70-552: The Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute ( VCCRI ) is an Australian non-profit medical research facility that is dedicated to finding cures for cardiovascular disease . With headquarters located in Darlinghurst , New South Wales , the research hub is home to more than 20 research laboratories and the Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute Innovation Centre. The institute's mission
140-498: A Bachelor of Commerce (Honours). He was awarded the University Prize for his honours thesis and later co-authored a paper with Professor Mark Hirst published in the academic journal Accounting, Organizations and Society. He received a Doctorate of Business (honoris causa) from UNSW in 2024. He joined Westfield Holdings in 1987, was appointed a director of Westfield Holdings in 1989 and a Managing Director in 1997. He has also been
210-687: A business aiming to generate a profit for its owners. A nonprofit organization is subject to the non-distribution constraint: any revenues that exceed expenses must be committed to the organization's purpose, not taken by private parties. Depending on the local laws, charities are regularly organized as non-profits. A host of organizations may be nonprofit, including some political organizations, schools, hospitals, business associations, churches, foundations, social clubs, and consumer cooperatives. Nonprofit entities may seek approval from governments to be tax-exempt , and some may also qualify to receive tax-deductible contributions, but an entity may incorporate as
280-492: A critical element in this shift, as was its adoption of a more aggressive "innovation" strategy to use digital technology "to better connect the retailer with the shopper". Since the establishment of Westfield Labs based in San Francisco in 2012, several digital initiatives were piloted and implemented in several Westfield shopping centres around the world. Westfield Labs has been recognised by Fast Company magazine as one of
350-424: A delegate structure to allow for the representation of groups or corporations as members. Alternatively, it may be a non-membership organization and the board of directors may elect its own successors. The two major types of nonprofit organization are membership and board-only. A membership organization elects the board and has regular meetings and the power to amend the bylaws. A board-only organization typically has
420-558: A director of Westfield Management Limited, the manager of Australia’s then leading retail property trust, Westfield Trust since 1988. Prior to joining Westfield Holdings in 1987 he worked in investment banking at First Boston Corporation in the US for two years. Westfield was listed on the Sydney Stock Exchange in 1960 by Lowy’s father, Frank and his partner John Saunders. The pair were newly arrived immigrants to Australia and had opened
490-646: A feature article in The AFR Magazine , "The Son Rises: Steven Lowy ascends at Westfield". In 2010 Lowy was appointed a Member of the Order of Australia for service to business, philanthropy, the arts and medical research. Lowy was born to a traditional Jewish family, in Sydney, the youngest son of Shirley and Frank Lowy , and educated at Sydney Grammar School and the University of New South Wales where he graduated as
560-554: A fiscally viable entity. Nonprofits have the responsibility of focusing on being professional and financially responsible, replacing self-interest and profit motive with mission motive. Though nonprofits are managed differently from for-profit businesses, they have felt pressure to be more businesslike. To combat private and public business growth in the public service industry, nonprofits have modeled their business management and mission, shifting their reason of existing to establish sustainability and growth. Setting effective missions
630-471: A low-stress work environment that the employee can associate him or herself positively with. Other incentives that should be implemented are generous vacation allowances or flexible work hours. When selecting a domain name , NPOs often use one of the following: .org , the country code top-level domain of their respective country, or the .edu top-level domain (TLD), to differentiate themselves from more commercial entities, which typically use .com . In
700-457: A nonprofit entity without having tax-exempt status. Key aspects of nonprofits are accountability, integrity, trustworthiness, honesty, and openness to every person who has invested time, money, and faith into the organisation. Nonprofit organizations are accountable to the donors, founders, volunteers, program recipients, and the public community. Theoretically, for a nonprofit that seeks to finance its operations through donations, public confidence
770-690: A private medical organisation. Steven was a member of the Prime Minister’s Business-Government Advisory Group on National Security and has been the presiding officer of the NSW Police Force associate degree in Policing Practice Board of Management. Together with his father, Frank, and two brothers, David and Peter, he plays a key role in decisions about the Lowy family’s philanthropic activities. In recent years,
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#1732876195022840-663: A purpose-built, world class research centre in honour of Victor Chang. With the help of Atlantic Philanthropies , construction of the Lowy Packer Building commenced in August 2006 with a groundbreaking ceremony in Darlinghurst. The ten-storey Lowy Packer Building would become the Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute's new home. Construction was completed in 2008 and on 3 September, the Lowy Packer Building
910-684: A self-selected board and a membership whose powers are limited to those delegated to it by the board. A board-only organization's bylaws may even state that the organization does not have any membership, although the organization's literature may refer to its donors or service recipients as 'members'; examples of such organizations are FairVote and the National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws . The Model Nonprofit Corporation Act imposes many complexities and requirements on membership decision-making. Accordingly, many organizations, such as
980-621: A small delicatessen shop in the western suburbs of Sydney. Their venture was a success and their ambition led to the expansion of their business to include the development of residential housing and larger shopping centres. The first Westfield centre was built in Blacktown in Sydney’s western suburbs in 1959. This was shortly followed by a new centre in Hornsby in Sydney’s north in 1961. The company flourished and expanded to other Australian cities and then
1050-471: A strong vision of how to operate the project, try to retain control of the organization, even as new employees or volunteers want to expand the project's scope or change policy. Resource mismanagement is a particular problem with NPOs because the employees are not accountable to anyone who has a direct stake in the organization. For example, an employee may start a new program without disclosing its complete liabilities. The employee may be rewarded for improving
1120-533: A wide diversity of structures and purposes. For legal classification, there are, nevertheless, some elements of importance: Some of the above must be (in most jurisdictions in the US at least) expressed in the organization's charter of establishment or constitution. Others may be provided by the supervising authority at each particular jurisdiction. While affiliations will not affect a legal status, they may be taken into consideration by legal proceedings as an indication of purpose. Most countries have laws that regulate
1190-502: Is "the relief of pain and suffering, and the promotion of well-being, through an understanding of the fundamental mechanisms of cardiovascular disease". Its key research is focused on the prevention and treatment of various heart diseases , including arrhythmia , cardiac arrest , cardiomyopathy , congenital heart disease , heart attack , heart failure , high cholesterol , obesity , spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) and stroke . The Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute
1260-399: Is a factor in the amount of money that a nonprofit organization is able to raise. Supposedly, the more a nonprofit focuses on their mission, the more public confidence they will gain. This will result in more money for the organization. The activities a nonprofit is partaking in can help build the public's confidence in nonprofits, as well as how ethical the standards and practices are. There
1330-461: Is a key for the successful management of nonprofit organizations. There are three important conditions for effective mission: opportunity, competence, and commitment. One way of managing the sustainability of nonprofit organizations is to establish strong relations with donor groups. This requires a donor marketing strategy, something many nonprofits lack. Nonprofit organizations provide public goods that are undersupplied by government. NPOs have
1400-559: Is a member of the Association of Australian Medical Research Institutes (AAMRI). The institute is also a Research Ministry within the Mary Aikenhead Ministries. Non-profit A nonprofit organization ( NPO ), also known as a nonbusiness entity , nonprofit institution , or simply a nonprofit , is a legal entity organized and operated for a collective, public or social benefit, as opposed to an entity that operates as
1470-439: Is an important distinction in the US between non-profit and not-for-profit organizations (NFPOs); while an NFPO does not profit its owners, and money goes into running the organization, it is not required to operate for the public good. An example is a club, whose purpose is its members' enjoyment. Other examples of NFPOs include: credit unions, sports clubs, and advocacy groups. Nonprofit organizations provide services to
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#17328761950221540-414: Is an important distinction in the US between non-profit and not-for-profit organizations (NFPOs); while an NFPO does not profit its owners, and money goes into running the organization, it is not required to operate for the public good. An example is a sports club, whose purpose is its members' enjoyment. The names used and precise regulations vary from one jurisdiction to another. According to
1610-541: Is concerned. In many countries, nonprofits may apply for tax-exempt status, so that the organization itself may be exempt from income tax and other taxes. In the United States, to be exempt from federal income taxes, the organization must meet the requirements set forth in the Internal Revenue Code (IRC). Granting nonprofit status is done by the state, while granting tax-exempt designation (such as IRC 501(c) )
1680-450: Is granted by the federal government via the IRS. This means that not all nonprofits are eligible to be tax-exempt. For example, employees of non-profit organizations pay taxes from their salaries, which they receive according to the laws of the country. NPOs use the model of a double bottom line in that furthering their cause is more important than making a profit, though both are needed to ensure
1750-408: Is not classifiable as another category. Currently, no restrictions are enforced on registration of .com or .org, so one can find organizations of all sorts in either of those domains, as well as other top-level domains including newer, more specific ones which may apply to particular sorts of organization including .museum for museums and .coop for cooperatives . Organizations might also register by
1820-557: Is the former co-chief executive officer of Westfield Corporation , a leading global shopping centre company that was acquired by French company Unibail-Rodamco in 2018 in what was one of the largest transactions in Australian corporate history. His principal activities now focus on investments associated with the Lowy family’s private company, Lowy Family Group, as well as a number of philanthropic and community roles including as Deputy Chairman of Australia's leading foreign policy think tank,
1890-411: Is the remuneration package, though many who have been questioned after leaving an NPO have reported that it was stressful work environments and the workload. Public- and private-sector employment have, for the most part, been able to offer more to their employees than most nonprofit agencies throughout history. Either in the form of higher wages, more comprehensive benefit packages, or less tedious work,
1960-472: Is unique in which source of income works best for them. With an increase in NPOs since 2010, organizations have adopted competitive advantages to create revenue for themselves to remain financially stable. Donations from private individuals or organizations can change each year and government grants have diminished. With changes in funding from year to year, many nonprofit organizations have been moving toward increasing
2030-715: The National Center for Charitable Statistics (NCCS), there are more than 1.5 million nonprofit organizations registered in the United States , including public charities , private foundations , and other nonprofit organizations. Private charitable contributions increased for the fourth consecutive year in 2017 (since 2014), at an estimated $ 410.02 billion. Out of these contributions, religious organizations received 30.9%, education organizations received 14.3%, and human services organizations received 12.1%. Between September 2010 and September 2014, approximately 25.3% of Americans over
2100-587: The Wikimedia Foundation , have formed board-only structures. The National Association of Parliamentarians has generated concerns about the implications of this trend for the future of openness, accountability, and understanding of public concerns in nonprofit organizations. Specifically, they note that nonprofit organizations, unlike business corporations, are not subject to market discipline for products and shareholder discipline of their capital; therefore, without membership control of major decisions such as
2170-606: The 10 Hyundai A-League clubs which form Australia's national football competition. He was then elected chairman by his fellow directors. The move attracted criticism from the football community for apparent nepotism , and Steven's lack of success outside his father's business influence under his leadership. FFA achieved its highest income and sponsorship on record and the Socceroos qualified for their fourth consecutive World Cup (one of only 12 teams to do so) and together with Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull, launched Australia's bid to host
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2240-617: The 2023 Women's World Cup. The bid was subsequently successful and has left a huge legacy for women's sport, in particular football, in Australia. Steven Lowy's tenure as chairman ended in November 2018, after a protracted conflict with the A-League clubs and other elements of the football community regarding a desire to expand the democratic nature of the Federation, and to split the A-League away from
2310-510: The 50 most innovative companies in the world, and as one of the Top 10 retail companies for "giving the mall a high-tech makeover". Following the sale of Westfield Corporation to Unibail Rodamco in 2018 Westfield’s former retail digital business was transferred to a new and separate entity OneMarket which was chaired by Steven Lowy AM. OneMarket was wound up in December 2019. Lowy is currently Chairman of
2380-545: The Guest of Honour on 31 October 1996. Following the death of Diana, the institute established the inaugural Princess' Lecture which was first delivered by Professor Sir Magdi Yacoub in 1998. In 2000 Dr Victor Chang was voted Australian of the Century by the people of Australia. On 4 March 2005, Crown Princess Mary of Denmark was the guest of honour at the second Victor Chang Royal Ball. The Royal Ball aimed to raise funds to develop
2450-738: The Lowy Institute; a director of the Lowy Foundation and Lowy Medical Research Foundation; Chairman of the World Board of Trustees of Keren-Hayesod United Israel Appeal and President of the Hakoah Club. During his career Lowy has served on numerous corporate and philanthropic boards including Westfield Corporation, the Australian Shopping Centre Council, Scentre Group, as Chairman of Football Federation Australia and president of
2520-452: The NPO's reputation, making other employees happy, and attracting new donors. Liabilities promised on the full faith and credit of the organization but not recorded anywhere constitute accounting fraud . But even indirect liabilities negatively affect the financial sustainability of the NPO, and the NPO will have financial problems unless strict controls are instated. Some commenters have argued that
2590-559: The US and UK. Westfield Corporation opened Westfield World Trade Center in New York on 16 August 2016 and advanced plans to build its first shopping centre in Europe, in Milan Italy. A feature of the company was a marked shift towards high quality "iconic" or flagship malls showcasing the world’s best retailers and luxury brands. Five-star service and upscale restaurants and entertainment were
2660-635: The United States in the mid-1970s and to New Zealand in 1997 and the United Kingdom in 2000. At this point, Westfield had 86 centres in its global portfolio, with some 13,200 retailers and $ 24.1 billion in assets. In 2004, the various Westfield entities were merged to create Westfield Group to provide the scale and financial heft required to continue international expansion. This led to the creation of two landmark shopping centres in London (Westfield London at Shepherd’s Bush in 2008) and Westfield Stratford City (on
2730-660: The World Board of Trustees of Keren Hayesod-United Israel Appeal and president of Hakoah Club Sydney. He is a former president of the board of trustees of the Art Gallery of New South Wales (2006 - 2013), Chairman of the Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute (2008-2013), and is the Deputy Chairman of the Lowy Institute , Australia's leading foreign policy think tank, and the Lowy Medical Research Institute,
2800-461: The age of 16 volunteered for a nonprofit. In the United States, both nonprofit organizations and not-for-profit organizations are tax-exempt. There are various types of nonprofit exemptions, such as 501(c)(3) organizations that are a religious, charitable, or educational-based organization that does not influence state and federal legislation, and 501(c)(7) organizations that are for pleasure, recreation, or another nonprofit purpose. There
2870-649: The appropriate country code top-level domain for their country. In 2020, nonprofit organizations began using microvlogging (brief videos with short text formats) on TikTok to reach Gen Z, engage with community stakeholders, and overall build community. TikTok allowed for innovative engagement between nonprofit organizations and younger generations. During COVID-19, TikTok was specifically used to connect rather than inform or fundraise, as its fast-paced, tailored For You Page separates itself from other social media apps such as Facebook and Twitter. Some organizations offer new, positive-sounding alternative terminology to describe
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2940-401: The best of the newly minted workforce. It has been mentioned that most nonprofits will never be able to match the pay of the private sector and therefore should focus their attention on benefits packages, incentives and implementing pleasurable work environments. A good environment is ranked higher than salary and pressure of work. NPOs are encouraged to pay as much as they are able and offer
3010-505: The board after six years as chairman and 19 years as a director of the institute. Matthew Grounds AM was appointed chairman of the board. In 2013, the Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute established an additional research laboratory based at the University of Western Australia . Led by Professor Livia Hool, the expansion marks the initial phase of the institute's plans to enhance cardiovascular research in Western Australia . In 2019
3080-470: The board of trustees of the Art Gallery of New South Wales. He is also a former C hairman of the Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute. Lowy is the third and youngest son of Frank Lowy , a co-founder of Westfield. The Lowy family is one of the most prominent business families in Australia with a reported net worth in excess of $ 8 billion in 2016. In late 2014, Steven Lowy’s life was documented in
3150-565: The community; for example aid and development programs, medical research, education, and health services. It is possible for a nonprofit to be both member-serving and community-serving. Nonprofit organizations are not driven by generating profit, but they must bring in enough income to pursue their social goals. Nonprofits are able to raise money in different ways. This includes income from donations from individual donors or foundations; sponsorship from corporations; government funding; programs, services or merchandise sales, and investments. Each NPO
3220-402: The diversity of their funding sources. For example, many nonprofits that have relied on government grants have started fundraising efforts to appeal to individual donors. Most nonprofits have staff that work for the company, possibly using volunteers to perform the nonprofit's services under the direction of the paid staff. Nonprofits must be careful to balance the salaries paid to staff against
3290-432: The election of the board, there are few inherent safeguards against abuse. A rebuttal to this might be that as nonprofit organizations grow and seek larger donations, the degree of scrutiny increases, including expectations of audited financial statements. A further rebuttal might be that NPOs are constrained, by their choice of legal structure, from financial benefit as far as distribution of profit to members and directors
3360-475: The establishment and management of NPOs and that require compliance with corporate governance regimes. Most larger organizations are required to publish their financial reports detailing their income and expenditure publicly. In many aspects, they are similar to corporate business entities though there are often significant differences. Both not-for-profit and for-profit corporate entities must have board members, steering-committee members, or trustees who owe
3430-776: The family has supported the establishment of the Lowy Cancer Centre at the University of NSW, a new building (the Lowy Packer Building) to house the Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute and the St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research. The building was opened by Princess Mary of Denmark on 3 September 2008. In 2013 Frank Lowy revealed to a Philanthropy Australia audience that his family had donated more than $ 350 million to various causes during
3500-504: The grounds of The University of Western Australia , which is approximately ten minutes from Perth CBD. The VCCRI has state-of-the-art research laboratories and support facilities. The institute holds itself to the highest standards of excellence in research, research training and efforts to translate each new discovery into practical medical applications. The institute is governed by its board of directors, chaired by Matthew Grounds, an investment banker. As of 31 December 2017
3570-527: The institute celebrated its 25th anniversary with a dinner at the Sydney Opera House . In 2020 the founding executive director of the institute, Professor Robert Graham stepped down after 25 years, handing over the leadership to Professor Jason Kovacic . In 2022 the institute and The University of Western Australia announced an official partnership. Along with the new strategic partnership, an additional Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute laboratory
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#17328761950223640-476: The institute had a team of over 300 research and support staff work across six research divisions, being: In addition, the institute has a business unit responsible for administration and core facilities and another unit that drives fund development. The Victor Chang Institute is also affiliated with the University of New South Wales , accredited by Australia's National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) as an independent biomedical research facility; and
3710-606: The institute was accredited as an independent research facility with Neville Wran AC , QC as its inaugural chairman. On 1 November 1996, Diana, Princess of Wales officially opened the Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute's temporary premises in Darlinghurst at the Garvan Institute of Medical Research , touring several heart research laboratories. The Princess attended the Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute Royal Ball as
3780-511: The money paid to provide services to the nonprofit's beneficiaries. Organizations whose salary expenses are too high relative to their program expenses may face regulatory scrutiny. A second misconception is that nonprofit organizations may not make a profit. Although the goal of nonprofits is not specifically to maximize profits, they still have to operate as a fiscally responsible business. They must manage their income (both grants and donations and income from services) and expenses so as to remain
3850-445: The nonprofit sector today regarding newly graduated workers, and to some, NPOs have for too long relegated hiring to a secondary priority, which could be why they find themselves in the position many do. While many established NPOs are well-funded and comparative to their public sector competitors, many more are independent and must be creative with which incentives they use to attract and maintain people. The initial interest for many
3920-411: The organization a fiduciary duty of loyalty and trust. A notable exception to this involves churches , which are often not required to disclose finances to anyone, including church members. In the United States, nonprofit organizations are formed by filing bylaws, articles of incorporation , or both in the state in which they expect to operate. The act of incorporation creates a legal entity enabling
3990-452: The organization to be treated as a distinct body (corporation) by law and to enter into business dealings, form contracts, and own property as individuals or for-profit corporations can. Nonprofits can have members, but many do not. The nonprofit may also be a trust or association of members. The organization may be controlled by its members who elect the board of directors , board of governors or board of trustees . A nonprofit may have
4060-508: The organization's sustainability. An advantage of nonprofits registered in the UK is that they benefit from some reliefs and exemptions. Charities and nonprofits are exempt from Corporation Tax as well as the trustees being exempt from Income Tax. There may also be tax relief available for charitable giving, via Gift Aid, monetary donations, and legacies. Founder's syndrome is an issue organizations experience as they expand. Dynamic founders, who have
4130-405: The previous decade. This has since increased considerably. Lowy is a passionate soccer fan and played the game competitively throughout his youth. He continued to compete in masters tournaments until injury ended his playing career in his early ‘50s. On 17 November 2015 he was elected as a director of Football Federation Australia (FFA) by nine state football federations and a representative of
4200-550: The public and private sectors have enjoyed an advantage over NPOs in attracting employees. Traditionally, the NPO has attracted mission-driven individuals who want to assist their chosen cause. Compounding the issue is that some NPOs do not operate in a manner similar to most businesses, or only seasonally. This leads many young and driven employees to forego NPOs in favor of more stable employment. Today, however, nonprofit organizations are adopting methods used by their competitors and finding new means to retain their employees and attract
4270-483: The receipt of significant funding from large for-profit corporations can ultimately alter the NPO's functions. A frequent measure of an NPO's efficiency is its expense ratio (i.e. expenditures on things other than its programs, divided by its total expenditures). Competition for employees with the public and private sector is another problem that nonprofit organizations inevitably face, particularly for management positions. There are reports of major talent shortages in
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#17328761950224340-427: The sector in its own terms, without relying on terminology used for the government or business sectors. However, use of terminology by a nonprofit of self-descriptive language that is not legally compliant risks confusing the public about nonprofit abilities, capabilities, and limitations. Steven Lowy Steven Mark Lowy AM (born 24 November 1962) is a leading Australian businessman and philanthropist. He
4410-558: The sector. The term civil society organization (CSO) has been used by a growing number of organizations, including the Center for the Study of Global Governance . The term citizen sector organization (CSO) has also been advocated to describe the sector – as one of citizens, for citizens – by organizations including Ashoka: Innovators for the Public . Advocates argue that these terms describe
4480-402: The site of the 2012 London Olympics) in 2011. In 2014 Westfield Group underwent another major corporate restructure in which its Australian and New Zealand operations merged with Westfield Retail Trust to create a new company, Scentre Group . At the same time, another new, separate company, Westfield Corporation , was created to own and manage the former Westfield Group ’s shopping centres in
4550-486: The traditional domain noted in RFC 1591 , .org is for "organizations that didn't fit anywhere else" in the naming system, which implies that it is the proper category for non-commercial organizations if they are not governmental, educational, or one of the other types with a specific TLD. It is not designated specifically for charitable organizations or any specific organizational or tax-law status, but encompasses anything that
4620-428: Was formally opened by Crown Princess Mary of Denmark. Crown Princess Mary also attended a dinner with Crown Prince Frederik held inside the new complex. Queen Mary is an Honorary Life Governor of the Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute. In 2008 former NSW Premier Neville Wran retired as chairman, becoming a patron of the institute. Steven Lowy AM took up the position. In 2013 Lowy stood down as chairman, leaving
4690-515: Was founded in memory of pioneering cardiac surgeon Victor Chang AC . Established on 14 February 1994, approximately three years after Chang's death, and opened by then Prime Minister Paul Keating , the institute has become a world-class research and research training facility. The Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute was officially launched on 14 February 1994, by Prime Minister Paul Keating , with Kerry Packer AC as patron, and Professor Robert Graham as executive director. The institute
4760-844: Was funded by grants from the Government of Australia and a donation from Kerry Packer. The Lowy Packer Building was funded by the grants from the Government of Australia and the Government of New South Wales and donations from the Atlantic Philanthropies , the Lowy and Packer families, the National Australia Bank , ANZ Bank , Citigroup , and other donors. The budget for the building was A$ 80 m. The Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute's laboratories in Western Australia are located on
4830-497: Was opened at the university. The Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute focuses on medical research, centered around; The Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, located within the purpose-built Lowy Packer Building, is a major partner in the St Vincent's Hospital Research Precinct in Darlinghurst, Sydney. Other partners in the precinct are the Garvan Institute of Medical Research , the St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research, and St Vincent's Hospital itself. The institute
4900-573: Was originally founded under the auspices of the Sisters of Charity and St Vincent's Hospital. It was named in honour of heart transplant surgeon Victor Chang , who died in Sydney under tragic circumstances on 4 July 1991. Dr Chang passionately believed in the ability for research to better the lives of many more than surgery ever could, saying "you can save hundreds of lives through surgery but you could save millions through medical research". On 27 February 1995,
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