105-775: Vest-Agder Museum Kristiansand or simply Kristiansand Museum (formerly Vest-Agder Fylkesmuseum ) was founded in 1903 and is located in Kristiansand , Norway . Kristiansand Museum consists of a main building with collections and 40 old buildings, grouped by where they previously stood. Kristiansand Museum forms part of Vest-Agder-museet IKS which was established as a result of a consolidation in 2006-07. Vest-Agder-museet IKS currently consists of several geographical departments: Flekkefjord museum, Lista museum, Sjølingstad Uldvarefabrik, Mandal museum, Kristiansand museum (formerly Vest-Agder Fylkesmuseum), Gimle Gård, Setesdalsbanen , Kristians kanonmuseum and SS Hestmanden . Vest-Agder-museet IKS
210-504: A Stone Age settlement. The first discovery in Norway of a Sarup enclosure (a Neolithic form of ritual enclosure first identified at Sarup on the Danish island of Funen ) was made in 2010 at Hamresanden and dates to c. 3400 BC. Archaeological excavations to the east of Oddernes Church have uncovered rural settlements that existed during the centuries immediately before and after the start of
315-577: A masque of Solomon and the Queen of Sheba , as a drunken fiasco, where most of the players simply fell over from the effects of too much wine. The royal party went to Upnor Castle and had dinner aboard the Elizabeth Jonas . At Gravesend, when the royal party was on his ship the Admiral , Christian IV provided a firework display built on a small ship or lighter, which brought tears to eyes of King James, although
420-749: A "guardian government" being installed until he was officially installed as King in 1596. When Christian was crowned king, Denmark-Norway held a supremacy over the Baltic Sea, which he lost to Sweden. Nevertheless, Christian was one of the few kings from the House of Oldenburg that achieved a lasting legacy of popularity with both the Danish and Norwegian people. As such, he featured in the Danish national play Elverhøj . Furthermore, his great building activities also furthered his popularity. Christian IV spoke Danish, German, Latin , French and Italian. Naturally cheerful and hospitable, he delighted in lively society; but he
525-697: A Danish parallel to Magna Carta ), which was an identical copy of his father's from 1559. Twelve days later, on 29 August 1596, Christian IV was crowned at the Church of Our Lady in Copenhagen by the Bishop of Zealand , Peder Jensen Vinstrup (1549–1614). He was crowned with a new Danish Crown Regalia which had been made for him by Dirich Fyring (1580–1603), assisted by the Nuremberg goldsmith, Corvinius Saur. On 30 November 1597, he married Anne Catherine of Brandenburg ,
630-409: A French servant. He had sailed with only three ships and captured some pirates during the voyage. More ships with his Danish courtiers arrived on 5 August. The diplomatic purpose of the visit was kept secret. The Venetian ambassador Antonio Foscarini heard that Anne of Denmark had written to him about a dispute with King James. Foscarini described Christian as, "above the average in height, dressed in
735-470: A circle of diameter 90 kilometers. Christian also restored and restructured the castle Akershus , where he invited the people of Norway to the official and age-old installment of the king in 1590, and again in 1610. When the king was busy overseeing the reparations and re-building of the fortress at Oslo, he lived in the country all summer, and at the same time tried to establish a centre for producing iron at Eiker , Buskerud . History tells he actually ruled
840-585: A consistent diplomatic policy. He would neither conciliate Sweden, henceforth his most dangerous enemy, nor guard himself against her by a definite system of counter-alliances. Christian contacted the Roman Catholic part of the Thirty Years' War, and offered to broker a deal with Sweden. However, his mediating was highly skewed in favour of the Holy Roman Emperor, and was a transparent attempt at minimising
945-473: A daughter of Joachim Friedrich , Margrave of Brandenburg and Duke of Prussia . Christian took an interest in many and varied matters, including a series of domestic reforms and improving Danish national armaments. New fortresses were constructed under the direction of Dutch engineers. The Royal Dano-Norwegian Navy , which in 1596 had consisted of but twenty-two vessels, in 1610 rose to sixty, some of them built after Christian's own designs. The formation of
1050-515: A drydock with considerable capacity. Lund is the second largest borough in Kristiansand with a population of 9,000 inhabitants in 2012. 14 June 1921 was the first 2.75 km of Lund transferred to Kristiansand and 1 January 1965 was also the rest of Lund part of Kristiansand in the municipal amalgamation. In Lund, there are traces of humans dating back to the early Iron Age , the Viking Age until
1155-498: A few days. In the summer most locals go to the Fiskebrygga , the archipelago opposite the city, and Hamresanden Beach, which is located about 10 minutes from the city centre near Kjevik airport. People from Denmark, Sweden, Germany, the UK and other European countries also visit this beach in the summer during their travels. The all-time high 32.6 °C (90.7 °F) at Kristiansand airport
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#17330861268121260-525: A fleet in case of need, and shortly afterwards a Swedo-Danish army and fleet compelled Wallenstein to raise the siege of Stralsund . Thus with the help of Sweden, the superior sea-power enabled Denmark to tide over her worst difficulties, and in May 1629 Christian was able to conclude peace with the emperor in the Treaty of Lübeck , without any diminution of territory. However, the treaty bound Christian not to interfere in
1365-733: A fortress. He also founded the Danish East India Company ( Asiatisk Kompagni ) inspired by the similar Dutch company . Christian is the longest-reigning monarch in Scandinavian history in terms of holding the title. However, the Danish Royal House recognized Margrethe II as having the official record in July 2023. The Danish Royal House noted that Christian IV was not of the legal age to become King upon his father's death, which resulted in
1470-478: A national army proved more difficult. Christian had to depend mainly upon hired mercenary troops as was common practice in the times—well before the establishment of standing armies—augmented by native peasant levies recruited for the most part from the peasantry on the crown domains. Up until the early 1620s, Denmark-Norway's economy profited from general boom conditions in Europe. This inspired Christian to initiate
1575-629: A paralysing effect upon Denmark. In his sixty-sixth year he once more displayed something of the energy of his triumphant youth. Night and day he laboured to levy armies and equip fleets. Fortunately for him, the Swedish government delayed hostilities in Scania until February 1644, and the Danes were able to make adequate defensive preparations and save the important fortress of Malmö . The Danish fleet prevented Torstensson crossing from Jutland to Funen , and defeated
1680-517: A policy of expanding Denmark-Norway's overseas trade as part of the mercantilist wave fashionable in Europe. He founded a number of merchant cities, and supported the building of factories. He also built a large number of buildings in Dutch Renaissance style. His sister Anne had married King James VI of Scotland , who succeeded to the English throne in 1603. To foster friendly relations between
1785-485: A popular family aciivity during the summer season. The city hosts a free weekly concert in downtown Kristiansand in the summertime. Outside the city is the industrial park Sørlandsparken , which includes Sørlandssenteret , Norway's largest mall. The city is named after the Dano-Norwegian King King Christian IV , who founded it on 5 July 1641. The second part of the city's name, sand , comes from
1890-416: A population of 5,200; Lund , the second largest borough; Søgne , with a population of around 12,000 and incorporated into the municipality of Kristiansand as of January 2020; Oddernes , a borough located in the west; and Vågsbygd , the largest borough with a population of 36,000, located in the southwest. Kristiansand is connected by four main roads: European Route E18 from Oslo , Aust-Agder , covering
1995-601: A significant and advanced mechanical industry which produces offshore and marine cranes and other marine equipment in Andøya Industrial Park. Amfi Vågsbygd is a major shopping center in Vågsbygd. Outside of Andøya in Vågsbygd is Bredalsholmen Shipyard and Preservation Centre, a Centre for protection of vessels at the former Bredalsholmen yard. Bredalsholmen Shipyard and Preservation Centre is a national hub for maintenance of museum ships and cherish worthy coastal culture, and
2100-533: A temperate oceanic climate ( Köppen : Cfb ). The coastal parts of the Skagerrak coast, which includes Kristiansand, is the sunniest part of Norway. Snow generally occurs in late December and in January and February; it may be heavy (the snow record at Kjevik airport is 170 centimetres (67 in)) but rarely stays long on the coast; see Climate of Norway . Due to warming in the more recent decades, snow often melts after
2205-547: A ten-year tax exemption. In 1666, Christianssand became a garrison town and was heavily fortified. In 1682, King Christian V decided to relocate the bishopric there from Stavanger . Hence, the young city became the main city of the Christiansand Stift. Christianssand experienced its first fire in 1734, which was devastating to the city. Later in the 18th century, after the American Revolutionary War ,
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#17330861268122310-472: A tree with leaves and what look like pine cones. On the base of the crown are the letters R. F. P., standing for Regna Firma Pietas , "Piety strengthens the realm"; this was Christian IV's motto . Around the seal of the city is its motto, Cavsa Triumphat Tandem Bona , "A good cause prevails in the end". Kristiansand is strategically located on the Skagerrak , and until the opening of the Kiel Canal between
2415-543: Is Northern Europe's longest continuous wooden buildings. In the parts are among others Kristiansand Cathedral , Kristiansand City Hall , Wergeland Park, and the terminal for ferries to Hirtshals and Kristiansand Station is located in the parts western corner. Vågsbygd has considerable industry, who has survived major changes. The largest employer is all the same Elkem Solar producing super clean Silicon for solar cells , which are located in premises that Elkem previous Ferrosilicon factory Fiskå Verk. On Andøya it established
2520-453: Is important in Kristiansand, and the summer season is the most popular for tourists. Kristiansand Zoo and Amusement park is the largest zoo in Norway. It receives over 900,000 visitors every year. Markens Street is the main pedestrian street in downtown Kristiansand. Bystranda is a city beach located in Kvadraturen; Hamresanden beach is the longest beach in Kristiansand. Hamresanden Camping is
2625-537: Is mentioned in two letters located in the National Archives . The letters describe the attack that took place with a lot of violence against both women and men and that on both sides suffered casualties. No one know who the robbers were, but their centurion was named Per Syvertsen. The name suggests that he and his crew came from Norway or Denmark . Indre and Ytre Randesund is located between Kvåsefjorden in Høvåg and
2730-449: Is organized as an inter-municipal company. All the municipalities in the former county of Vest-Agder county as well as Aust-Agder County Municipality share ownership. 58°09′42.79″N 8°01′49.72″E / 58.1618861°N 8.0304778°E / 58.1618861; 8.0304778 Kristiansand Kristiansand is a city and municipality in Agder county, Norway . The city
2835-846: Is part of the Swedo-Norwegian Base Mountain Shield, the southwestern section of the Baltic Shield , and consists of two main geological formations of Proterozoic rocks that were formed in the Gothic and later Swedo-Norwegian orogenies , with significant metamorphism during the latter. There is a substrate of 1,600–1,450 million-year-old slate , quartzite , marble and amphibolite with some hornblende gneiss , and overlaid on this acidic surface structures of both granite and granodiorite (in general 1,250–1,000 million years old, in some places 1,550–1,480 million years old). The Bamblefelt geological area starts to
2940-470: Is the fifth-largest and the municipality is the sixth-largest in Norway, with a population of around 116,000 as of January 2020, following the incorporation of the municipalities of Søgne and Songdalen into the greater Kristiansand municipality. In addition to the city itself, Statistics Norway count four other densely populated areas in the municipality: Skålevik in Flekkerøy with a population of 3,526 in
3045-533: Is the longest in Scandinavian history. A member of the House of Oldenburg , Christian began his personal rule of Denmark-Norway in 1596 at the age of 19. He is remembered as one of the most popular, ambitious, and proactive Danish-Norwegian kings, having initiated many reforms and projects. Christian IV obtained for his kingdoms a level of stability and wealth that was virtually unmatched elsewhere in Europe. He engaged Denmark-Norway in numerous wars, most notably
3150-601: The Catholic League , as promises of military support from the Netherlands and England did not materialise. In the summer of 1627 both Tilly and Albrecht von Wallenstein occupied the duchies and the whole peninsula of Jutland . Christian now formed an alliance with Sweden on 1 January 1628, as he and Gustavus Adolphus shared the reluctance of German expansion in the Baltic region. Gustavus Adolphus pledged to assist Denmark with
3255-521: The Kristiansand Cathedral was hit by accident. The third attack attempt on the city succeeded because a signal flag was confused with a French national flag and the misunderstanding was not discovered until it was too late. The city was occupied by a force of 800 men. During the 1960s, there were many municipal mergers across Norway due to the work of the Schei Committee . On 1 January 1965,
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3360-564: The Nayak of Tanjore (now Thanjavur in Tamil Nadu) turned out to be interested in trading opportunities and a treaty was negotiated granting the Danes the village of Tranquebar (or Tarangamabadi) on India's south coast and the right to construct a "stone house" ( Fort Dansborg ) and levy taxes. The treaty was signed on 20 November 1620, establishing Denmark's first colony in India . Christian also assigned
3465-552: The North Sea and the Baltic was very important militarily and geopolitically. This meant that for centuries it served as a military stronghold, first as Harald Fairhair 's royal residence, then as a Danish-Norwegian fortress, and later as a garrison town. Kristiansand is a gateway to and from the continent, with ferry service to Denmark and a terminus of the railway line along the southern edge of South Norway. Geologically, this part of Agder
3570-636: The Old Norse word sandr which means "sand" or "sandy ground". This refers to the sandy headland upon which the city was originally built. (See also: Lillesand#Name ) Historically, the name was usually written Christianssand until 1877, although the map of the mapmaker Pontoppidan from 1785 spelled the name Christiansand (with a single 's'). In 1877, an official spelling reform aimed at bringing city names into line with regular Norwegian orthography changed it to Kristianssand . Kristiansund and Kristiania ( Oslo ), also had their spellings changed under
3675-515: The Schleswig-Holstein duchies, Christian for a time stayed his hand. The urgent solicitations of other powers, and his fear that Gustavus Adolphus should supplant him as the champion of the Protestant cause, finally led him to enter the war on 9 May 1625. He also feared that Sweden could use a war to further expand their holdings in the Baltic Sea. Christian embarked on a military campaign which
3780-619: The Thirty Years' War (1618–1648), which devastated much of Germany, undermined the Danish economy, and cost Denmark-Norway some of its conquered territories. He rebuilt and renamed the Norwegian capital Oslo as Christiania after himself, a name used until 1925. Christian was born at Frederiksborg Castle in Denmark on 12 April 1577 as the third child and eldest son of King Frederick II of Denmark–Norway and Sofie of Mecklenburg-Schwerin . He
3885-414: The Treaty of Brömsebro on 8 February 1645. Here Denmark had to cede Gotland , Ösel and (for thirty years) Halland , while Norway lost the two provinces Jämtland and Härjedalen , giving Sweden the supremacy of the Baltic Sea. Christian IV spent more time in the kingdom of Norway than any other Oldenburg monarch and no Oldenburg king made such a lasting impression on the Norwegian people. He visited
3990-546: The common era . Together with a corresponding discovery in Rogaland , these settlements are unique in the Norwegian context; isolated farms, rather than villages, were the norm in ancient Norway. Other discoveries in grave mounds around the church, in the Lund section of the city, indicate habitation beginning c. 400 AD, and 25 cooking pits that were found immediately outside the church wall in 1907 are probably even older. One of
4095-456: The 1630s. Christian gained both in popularity and influence at home, and he hoped to increase his external power still further with the assistance of his sons-in-law, Corfitz Ulfeldt and Hannibal Sehested , who now came prominently forward. Between 1629 and 1643 the European situation presented infinite possibilities to politicians with a taste for adventure. However, Christian was incapable of
4200-458: The 1980s, industry and business in the city declined, in part because of the 1986 fire at the Hotel Caledonien . But beginning in the second half of the 1990s, business increased in momentum with the development of enterprises for marine and offshore equipment, security technology and drilling. The older municipal archives for Kristiansand (and the former municipalities) are currently held at
4305-559: The Copenhagen fortress Kastellet , Rosenborg Castle , workers' district Nyboder , the Copenhagen naval Holmen Church (Holmens Kirke), Proviantgården , a brewery, the Tøjhus Museum arsenal , and two Trinity Churches in Copenhagen and modern Kristianstad, now known as respectively Trinitatis Church and Holy Trinity Church . Christian converted Frederiksborg Castle to a Renaissance palace and completely rebuilt Kronborg Castle to
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4410-432: The Danish overlordship of Holstein by the compact of Steinburg in July 1621. Christian IV had obtained for his kingdom a level of stability and wealth that was virtually unmatched elsewhere in Europe. Denmark was funded by tolls on the Øresund and also by extensive war-reparations from Sweden. Denmark's intervention in the Thirty Years' War was aided by France and by Charles I of England, who agreed to help subsidise
4515-549: The Dutch auxiliary fleet which came to Torstensson's assistance at the action of 16 May 1644 . Another attempt to transport Torstensson and his army to the Danish islands by a large Swedish fleet was frustrated by Christian IV in person on 1 July 1644. On that day the two fleets encountered at the Battle of Colberger Heide . As Christian stood on the quarterdeck of the Trinity , a cannon close by
4620-529: The French fashion. His nature is warlike". Despite Christian's many efforts, the new economic projects did not return a profit. He looked abroad for new income. Christian IV's Expeditions to Greenland involved a series of voyages in the years 1605–1607 to Greenland and to Arctic waterways in order to locate the lost Eastern Norse Settlement and to assert Danish sovereignty over Greenland. The expeditions were unsuccessful, partly due to leaders lacking experience with
4725-652: The Inter-Municipal Archives in Vest-Agder (IKAVA). This includes documents concerning, for example, local councils, chairmanships, poor boards, school boards and archives including among other things personal documents in the form of client records, tax records, and also school records. On 1 January 2020, the three neighbouring municipalities of Kristiansand, Songdalen , and Søgne were merged to form one large municipality called Kristiansand . The arms of Kristiansand were granted on 8 December 1909 and are based on
4830-464: The King died. Christian was reckoned a typical renaissance king, and excelled in hiring musicians and artists from all over Europe. Many English musicians were employed by him at several times, among them William Brade , John Bull and John Dowland . Dowland accompanied the king on his tours, and as he was employed in 1603, rumour has it he was in Norway as well. Christian was an agile dancer, and his court
4935-482: The Swedish influence in the Baltics. His Scandinavian policy was so irritating and vexatious that Swedish statesmen advocated for a war with Denmark, to keep Christian from interfering in the peace negotiations with the Holy Roman Emperor, and in May 1643, Christian faced another war against Sweden. The increased Sound Dues had alienated the Dutch, who turned to support Sweden. Sweden was able, thanks to their conquests in
5040-449: The Swedish ships in the Bay of Kiel . But the Swedish fleet escaped, and the annihilation of the Danish fleet by the combined navies of Sweden and the Netherlands, after an obstinate fight between Fehmarn and Lolland at the end of September, exhausted the military resources of Denmark and compelled Christian to accept the mediation of France and the Netherlands; and peace was finally signed with
5145-535: The Thirty Years' War any further, removing any Danish obstacles when Gustavus Adolphus entered the war in 1630. Christian's foreign policy did not suffer from lack of confidence following the Danish defeat in The Thirty Years' War. To compensate for lacking export revenues, and also in order to stifle the Swedish advances in the Thirty Years' War, Christian enacted a number of increases in the Sound Dues throughout
5250-663: The Thirty Years' War, to attack Denmark from the south as well as the east; the Dutch alliance promised to secure them at sea. In May 1643 the Swedish Privy Council decided upon war; on 12 December the Swedish Field Marshal Lennart Torstensson , advancing from Bohemia , crossed the southern frontier of Denmark; and by the end of January 1644 the whole peninsula of Jutland was in Swedish hands. This unexpected attack, conducted from first to last with consummate ability and lightning-like rapidity, had
5355-524: The Topdalsfjord in Oddernes. Several small islands are situated alongside the cost of Randesund, among them Randøya and Herøya, both popular with summer tourists. The municipality (originally the parish) is named after the island, Randøen (now known as Randøya). The first part of the name is rand (Old Norse: rǫnd) which means "boundary" or "edge" and the last part of the name is sund which means "strait". The name
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#17330861268125460-634: The Torstenson War, Rigsrådet took on an increasing role, under the leadership of Corfitz Ulfeldt and Hannibal Sehested . The last years of Christian's life were embittered by sordid differences with his sons-in-law, especially with Corfitz Ulfeldt. His personal obsession with witchcraft led to the public execution of some of his subjects during the Burning Times . He was responsible for several witch burnings, including 21 people in Iceland, and most notably
5565-465: The Vågsbygd borough, Strai with a population of 1,636 in the Grim borough, Justvik with a population of 1,803 in the Lund borough, and Tveit with a population of 1,396 (as of January 2012 ) in the Oddernes borough. Kristiansand is divided into five boroughs; - Grim , which is located northwest in Kristiansand with a population of 15,000; Kvadraturen , which is the centre and downtown Kristiansand with
5670-404: The city and also provided many jobs for women. The most recent major fire, in 1892, left half the original section of the city in ashes. It burned buildings as far as the cathedral , which had been rebuilt in brick after a previous fire in 1880. With the development of hydropower in southern Norway, the city gradually developed an industrial base, particularly with the establishment in 1910 of
5775-426: The city of Kristiansand (population: 27,100) was merged with the neighboring municipalities of Randesund (population: 1,672), Tveit (population: 2,802), and Oddernes (population: 18,668) to create a much larger Kristiansand Municipality. Post-war construction included further development of the Lund section, and in the 1960s and 1970s Vågsbygd to the west was developed into a section with 20,000 inhabitants. In
5880-463: The city of Kristiansand got larger by annexing a part of the neighboring municipality of Oddernes , gaining 2,164 more residents along with more land for the growing city. The labour movement had important pioneers in the city, and Leon Trotsky spent about a year of his exile in the archipelago offshore from Kristiansand. Arnulf Øverland took him from Randesund to Ny-Hellesund in Søgne in 1936. In
5985-540: The city was founded focused on loading and dumps at Lund, along Otra or Torridalselven and along Topdalsfjorden by Odderøya and Flekkeroy port. Christian IV 's town plan outlined the city center with 56 rectangular squares with five long blocks and eight cross streets. It was the squares along the Otra and east and west harbor, which was built first. Today Kvadraturen is a part of Kvadraturen/Eg, which has (as of 1 January 2005) 5510 inhabitants. The area Posebyen in Kvadraturen
6090-491: The city's buildings were built entirely of wood. After the fire in 1624 which lasted for three days, Christian IV decided that the old city should not be rebuilt again. He decided that the new town be rebuilt in the area below Akershus Fortress , a castle which later was converted into a palace and royal residence. His men built a network of roads in Akershagen and demanded that all citizens should move their shops and workplaces to
6195-524: The conviction and execution of Maren Spliid , who was victim of a witch hunt at Ribe and was burned at the Gallows Hill near Ribe on 9 November 1641. On 21 February 1648, at his earnest request, he was carried in a litter from Frederiksborg to his beloved Copenhagen , where he died a week later. He was buried in Roskilde Cathedral . The chapel of Christian IV had been completed 6 years before
6300-597: The country a number of times and founded four cities. He also established and took control over one silver mine ( Kongsberg ), one copper mine ( Røros in Trøndelag ), and tried to make an iron plant with limited success in Eiker. In 1647 he gave the crown privileges of the Røros Copper Works to his banker and his privy councillor ( Geheimrat ) Joachim Irgens von Westervick , including rights to forests and water resources within
6405-454: The courts. Christian IV is renowned for his many city (town) foundations, and is most likely the Nordic head of state that can be accredited for the highest number of new cities in his realm . These towns/cities are: A short-lived town was: Furthermore, Christian is known for erecting many important buildings in his realm, including the observatory Rundetårn , the stock exchange Børsen ,
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#17330861268126510-418: The development of Kristiansand was the harbor on the island of Flekkerøy , which was the most important on the Skagerrak beginning in the 16th century and was first fortified under King Christian III in 1555. In 1635, King Christian IV ordered his feudal seigneur , Palle Rosenkrantz, to move from Nedenes and build a royal palace on the island. Christian IV (renowned for having founded many towns) visited
6615-542: The difficult Arctic ice and weather conditions. The pilot on all three trips was English explorer James Hall . An expedition to North America was commissioned in 1619. The expedition was captained by Dano-Norwegian navigator and explorer, Jens Munk . The ships, searching for the Northwest Passage , arrived in Hudson Bay landing at the mouth of Churchill River , settling at what is now Churchill, Manitoba . However, it
6720-405: The early Middle Ages various locations. There has been a settlement here since the Stone Age . During the Viking Age there was a great man's farm here. A Runestone at Oddernes church provides a connection to this farm. A large field with burial mounds formerly existed south and west of the church, and may also be associated with this farm. In 1492 robbers from the sea came and attacked Lund. This
6825-430: The east of the municipality and extends to Grenland . The last Swedo-Norwegian formations are evident in large formations of granite. There are also incidences of gabbro and diorite , less commonly eclogite . The Caledonian orogeny did not affect this area. Faults run southwest–northeast. In ancient times there was a volcano off Flekkeroy , which left deposits of volcanic rock just north of central Kristiansand, on
6930-445: The easternmost parts of Kristiansand; European route E39 from Stavanger , Flekkefjord and the coastal towns and villages in Vest-Agder ; Norwegian National Road 9 from Evje , Setesdal and Grim; and Norwegian National Road 41 from Telemark , northern Aust-Agder, Birkeland , Tveit and the airport Kristiansand Airport, Kjevik . Varodd Bridge is a large bridge and a part of E18 , which stretches over Topdalsfjorden . Tourism
7035-433: The effect was somewhat spoiled because the show was held in daylight. After an exchange of gifts Christian sailed home, escorted by Robert Mansell with the Vanguard and the Moon . Christian IV visited England again in August 1614, coming incognito to surprise his sister at Denmark House , accompanied only by Andrew Sinclair and a page. Christian IV was recognised by the queen's dancing master Thomas Cardell and
7140-400: The end of the union of the crowns . However, in 1580, at the age of 3, his father had him elected Prince and successor to the throne of Denmark. At the death of his father on 4 April 1588, Christian was just 10 years old. He succeeded to the throne, but as he was still under-age a regency council was set up to serve as the trustees of the royal power while Christian was still growing up. It
7245-404: The entire kingdom from this area in the summer of 1603. In 1623, Christian again visited Norway for an entire summer, this time to oversee the foundation of Kongsberg . He was also present in the area in 1624, when Oslo burned in August of that year. The king was able to reach the area in a few weeks, being in Eiker. Over the years, fire had destroyed major parts of the city many times, as many of
7350-488: The heyday of his youth his high spirits and passion for adventure enabled him to surmount every obstacle with elan. But in the decline of life he reaped the bitter fruits of his lack of self-control, and sank into the grave a weary and brokenhearted old man. The Christian IV Glacier in Greenland is named after him. His first queen was Anne Catherine . They were married from 1597 to 1612. She died after bearing Christian seven children. In 1615, three years after her death,
7455-424: The interwar period Kristiansand was a centre for intellectuals, especially after the architect Thilo Schoder settled there in 1932. Kristiansand was attacked by German naval forces and the Luftwaffe during the Operation Weserübung on 9 April 1940. The naval forces met fierce resistance from Norwegian coastal artillery at Odderøya . Bombs and grenades also hit the downtown and the 70 meter high church tower of
7560-546: The king privately married Kirsten Munk , by whom he had twelve children. In 1632, an English envoy to king Christian IV, then aged 55, primly remarked "Such is the life of that king: to drink all day and to lie with a whore every night". In the course of 1628, he discovered that his wife, Kirsten Munk, was having a relationship with one of his German officers. Christian had Munk placed under house arrest. She endeavoured to cover up her own disgrace by conniving at an intrigue between Vibeke Kruse , one of her discharged maids, and
7665-457: The king. In January 1630, the rupture became final and Kirsten retired to her estates in Jutland . Meanwhile, Christian openly acknowledged Vibeke as his mistress, and they had several children. With his first wife, Anne Catherine of Brandenburg he fathered the following children: With his second wife, Kirsten Munk , he had 12 children, though the youngest, Dorothea Elisabeth, was rumoured to be
7770-462: The largest pre-Christian burial grounds in South Norway was formerly located to the south and west of the church. A royal centre is thought to have existed at Oddernes before 800, and the church was built around 1040. Before the stone church was built, one or perhaps two wooden post churches are believed to have stood on the same spot. A few years ago, excavations were carried out under and around
7875-534: The location in 1630 and 1635, and on 5 July 1641 formally founded the town of Christianssand on the "sand" on the opposite bank of the Torridalselva (Otra). The town was laid out in Renaissance style on a grid plan (the central section now known as Kvadraturen = The Quarters), and merchants throughout Agder were commanded to move to the new town. In return, they were to receive a variety of trading privileges and
7980-452: The most populous basic unions in the following boroughs: Voiebyen Vågsbygd Slettheia Hellemyr Tinnheia Grim Kvadraturen Lund Gimlekollen Strai Mosby Justvik Christian IV of Denmark Christian IV (12 April 1577 – 28 February 1648) was King of Denmark and Norway and Duke of Holstein and Schleswig from 1588 until his death in 1648. His reign of 59 years and 330 days
8085-417: The new formannskapsdistrikt law went into effect. This new law granted municipal self-government throughout Norway. As a city, it formed its own municipal government and it was surrounded by the rural municipality of Oddernes . The City of Kristiansand had a quarantine station for maritime traffic and hospital at Odderøy Island for cholera patients that opened in 1804. The city had far fewer deaths than
8190-538: The newly built city of Christiania. During the fourteenth century the Swedish kings tried to push the areas of their control towards the north, and contemporary maps depicted the now Norwegian coastal areas of Troms and Finnmark as a part of Sweden. The possibly boldest move of any Danish-Norwegian regent was to make a voyage to the Northern Lands to secure these lands under the Danish-Norwegian crown. After
8295-482: The nickel refinery Kristiansands Nikkelraffineringsverk AS (later Falconbridge Nikkelverk, now Glencore Nikkelverk). From an economic perspective, the First World War was a good time for Kristiansand, as a neutral shipping city. The crises that followed with the gold standard politics of the 1920s and the world economic crisis of the 1930s were also deeply felt in a trading city like Kristiansand. On 1 July 1921,
8400-460: The oldest seal of the city, dating from 1643. In 1643 King Christian IV granted the young town the right to use a seal with the Norwegian lion and the royal crown. The crown indicates that the city was founded by the king. The other major element in the arms is a tree. As the species of tree is not specified, there are several known versions with differently shaped trees. A second seal, from 1658, shows
8505-524: The ongoing British campaigns against France and Spain. Thus Christian, as war-leader of the Lower Saxon Circle, entered the war with an army of only 20,000 mercenaries, some of his allies from Britain and a national army 15,000 strong, leading them as Duke of Holstein rather than as King of Denmark. Despite the growing power of Roman Catholics in North Germany, and the threat to the Danish holdings in
8610-572: The privilege establishing the Danish East India Company . In 1611, he first put his newly organised army to use. Despite the reluctance of Rigsrådet , Christian initiated a war with Sweden for the supremacy of the Baltic Sea . It was later known as the Kalmar War because its chief operation was the Danish capture of Kalmar , the southernmost fortress of Sweden. Christian compelled King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden to give way on all essential points at
8715-510: The regency council. Christian continued his studies at Sorø Academy where he had a reputation as a headstrong and talented student. In 1595, the Council of the Realm decided that Christian would soon be old enough to assume personal control of the reins of government. On 17 August 1596, at the age of 19, Christian signed his haandfæstning (lit. "Handbinding" viz. curtailment of the monarch's power,
8820-548: The resulting Treaty of Knäred of 20 January 1613. However, despite Denmark's greater strength, the gains of the war were not decisive. He now turned his attention to the Thirty Years' War in Germany. Here, his objectives were twofold: first, to obtain control of the great German rivers—the Elbe and the Weser —as a means of securing his dominion of the northern seas; and secondly, to acquire
8925-611: The runestone when it was moved to the church porch; the grave finds indicated that the churchyard must already have been unusually large in the High Middle Ages . This means that the area must have had a large population before it was reduced by the Black Death . In the 14th and 15th centuries, there was already a busy port and a small village on the Otra at the lowest point of today's Lund neighbourhood (Lahelle). Another important element in
9030-399: The same reform. Despite that, a number of businesses and associations retain the "Ch" spelling. The name was again changed to its present form, Kristiansand (single "s"), in 1889. In 2012, the city's mayor, Arvid Grundekjøn , proposed that the city be renamed Christianssand, arguing that "Kristiansand" is grammatically meaningless and that Christianssand stands for tradition. This proposal
9135-577: The secularised German Archdiocese of Bremen and Prince-Bishopric of Verden as appanages for his younger sons. He skillfully took advantage of the alarm of the German Protestants after the Battle of White Mountain in 1620, to secure co-adjutorship of the See of Bremen for his son Frederick (September 1621). A similar arrangement was reached in November at Verden . Hamburg was also induced to acknowledge
9240-554: The site of the estate of Eg, now occupied by the Hospital of Southern Norway . Near the city, there are deep woods. In Baneheia and at the former coastal artillery fortress on Odderøya , there are lighted ski trails and walking paths specially prepared for wheelchair users. Two major rivers, the Otra and the Tovdalselva , flow into the Skagerrak at Kristiansand. Kristiansand has
9345-504: The surrounding area, largely attributable to the quarantine station and the hospital. For example, during the period of 1833–1866, Drammen had 544 cholera patients, of which 336 died. During this same period, Kristiansand only experienced 15 deaths from cholera. Another important development during the 19th century was the foundation in 1881 of Eg Sindssygeasyl , the second central psychiatric institution in Norway (after Gaustad ). The psychiatric hospital drew highly specialized doctors to
9450-426: The town's economy begin to recover, and the growth in the Norwegian shipping industry was important for Kristiansand. It was the only part of Norway where oak trees flourished, a major resource for the country's shipbuilding industry. Large numbers of lobsters were collected off the coast and sent to London during the mid-19th century. The population of Kristiansand was about 12,000 people by 1848. On 1 January 1838,
9555-576: The town's shipbuilders experienced a boom that lasted until the Napoleonic Wars , when the Continental System and blockade struck a severe blow to Kristiansand's overseas trade. Denmark–Norway supported France in the conflict, and as a result Norwegian ports including Kristiansand became subject to a British naval blockade , as recounted in Henrik Ibsen 's Terje Vigen . Only in the 1830s did
9660-425: The two kingdoms, Christian paid a state visit to England in 1606. The visit was generally judged to be a success, although the heavy drinking indulged in by English and Danes alike caused some unfavourable comments: both Christian and James had an ability to consume great amounts of alcohol, while remaining lucid, which most of their courtiers did not share. Sir John Harington described an entertainment at Theobalds ,
9765-547: The war partly because Christian was the uncle of both the Stuart king and his sister Elizabeth of Bohemia through their mother, Anne of Denmark . Some 13,700 Scottish soldiers were to be sent as allies to help Christian IV under the command of General Robert Maxwell, 1st Earl of Nithsdale . Moreover, some 6000 English troops under Sir Charles Morgan also eventually arrived to bolster the defence of Denmark though it took longer for these to arrive than Christian hoped, not least due to
9870-414: Was October 1976 with 560 mm precipitation, and the driest was April 1974 with no precipitation at all. Kristiansand is partitioned into 18 parts and 217 subparts. Kristiansand is also divided into 5 boroughs. Kvadraturen is the city center of Kristiansand. The area belonged to the farms Eg and Grim, and was a sandy plain covered with forest, and was called Sanden or Grimsmoen. Settlements were before
9975-503: Was a disastrous voyage, with cold, famine, and scurvy killing most of the crew. In 1618, Christian appointed Admiral Ove Gjedde to lead an expedition and establish a Danish colony in Ceylon . The expedition set sail in 1618, taking two years to reach Ceylon and losing more than half their crew on the way. Upon arriving in May 1620, the establishment of a colony in Ceylon failed , but instead
10080-451: Was also passionate, irritable and sensual. He had courage, a vivid sense of duty, an indefatigable love of work, and all the inquisitive zeal and inventive energy of a born reformer. His own pleasure, whether it took the form of love or ambition, was always his first consideration. His capacity for drink was proverbial: when he visited England in 1606, even the notoriously hard-drinking English Court were astonished by his alcohol consumption. In
10185-457: Was also the sunniest month on record with 422 sunhours, and the year 2018 recorded 2126 sunhours - despite December recording just 1 sunhr as cloudiest month on record in Kristiansand. The cloudiest July recorded 156 sunhours (2007). Kristiansand has the national record for the sunniest February (153 sunhrs in 1986), sunniest April (323 hrs in 2021), sunniest August (343 hrs in 1995) and sunniest September (241 hrs in 1959). The wettest month on record
10290-409: Was descended, through his mother's side, from King John of Denmark , and was thus the first descendant of King John to assume the crown since the deposition of King Christian II . At the time, Denmark was still an elective monarchy , so in spite of being the eldest son Christian was not automatically heir to the throne. But Norway was a hereditary monarchy , and electing someone else would result in
10395-447: Was exploded by a Swedish cannonball, and splinters of wood and metal wounded the king in thirteen places, blinding one eye and flinging him to the deck. But he was instantly on his feet again, cried with a loud voice that it was well with him, and set every one an example of duty by remaining on deck until the fight was over. Darkness at last separated the contending fleets; and the battle was drawn. The Danish fleet subsequently blockaded
10500-480: Was later known in Denmark and Norway as "The Emperor War" ( Danish : Kejserkrigen , Norwegian : Keiserkrigen ). He had at his disposal from 19,000 to 25,000 people, and at first gained some successes but on 27 August 1626 he was routed by Johan Tzerclaes, Count of Tilly in the Battle of Lutter . Christian had not thoroughly planned the advance against the combined forces of the Holy Roman Emperor and
10605-464: Was led by chancellor Niels Kaas (1535–1594) and consisted of the Rigsraadet council members Peder Munk (1534–1623), Jørgen Ottesen Rosenkrantz (1523–1596) and Christoffer Valkendorff (1525–1601). His mother Queen Dowager Sophie , 30 years old, had wished to play a role in the government, but was denied by the council. At the death of Niels Kaas in 1594, Jørgen Rosenkrantz took over leadership of
10710-412: Was not well received by the locals and the mayor has not pushed this further. The Kristiansand area has been inhabited since prehistoric times. In 1996, the well-preserved skeleton of a woman dating to approximately 6500 BC was discovered in Søgne in western Kristiansand. This demonstrates very early habitation of the archipelago. Grauthelleren ( Grathelleren ), located on Fidjane, is believed to be
10815-456: Was previously spelled Randøsund. Tveit is a village and a former municipality in Vest-Agder county. It is located in the present-day municipality of Kristiansand. Tveit is home to Kristiansand Airport, Kjevik . Tveit is located along the lower part of the Tovdalselva river, known as Topdalselva from the border with Aust-Agder . The population of Tveit is approximately 2,900 (2014). Some of
10920-488: Was reckoned the second most "musical" court in Europe, only ranking behind that of Elizabeth I of England . Christian maintained good contact with his sister Anne, who was married to King James. Christian asked Anne to request for him the services of Thomas Cutting, a lutenist employed by Arbella Stewart . His other sister, Elizabeth , was married to the Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg , and artists and musicians travelled freely between
11025-513: Was recorded August 1975. The all-time low at the airport −28.2 °C (−18.8 °F) was recorded January 1982. The temperature seldom reaches 30 °C (86 °F), but most days in July reaches 21 °C (70 °F) or more. The warmest month ever was July 1901 with mean 21.6 °C (71 °F) at an earlier weather station ( Kristiansand S - Eg ). The warmest month at the airport was July 2018 with 24-hr average 19.9 °C (68 °F) and average daily high 25.8 °C (78 °F). July 2018
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