef, pigs and chickens, the latter of which had production increased by almost a factor of 10. Non-meat animals, such as milk cows and egg-producing chickens, also showed significant production increases. Global cattle, sheep and goat populations are expected to continue to increase sharply through 2050. Aquaculture or fish farming,
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