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58-398: The college of consultors elects an administrator within eight days after the see is known to be vacant . The college must elect as administrator a priest , bishop , or archbishop at least 35 years old. If the college of consultors fails to elect a priest of the required minimum age within the time allotted, the choice of an administrator passes to the metropolitan archbishop or, if

116-467: A choice between heresy and schism, always choose heresy. As a schismatic, you have torn and divided the body of Christ. Choose heresy every time." The word schism comes from the Greek word σχίσμα, Greek transliteration: schisma which means "cleft, division". In Buddhism , the first schism was set up by Devadatta , during Buddha 's life. This schism lasted only a short time. Later (after Buddha's death),

174-410: A college be reduced to two members, it can not preserve its corporate rights. On the contrary, the canon law explicitly affirms that one surviving member can conserve the privileges of the corporate body, not for himself personally, but for the college. When a legally constituted college has been reduced to two members, one can elect the other as prelate. If the college be reduced to one member, it becomes

232-429: A college has been defined as a collection of several rational bodies forming one representative body. Some authors consider " university " and " community " as synonymous terms with college, but others insist that there are points of difference. Thus, there are canonists who define university as a collection of bodies distinct from one another, but employing the same name specially conferred upon them. Pirhing remarks that

290-403: A college, that though it be not necessary that the college actually have a head, yet it must be at least capable of giving itself a presiding officer, or rector of the college. If, then, there be only two members and one be constituted the head, the other can not form the body, for the body requires several members, and the head is distinct from the body. He does not mean to assert, however, that if

348-429: A community of priests attached to the same church do not form a college unless they are members of one body whose head is a prelate elected by that body. According to canon law three persons are required to form a college. Some authors maintained that two were sufficient for the purpose, because Pope Innocent, alluding to St. Matthew, xviii, 20, says that no presbyter is to be chosen for a church where two or three form

406-520: A corporation. Colleges existed among the Romans and Greeks from the earliest times. The Roman laws required at least three persons for constituting a college. Legal incorporation was made, at least in some cases, by decrees of the Senate , edicts of the emperor , or by special laws. There were, however, general laws under which colleges could be formed by private persons, and if the authorities judged that

464-649: A matter of discipline, not of faith. The divisions that came to a head at the Councils of Ephesus (A.D. 431) and Chalcedon (A.D. 451) were seen as matters of heresy, not merely of schism. Thus the Eastern Orthodox Church and Oriental Orthodoxy regard each other as heretical, not orthodox, because of the Oriental Orthodox Church's rejection and the Eastern Orthodox Church's acceptance of

522-744: A schismatic institution when Tanjore and the Wodeyars of Mysore went to war against each other. It is on record that in 1839 the Kumbakonam Mutt applied for permission from the English Collector of Arcot to perform the “kumbhabhishekham” of the Kamakshi temple in Kanchipuram. In 1842, the East India Company headquartered at Fort William, Calcutta appointed the head of the mutt as the sole trustee of

580-476: A state of schism (since 1616) from the other Tibetan schools. The words schism and schismatic are used to denote splits within a church, denomination or religious body. In this context, "schismatic", as a noun, denotes a person who creates or incites schism in a church or a person who is a member of a splinter Church; as an adjective, "schismatic" refers to ideas and activities that are thought to lead to or constitute schism, and ultimately to departure from what

638-473: A union of all Christian churches on earth. See also One true church and Great Apostasy . Protestant groups, lacking the stronger traditional authority-structures of (say) Roman Catholicism or Eastern Orthodoxy, and often riven by politico-national divides (sometimes resulting from cuius regio, eius religio ), show a high degree of fissibility, which ecumenical efforts may only intensify. Schisms have occurred particularly frequently among Anabaptists , to

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696-572: A university, two a congregation, more than two a family, and ten a parish. Among conspicuous ecclesiastical colleges may be mentioned the College of Cardinals and collegiate and cathedral chapters . The name college is specially applied also to corporate educational bodies within the Church, as without it. Before the Protestant Reformation , and even in the first years of Elizabeth I of England ,

754-478: A virtual, not an actual, corporation. The single remaining member can exercise the acts belonging to the college, and although he can not elect himself prelate, yet he can choose or nominate some other proper person to the prelacy. He may also commit the election to other persons, or even to one, as the bishop. The ancient canonists, when stating that three constitute a college, give also the numbers requisite for other canonical bodies, thus: five are necessary to form

812-544: Is a member of a splinter group. Schismatic as an adjective means pertaining to a schism or schisms, or to those ideas, policies, etc. that are thought to lead towards or promote schism. In religion, the charge of schism is distinguished from that of heresy , since the offence of schism concerns not differences of belief or doctrine but promotion of, or the state of division, especially among groups with differing pastoral jurisdictions and authority. However, schisms frequently involve mutual accusations of heresy, and also that of

870-603: Is commonly called the Nicene Creed declares belief in the One Holy Catholic and Apostolic Church . Some who accept this creed believe they should be united in a single Church or group of Churches in communion with each other. Others who accept this creed believe it does not speak of a visible organization but of all those baptized who hold the Christian faith, referred to as " Christendom ". Some churches consider themselves to be

928-533: Is most frequently applied to a split in what had previously been a single religious body, such as the Great East–West Schism or the Western Schism . It is also used of a split within a non-religious organization or movement or, more broadly, of a separation between two or more people, be it brothers, friends, lovers, etc. A schismatic is a person who creates or incites schism in an organization or who

986-526: Is the one to which I and my companions belong" (reported in Sunan al-Tirmidhi Hadith No. 171). Sunni Muslims , often referred to as Ahl as-Sunnah wa’l-Jamā‘h or Ahl as-Sunnah , are the largest denomination of Islam . The word Sunni comes from the word Sunnah , which means the teachings and actions or examples of the Islamic prophet , Muhammad ; therefore, the term Sunni refers to those who follow or maintain

1044-405: Is usually considered to be complementary to orthodox Islam, although Sufism has often been accused by the salafi of being an unjustified Bid‘ah or religious innovation. By focusing on the more spiritual aspects of religion, Sufis strive to obtain direct experience of God by making use of "intuitive and emotional faculties" that one must be trained to use. One starts with sharia (Islamic law),

1102-658: The Anglican Communion involves responses to homosexuality . In 2018 Eastern Orthodoxy suffered a schism, the 2018 Moscow-Constantinople schism between the primatial See of Eastern Orthodoxy, the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople and the Russian Orthodox Church over the issue of Constantinople granting autocephaly to the Orthodox Church of Ukraine . The Sringeri Matha, also called

1160-654: The Confession of Chalcedon about the two natures (human and divine) of Christ. However, this view has been challenged in the recent Ecumenical discussion between these two groups, classifying the matter of Chalcedon as a matter of schism, not of heresy. In its extended and final form (possibly derived from the First Council of Constantinople in 381 although only known from the Acts of the Council of Chalcedon seventy years later), what

1218-518: The Great Apostasy . In Roman Catholic teaching, every heresy is a schism, while there may be some schisms free of the added guilt of heresy. Liberal Protestantism , however, has often preferred heresy over schism. Presbyterian scholar James I. McCord (quoted with approval by the Episcopalian Bishop of Virginia , Peter Lee ) drew a distinction between them, teaching: "If you must make

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1276-713: The Investiture Controversy in 11th and 12th centuries the cathedral chapters used to elect the Catholic bishops in the Holy Roman Empire . Prince-bishoprics were elective monarchies of imperial immediacy within the Empire, with the monarch being the respective bishop usually elected by the chapter and confirmed by the Holy See, or exceptionally only appointed by the Holy See. Papally confirmed bishops were then invested by

1334-583: The Reformation , the majorities in many chapters consisted of Protestant capitulars. So they then also elected Protestants as bishops, who usually were denied papal confirmation. However, in the early years of Reformation, with the schism not yet fully implemented, it was not always obvious, who tended to Protestantism, so that some candidates only turned out to be Protestants after they had been papally confirmed as bishop and imperially invested as prince. Later, when Protestants were usually denied papal confirmation,

1392-508: The al-Khulafā’ur-Rāshidūn or " Rashidun " (The Rightly Guided Caliphs). Sunnis believe that the position of Caliph may be democratically chosen, but after the first four Rightly Guided Caliphs the position turned into a hereditary dynastic rule. There has not been another widely recognized Caliph since the fall of the Ottoman Empire in 1923. Shia Islam is the second largest denomination of Islam . Shia Muslims believe that, similar to

1450-609: The early Buddhist schools came into being, but were not schismatic, only focusing on different interpretations for the same monastic community. In the old texts, 18 or 20 early schools are mentioned. Later, there were the Mahayana and Vajrayana movements, which can be regarded as being schismatic in origin. Each school has various subgroups, which often are schismatic in origin. For example, in Thai Theravadin Buddhism there are two groups ( Mahanikaya and Dhammayut ), of which

1508-484: The exoteric or mundane practice of Islam, and then is initiated into the mystical ( esoteric ) path of a Tariqah (Sufi Order). Kharijite (lit. "those who seceded") is a general term embracing a variety of Islamic sects which, while originally supporting the Caliphate of Ali , eventually rejected his legitimacy after he negotiated with Mu'awiya during the 7th Century Islamic civil war ( First Fitna ). Their complaint

1566-648: The ' Tunga Sringeri Math' diverged after a schism with the Koodli Sringeri Matha during the 16th century after which the Tunga Math gained prominence. [1] The Kanchi Math was originally established as the Kumbakonam Mutt in 1821 by the Maratha king of Tanjore , Serfoji II Bhonsle , as a branch of the Sringeri Mutt , one of the four cardinal Shankaracharya Maths of the mainstream Smarta denomination. It became

1624-406: The Church, understanding by "formal schismatics" "persons who, knowing the true nature of the Church, have personally and deliberately committed the sin of schism". The situation, for instance, of those who have been brought up from childhood within a group not in full communion with Rome , but who have orthodox faith, is different: these are considered to be imperfectly, though not fully, related to

1682-603: The Church. This nuanced view applies especially to the Churches of Eastern Christianity , more particularly still to the Eastern Orthodox Church . While they don't possess "full communion" ( communio in sacris ) with the Catholic Church, they are still considered much more linked to it than the Protestant ecclesial communities, which have markedly different theological beliefs and rejected the concept of apostolic succession (with

1740-616: The Dhammayut has its origin partly in the Mahanikaya, and is the new and schismatic group. Both Mahanikaya and Dhammayut have many subgroups, which usually do not have schismatic origins, but came into being in a natural way, through the popularity of a (leader) monk . Tibetan Buddhism has seen schisms in the past, of which most were healed, although the Drukpa school centred in Bhutan perhaps remains in

1798-569: The Kamakshi temple. The protests of the traditional priests of the Kamakshi temple are well documented and preserved. Incidentally, Fort William is also the first Freemason lodge of India. Since then, the Math has maintained cordial relations with the British Raj though the main math at Sringeri fell sour with the colonial power Thus, the Kanchi Mutt can at best claim its origin to be in 1844. After

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1856-597: The One Holy Catholic and Apostolic Church. For instance, the Roman Catholic Church claims that title and considers the Eastern Orthodox Church to be in schism, while the Eastern Orthodox Church also claims that title and holds the view that the Catholic Church is schismatic. Some Protestant Churches believe that they also represent the One Holy Catholic and Apostolic Church and consider the Catholic and Orthodox Churches to be in error, while others do not expect

1914-583: The Peace also secularised many of the prior Protestant prince-bishoprics and transformed them into hereditary monarchies . Prince-bishoprics, which were ruled by Protestants, were the following: College (canon law) A college , in the canon law of the Roman Catholic Church , is a collection ( Latin : collegium ) of persons united together for a common object so as to form one body. The members are consequently said to be incorporated, or to form

1972-542: The Sunnah of Muhammad. The Sunni believe that Muhammad died without appointing a successor to lead the Ummah (Muslim community). After an initial period of confusion, a group of his most prominent companions gathered and elected Abu Bakr , Muhammad's close friend and father-in-law, as the first Caliph . Sunnis regard the first four caliphs – Abu Bakr , Umar (`Umar ibn al-Khattāb), Uthman Ibn Affan , and Ali (Ali ibn Abu Talib) – as

2030-609: The appointment of prophets, Imams after Muhammad are also chosen by God. According to Shias, Ali was chosen by Allah and thus appointed by Muhammad to be the direct successor and leader of the Muslim community. They regard him as the first Shia Imam , which continued as a hereditary position through Fatimah and Ali's descendants. Sufism is a mystical - ascetic form of Islam practised by both Shia and Sunni Muslims. Some Sufi followers consider themselves Sunni or Shia, while others consider themselves as just Sufi or Sufi-influenced. Sufism

2088-472: The authorities of a Church, and not every break of communion is necessarily about doctrine, as is clear from examples such as the Western Schism and the breaking of the communion that existed between Patriarch Bartholomew I of Constantinople and Archbishop Christodoulos of Athens in 2004. However, when for any reason people withdraw from communion, two distinct ecclesiastical entities may result, each of which, or at least some members thereof, may then accuse

2146-520: The colleges of Oxford and Cambridge were always spoken of as ecclesiastical corporations. By English law they are now purely lay corporations. The title "Apostolic College" is applied in Rome to those institutions which are immediately subject to and controlled by the Holy See , and are consequently exempt from any other spiritual or temporal authority; the students are declared to be under the direct protection of

2204-428: The congregation, except by their canonical election . As congregation here evidently means college, these writers contend that two can therefore form a college. As a matter of fact, however, the pontiff is simply affirming that the right of election will remain with an already constituted college even though only two of its members remain after the death of the prelate. Pirhing gives as the reason why two cannot constitute

2262-607: The death of the Islamic prophet Muhammad , there have arisen many Muslim sects by means of schools of thought , traditions and related faiths. According to a hadith report (collections of accounts of the life and teachings of Muhammad), Muhammad is said to have prophesied "My Ummah (Community or Nation) will be fragmented into seventy-three sects, and all of them will be in the Hell fire except one." The Sahaba (his companions) asked him which group that would be, whereupon he replied, "It

2320-401: The election of the administrator of a vacant see, the governance of the see is entrusted, with the powers of a vicar general , to the auxiliary bishop , if there is one, or to the senior among them, if there are several, otherwise to the college of consultors as a whole. The administrator has greater powers, essentially those of a bishop or archbishop except for matters excepted by the nature of

2378-407: The emperor with the princely regalia , thus the title prince-bishop. However, sometimes the respective incumbent of the see never gained a papal confirmation, but was still invested with the princely power. Also the opposite occurred with a papally confirmed bishop, never invested as prince. Candidates elected, who lacked canon law prerequisites and/or papal confirmation, would officially only hold

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2436-432: The emperors nevertheless invested the unconfirmed candidates as princes - by a so-called liege indult ( German : Lehnsindult ) - due to political coalitions and conflicts within the empire, in order to gain candidates as imperial partisans. Many Protestant candidates, elected by the capitulars, neither achieved papal confirmation nor a liege indult, but nevertheless, as a matter of fact held de facto princely power. This

2494-486: The exception of the Anglicans, which, however, are viewed by the Catholic Church as not having a valid priesthood). The First Council of Nicaea (A.D. 325) distinguished between schism and heresy. It declared Arian and non- Trinitarian teachings to be heretical and excluded their adherents from the Church. It also addressed the schism between Peter of Alexandria and Meletius of Lycopolis , considering their quarrel to be

2552-510: The extent that divisions over even minute details of doctrine and theology are common and scholars have dubbed the phenomenon Täuferkrankheit or "The Anabaptist Disease". Emphasizing fully voluntary membership in the church, and without an established authority of hierarchical structure, Anabaptists, especially Mennonites have experienced dozens of schisms, resulting in the establishment of dozens of various unaffiliated Mennonite churches. A current dispute with an acknowledged risk of schism for

2610-592: The fourth century BCE, leading to rise of two major sects, Digambara and Śvetāmbara , which were later subdivided in further sub-sects. Major Jewish denominations are Orthodox Judaism and non-Orthodox: Reform , Conservative and Reconstructionist . In early Jewish history , the Jewish and Samaritan religions were the product of the schism during the Babylonian Exile (6th Century BCE). Schisms in Judaism included

2668-439: The functions of the consultors to the cathedral chapter . In those countries in which the episcopal conference has transferred the functions, the cathedral chapter, and not the consultors, elect the administrator. Capitular election was the default rule before the adoption of the 1983 Code of Canon Law ; this old default rule is reflected in the term for the equivalent of an administrator in the 1917 code: vicar capitular . Since

2726-682: The matter or expressly by law. Canon law subjects his activity to various legal restrictions and to special supervision by the college of consultors (as for example canons 272 and 485). The administrator remains in charge until a new bishop or archbishop is installed into office ending the sede vacante period or until he presents his resignation to the college of consultors. Some (arch)bishops ruled more than one (arch)bishopric for long. In any beside their primary (arch)bishopric, they would have to be called an administrator . Nevertheless, in local tradition often they are called (arch)bishops in all their (arch)bishoprics. An episcopal conference can transfer

2784-418: The members had conformed to the letter and spirit of these laws, they had incontestable rights as collegia legitima ; if the requisites were not adhered to they could be suppressed by administrative act. The colleges could hold property in common and could sue and be sued. In case of failure this common property could be seized, but that of the individual members was not liable to seizure. The Roman collegium

2842-452: The metropolitan see is vacant, to the senior by appointment of the suffragan bishops of the ecclesiastical province . If a diocese has a coadjutor bishop , the coadjutor succeeds immediately to the episcopal see upon the previous (arch)bishop's death or resignation, and there is no vacancy of the see. The see also does not become vacant if the Pope appoints an apostolic administrator . Before

2900-424: The other(s) of heresy. In Roman Catholic Church canon law , an act of schism, like an act of apostasy or heresy , automatically brings the penalty of excommunication on the individual who commits it. As stated in canon 1312 §1 1° of the 1983 Code of Canon Law , this penalty is intended to be medicinal, so as to lead to restoration of unity. Roman Catholic theology considers formal schismatics to be outside

2958-483: The people ; others again were trade unions or guilds, as the colleges of bakers or of carpenters. The early Roman Christians are said to have sometimes held church property during times of persecution under the title of collegium. Most of the prescriptions of the ancient civil law were received into the law of the Roman Catholic Church and they are incorporated in the Corpus Juris Canonici . By canonists,

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3016-572: The pope. Such institutions are, among others, the College of the Propaganda, and the Roman Colleges . Schism (religion) A schism ( / ˈ s ɪ z ə m / SIZ -əm , / ˈ s k ɪ z ə m / , SKIZ -əm or, less commonly, / ˈ ʃ ɪ z ə m / SHIZ -əm ) is a division between people, usually belonging to an organization, movement, or religious denomination . The word

3074-465: The same power as Catholic prince-bishops. However, one common restriction was that administered prince-bishoprics were denied to emit their deputies to the diets of the Empire or of the imperial circles ( German : Reichstag, or Kreistag , respectively). This restriction was abandoned by the Peace of Westphalia in 1648, when the emperor accepted Protestant administrators as fully empowered rulers. However,

3132-427: The title diocesan/archdiocesan administrator (but nevertheless colloquially be referred to as prince-bishop). This was the case with Catholic candidates, who were elected for an episcopal see with its revenues as a mere appanage and with all Protestant candidates, who all lacked either the necessary vocational training or the papal confirmation. With many capitulars converting to Lutheranism or Calvinism during

3190-402: The user of the word considers to be the true Christian Church. These words have been used to denote both the phenomenon of Christian group-splintering in general, and certain significant historical splits in particular. One can make a distinction between heresy and schism . Heresy is rejection of a doctrine that a Church considered to be essential. Schism is a rejection of communion with

3248-613: Was because the emperor would have to use force to bar the candidates from ruling, with the emperors lacking the respective power or pursuing other goals. A similar situation was in a number of imperially immediate abbeys with their prince-abbots and princess-abbesses. Unconfirmed incumbents of the sees were called Elected Bishops or Elected Archbishops . The information that Protestant clerical rulers would generally have been called administrators, as written in several encyclopedias, does not fit historically documented practice. In their dioceses as well as in their territories, they had almost

3306-522: Was never instituted as a corporation sole ; still, when reduced to one member, that individual succeeded to all the rights of the corporation and could employ its name. Colleges were formed among the ancient Romans for various purposes. Some of these had a religious object, as the college of the Arval Brothers , of the Augurs , etc.; others were for administrative purposes, as of quæstors or tribunes of

3364-501: Was that the Imam must be spiritually pure, whereas Ali's compromise with Mu'awiya was a compromise of his spiritual purity and therefore of his legitimacy as Imam or Caliph. While there are few remaining Kharijite or Kharijite-related groups, the term is sometimes used to denote Muslims who refuse to compromise with those with whom they disagree. Dates: The first schism in Jainism happened around

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