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47-548: Veyne was born in Aix-en-Provence . From a background which he described as "uncultured", he took up archaeology and history by chance, at the age of eight, when he discovered a piece of an amphora on a Celtic site close to the village of Cavaillon . He developed a particular interest in Roman civilization since it was the best-known in the environment in which he grew up. The family having moved to Lille , he assiduously studied

94-420: A "true tale". Through his essay, he became an early representative of the interest in the narrative aspects of scientific history. His monograph on Evergetism from 1975 ( Le pain et le cirque ), however, demonstrated that Veyne's concept of narrative somewhat differed from its common use and that his differences with the hegemonic Annales school was smaller than what had seemed to be the case in 1970. The book

141-506: A 19th-century fountain depicts the "good king" René holding the Muscat grapes that he introduced to Provence in the 15th century; halfway down is a natural hot water fountain (34 °C), covered in moss, dating back to the Romans; and at the bottom, at la Rotonde, the hub of modern Aix, stands a monumental fountain from 1860 beneath three giant statues representing art, justice and agriculture. In

188-555: A handsome clock-tower, erected in 1510. Also on the Place de l'Hôtel de Ville is the former Corn Exchange (1759–1761) (Halle de Grains). This ornately decorated 18th-century building was designed by the Vallon brothers. Nearby are the remarkable thermal springs , containing lime and carbonic acid , that first drew the Romans to Aix and gave it the name Aquae Sextiae . A spa was built in 1705 near

235-512: A rapidly decreasing number of people, is part of the provencal dialect of the Occitan language. The provencal for "Aix-en-Provence" is "Ais de Prouvènço" [ˈaj de pʀuˈvɛ̃sɔ] . Most of the older streets in Aix have names in both Provençal and French. Aix hosted the ninth International Congress of Modern Architecture in 1953. Aix is the home town of the rugby union team Provence Rugby . It played host to

282-572: A recently restored organ. Next to it is the Musée Granet, devoted to European painting and sculpture. Aix is often referred to as the city of a thousand fountains. Among the most notable are the 17th-century Fontaine des Quatre Dauphins (Fountain of the Four Dolphins) in the Quartier Mazarin, designed by Jean-Claude Rambot, and three of the fountains down the central Cours Mirabeau: at the top,

329-474: A university town: Louis II of Anjou granted a royal charter for a university in 1409. Today Aix-en-Provence remains an important educational centre, with many teaching and research institutes: Aix also has several training collèges, lycées, and a college of art and design. It has also become a centre for many international study programmes. Several lycées offer CPGE . Aix holds two significant musical events each year. These are: An important opera festival,

376-493: Is a comprehensive study of the practice of gift-giving, in the tradition of Marcel Mauss , more in line with the anthropologically influenced histoire des mentalités of the third Annalistes generation than with "old-fashioned" narrative history. In 1975 Veyne entered the Collège de France thanks to the support of Raymond Aron , who had been abandoned by his former heir apparent Pierre Bourdieu . However, Veyne, by failing to cite

423-461: Is approximately 145,000. Its inhabitants are called Aixois or, less commonly, Aquisextains . Aix ( Aquae Sextiae ) was founded in 123 BC by the Roman consul Sextius Calvinus , who gave his name to its springs, following the destruction of the nearby Gallic oppidum at Entremont . In 102 BC its vicinity was the scene of the Battle of Aquae Sextiae , where the Romans under Gaius Marius defeated

470-530: Is now shared with Arles . Among its other public institutions, Aix also has the second most important Appeal Court (Palais de Justice) outside of Paris, located near the site of the former Palace of the Counts (Palais des Comtes) of Provence . The Hôtel de Ville (town hall), a building in the classical style of the middle of the 17th century, looks onto a picturesque square (Place de l'Hôtel de Ville). It contains some fine woodwork and tapestries. At its side rises

517-463: Is partially protected from the Mistral , Aix still occasionally experiences the cooler and gusty conditions it brings. Like most of the south of France, Aix-en-Provence has a Mediterranean climate ( Köppen Csa). The Cours Mirabeau is a wide thoroughfare, planted with double rows of plane trees , bordered by fine houses and decorated by fountains. It follows the line of the old city wall, and divides

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564-557: The Festival international d'Art Lyrique , founded in 1948, now ranks with those in Bayreuth , Salzburg and Glyndebourne . The director until 2018 was Bernard Foccroulle , organist and director of la Monnaie in Brussels. The festival takes place in late June and July each year. The main venues in Aix itself are the outdoor Théâtre de l'Archévêché in the former garden of the archbishop's palace,

611-523: The All Blacks during the early stages of the 2007 Rugby World Cup . Ysabel , the tenth novel of the best-selling Canadian author Guy Gavriel Kay , was set and written in Aix. Italian electroacoustic artist Giuseppe Ielasi 's album Aix was produced in Aix-en-Provence, hence the title. This is also the site of an alleged sighting and landing of a UFO in 1981 that is taken seriously by GEIPAN ,

658-634: The Ambrones and Teutones , with mass suicides among the captured women, which passed into Roman legends of Germanic heroism. In the 4th century AD it became the metropolis of Narbonensis Secunda . It was occupied by the Visigoths in 477. In the succeeding century, the town was repeatedly plundered by the Franks and Lombards , and was occupied by the Saracens in 731 and by Charles Martel in 737. Aix, which during

705-590: The Berlin Philharmonic was performed at the Aix festival. The current director of the festival is Pierre Audi . This takes place each year in June to coincide with the national ' Fête de la Musique .' There is a week of classical, jazz, and popular concerts held in different street venues and courtyards in the city. Some of these events are held in the Conservatoire Darius Milhaud , named in honour of

752-579: The French Alps . A frequent and rapid shuttle bus service for commuters operates between the bus station in Aix and Marseille. There are many other long distance and local buses from the bus station. The city also offers a "city pass" available in 24, 48, and 72-hour packages for visiting tourists. The "pass tourisitque" is offered at the Aix-en-Provence Tourist Office, the Atelier de Cézanne, and

799-485: The Gothic style with doors elaborately carved in walnut . The interior contains 16th-century tapestries, a 15th-century triptych depicting King René and his wife on the side panels, as well as a Merovingian baptistery , its Renaissance dome supported by original Roman columns. The archbishop's palace (Palais de l'Archêveché) and a Romanesque cloister adjoin the cathedral on its south side. The Archbishopric of Aix

846-465: The Middle Ages was the capital of Provence , did not reach its zenith until after the 12th century, when, under the houses of Barcelona/Aragon and Anjou , it became an artistic centre and seat of learning. Aix passed to the crown of France with the rest of Provence in 1487, and in 1501 Louis XII established there the parliament of Provence, which existed until 1789. In the 17th and 18th centuries,

893-504: The Vaucluse . He died on 29 September 2022, at the age of 92. Aix-en-Provence Aix-en-Provence or simply Aix , is a city and commune in southern France , about 30 km (20 mi) north of Marseille . A former capital of Provence , it is the subprefecture of the arrondissement of Aix-en-Provence , in the department of Bouches-du-Rhône , in the region of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur . The population of Aix-en-Provence

940-512: The "boulevard exterieur", the predominantly one-way ring road that encircles the old town. Access to the old town is by a series of often narrow one-way streets that can be confusing to navigate for the uninitiated. As well as overland routes, two "rivers" flow through Aix, the Arc and the Torse, but neither of which can remotely be described as navigable. The local Aix dialect, rarely used and spoken by

987-628: The Cité du Livre are the Grand Théâtre de Provence and the Pavillon Noir (see above). To the east of Aix rises Montagne Sainte-Victoire (1,011 metres or 3,317 feet), one of the landmarks of the Pays d'Aix. It is accessible from the centre of Aix by road or on foot, taking the wooded footpath of Escrachou Pevou to the plateau of Bibemus. It dramatically overshadows the small dam built by Émile Zola 's father and

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1034-656: The Darius Milhaud Conservatory designed by Kengo Kuma . Aix has several museums and galleries: Prior to 1989 Aix had several libraries, for example in the Parc Jourdan and the Town Hall. In 1989, many of these were moved to the Méjanes, an old match factory. In 1993, the "Cité du Livre" was opened around the library. This has media spaces for dance, cinema and music, and a training facility for librarians. Adjacent to

1081-629: The French composer, a native of Aix. The dance company Ballet Preljocaj of the French dancer and choreographer Angelin Preljocaj has been located in Aix since 1996. In 2007 it took up residence in the Pavillon Noir , a centre for dance performance, designed in 1999 by the architect Rudy Ricciotti . The centre is one of nineteen of its kind in France, designated Centre chorégraphique national . Aix-en-Provence

1128-586: The Mediterranean coast of Provence; and to Nice and other towns on the French Riviera . Aix and Marseille are equidistant from the Marseille Provence Airport (MRS) at Marignane on the Étang de Berre which features domestic and international scheduled passenger service. There is another airport at Les Milles, which is mostly used by general aviation. There is a frequent bus shuttle service from

1175-496: The Roman collections of the archaeological museum there, where he received guidance from the curator. He maintains that his interest in the Greeks and Romans stems not from any humanist impulse or any specific admiration, but just from his chance discovery as a child. Having come to Paris for his khâgne , he had a sudden moment of political awakening in front of the bas-relief that celebrates

1222-665: The department within the French Space Agency responsible for investigating aerospace phenomena. Aix-en-Provence is twinned with: Aix-en-Provence also cooperates with: List of communes in France with over 20,000 inhabitants As of January 2019 , there were 473 communes in France ( metropolitan territory and overseas departments and regions ) with population over 20,000, 280 communes with population over 30,000, 129 communes with population over 50,000 and 42 communes with population over 100,000. All figures reflect

1269-508: The historian of antiquities and the philosopher also influenced Foucault's turn towards antiquity in the second volume of the History of Sexuality , as well as his reading of liberalism in his public lectures (1978–79). In 2008 Veyne published a full-length book on Foucault, reworking some of the themes from his 1978 essay, and expanding it to an intellectual portrait. Paul Veyne lived in Bédoin , in

1316-553: The insistence on history as narrative and focused instead on how the work of Foucault constituted a major shift in historical thinking. The essence of the Foucauldian 'revolution' was, according to Veyne, a shift of attention from 'objects' to 'practices', to highlight the way the epistemological objects were brought into being, rather than the objects themselves. With this essay, Veyne established himself as an idiosyncratic and important interpreter of his colleague. The relationship between

1363-505: The legal economy. The current mayor of Aix-en-Provence is Sophie Joissains , elected on September 24, 2021. Presidential Elections Second Round: A set of ancient roads radiate out from Aix to the surrounding countryside, the Pays d'Aix. There are also a large number of modern autoroutes connecting Aix to nearby towns. There are autoroutes northwards to Avignon and to the Luberon ; southwards to Marseille ; and eastwards to Aubagne and

1410-662: The liberation of the city at the bottom of the Boulevard St. Michel and joined the Communist Party of France . He left the party four years later, without ever having had a true political conviction. On the other hand, the bad treatment of the Algerians at the hands of the colonials revolted him in equal measure to the atrocities of the Nazis. Once again, however, his shock was neither social nor political, but moral. Paul Veyne studied at

1457-410: The main bus station in Aix which also serves the nearby TGV station at l'Arbois, in the middle of the countryside about 16 kilometres (10 mi) from Aix. At Aix, the line from Paris branches to Marseille and Nice; it takes about 3 hours to get from Paris to Aix by TGV. Aix also has a railway station near the centre, Gare d'Aix-en-Provence , with connections to Marseille, Pertuis and Briançon in

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1504-705: The manufacture of confectionery, iron-ware, hats, matches and the extraction of olive oil . Current economic activities include: The airline Twin Jet has its head office in Aix-en-Provence. From 1990 to 2000, criminal organizations established complex extortion rings in Marseille extending to Aix-en-Provence and the greater French Riviera . Since 2002, Le Milieu is known for, in addition to its extortion rings, large counterfeiting and white-collar crime operations. Due to increased financial regulation, Le Milieu has collectively pushed to integrate their crime profits into

1551-421: The municipal population ( French : population municipale ), meaning people who have their usual residence in the commune, excluding population counted apart . The population of the matching Urban unit is usually several times that of its central commune. Populations as of 2006 and 2013 are also shown. Communes in the overseas and sui generis collectivities are listed in a separate table below. For

1598-436: The name of Aron in his inaugural lecture, aroused his displeasure, and according to Veyne he was persecuted by Aron ever since this perceived sign of his ingratitude. Veyne remained there from 1975 to 1999 as holder of the chair of Roman history. In 1978 Veyne's epistemological essay was reissued in tandem with a new essay on Michel Foucault as a historian: "Foucault révolutionne l'histoire." In this essay Veyne moved away from

1645-482: The official Aix tourism website. In the town itself, there is an inexpensive municipal bus service, including a dial-a-bus service ("proxibus"), a park-and-ride service and tiny electrified buses for those with mobility problems – these are six-seater vehicles that circulate at a speed of 16 km/h (10 mph). The central old town of Aix is for the most part pedestrianised. There are large underground and overground parking structures placed at regular intervals on

1692-483: The older part of Aix, there are also fountains of note in the Place d'Albertas and the Place des Trois-Ormeaux. Aix is the birthplace of Post-Impressionist painter Paul Cézanne. A walking trail links sites including his childhood home, Jas de Bouffan, and his former studio, Atelier Cézanne. The white limestone mountain Sainte-Victoire overlooks the city and was a frequent subject of Cézanne's works. Aix has long been

1739-408: The public. From 2009 onwards, the château, which now belongs to Jacqueline's daughter Catherine Hutin, has been open to the public from June to September. Mont Sainte-Victoire has a complex network of paths, leading to the priory and Croix de Provence at the summit, to the large man-made reservoir of Bimont and to the Roman viaduct above le Tholonet. Industries formerly included flour-milling,

1786-486: The recently restored 18th-century Théâtre du Jeu de Paume, and the newly built Grand Théâtre de Provence ; operas are also staged in the outdoor Théâtre du Grand Saint-Jean outside Aix. Linked to the festival is the Académie européenne de musique, a summer school for young musicians with master classes by celebrated artists. Over the four-year period from 2006 until 2009, Sir Simon Rattle 's version of Wagner's Ring Cycle with

1833-536: The remains of the ancient Roman baths of Sextius . South of the Cours Mirabeau is the Quartier Mazarin . This residential district was constructed for the gentry of Aix by Archbishop Michele Mazzarino brother of Cardinal Jules Mazarin in the last half of the 17th century and contains several notable hôtels particuliers . The 13th-century church of Saint-Jean-de-Malte contains valuable pictures and

1880-525: The right bank of the river. The city slopes gently from north to south and the Montagne Sainte-Victoire can easily be seen to the east. Aix's position in the south of France gives it a warm climate, though more extreme than Marseille due to the inland location. It has an average January temperature of 6 °C (43  °F ) and a July average of 24 °C (75  °F ). It has an average of 300 days of sunshine and only 58 days of rain. While it

1927-552: The town into two sections. The new town extends to the south and west; the old town, with its narrow, irregular streets, and its old mansions dating from the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries, lies to the north. Situated on this avenue, which is lined on one side with banks and on the other with cafés, is the Deux Garçons, the most famous brasserie in Aix. Built in 1792, it was frequented by the likes of Paul Cézanne , Émile Zola and Ernest Hemingway . On 3 November 2019, Les Deux Garçons

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1974-646: The town was the seat of the Intendance of Provence. Current archeological excavations in the Ville des Tours, a medieval suburb of Aix, have unearthed the remains of a Roman amphitheatre . A deposit of fossil bones from the Upper Continental Miocene gave rise to a Christian dragon legend. Aix-en-Provence is situated in the south of France, in a plain overlooking the Arc river, about 1.5 kilometres (1 mi) from

2021-509: The village was formerly occupied by the counts of Provence (including René of Anjou ) and the Archbishops of Aix before it became the family home of the marquis de Vauvenargues . It was acquired by the Spanish artist Pablo Picasso in 1958, who was resident there from 1959 until 1962, when he moved to Mougins . He and his wife Jacqueline are buried in its grounds, which are not usually open to

2068-566: The École Normale Supérieure in Paris 1951–55. He was a member of the École française de Rome 1955–1957, whereupon he settled in Aix-en-Provence as a professor at the University of Provence . It was in his years in Aix that he published his provocative Comment on écrit l'histoire , an essay on the epistemology of history. At a time when the dominant trend in French historiography favoured quantitative methods, Veyne's essay unabashedly declared history to be

2115-422: Was a favourite subject and haunt of Paul Cézanne throughout his lifetime. In the village of Le Tholonet on the precipitous southern side of Mont Sainte-Victoire, there is a windmill that he used, and beyond that a mountain hut, the refuge Cézanne , where he liked to paint. To the north, the mountain slopes gently down through woodland to the village of Vauvenargues . The Château of Vauvenargues overlooking

2162-455: Was devastated by a fire that engulfed the entire building, leaving the much loved establishment just a shell. The Cathedral of the Holy Saviour ( Aix Cathedral ) is situated to the north in the medieval part of Aix. Built on the site of a former Roman forum and an adjacent basilica, it contains a mixture of all styles from the 5th to the 17th century, including a richly decorated portal in

2209-574: Was part of Marseille-Provence 2013 , the year-long cultural festival when the region served as the European Capital of Culture . Aix hosted several major cultural events including one half of the Grand Atelier du Midi gala exhibition and an episode of the Révélations pyrotechnical performance. The city also unveiled major new cultural infrastructure to coincide with Marseille-Provence 2013, including

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