108-686: The Veshaw River is a major tributary to the River Jhelum located in Kulgam District in the Kashmir Valley in the union territory of Jammu and Kashmir , India. It originates in the Pir Panjal Range and forms a waterfall at Aharbal . The river originates from a oligotrophic lake Kausarnag located at an elevation of 3,962.4 metres above sea level in District Kulgam . The river forms
216-459: A Protestant church and was in use throughout the British period . For the past forty years, it has been closed to the public and in poor condition, however, it has since been renovated and reopened and is now maintained. The British soldier William Connolly won a Victoria Cross for his bravery during this battle. Mirza Dildar Baig, also known as Khaki Shah, took part in the mutiny at Jhelum and
324-539: A hadith prophesied by Muhammad during the Hegira , Muhammad promised Suraqa the bracelets of Yazdegerd. Shortly after Sa'd conquered al-Mada'in, Umar ordered him to stabilize the conquered area before chasing down the Sassanid forces that fled to the mountains. Sa'd heard that the people of Mosul had gathered at Tikrit under a figure named al-Antioch. Al-Antioch had gathered some Byzantine men as his allies, along with
432-499: A Qurayshi champion named Sa'id ibn al-As and retrieved a sword known as Dha al-Kutayfah ( ذا الكُتَيفَة ), which he presented to Muhammad as a prize of war. Sa'd also reportedly managed to capture two Qurayshi soldiers during this battle. Later historians dubbed Sa'd the first Muslim archer for his actions during this battle. His teenage brother Umayr asked to participate in the battle, but Muhammad refused him due to his young age. Umayr continued to ask for permission to fight and
540-511: A campus Of Punjab University, Punjab University Jhelum Campus, near Rathiyan, Kala Gujran and Satellite Town Jhelum. The University of the Punjab has established a campus in Jhelum offering programs related to business, commerce, law, and computer science. The new undergraduate and postgraduate degree programs are due to commence soon. The literacy rate of Jhelum is high in comparison to other cities of
648-625: A captive to bring back to Sa'd. According to Tulayha, the horses belonged to Rostam. He rejoined ibn Ma'adi and they returned to Sa'd to tell him about the number of enemy forces. The major battle in al-Qadisiyyah was preceded by a successful minor engagement against a portion of Sassanids in Uzaib. While the Battle of Qadisiyyah occupies an important place in Islamic history for its symbolism in Persia's fall to
756-571: A group of Sassanid forces on the plain of Masabzan [ fa ] . Sa'd informed Umar of this, and Umar sent an army led by Dhiraar ibn al-Khattab , Al-Hudhayl Al-Asadi, and Abd Allah ibn Wahb al-Rasibi . This force successfully defeated the Sassanids in Masabzan and captured one of their commanders. Sa'd named Dhiraar an administrator of the Masabzan area. Umar then ordered the troops in Kufa to assist
864-461: A heavy tide at the time and crossing it without boats was impossible for the Rashidun forces. Sa'd was forced to wait until they could cross the river. He grew frustrated, as he was informed by locals that Yazdegerd III was going to move the treasury from al-Mada'in to Hulwan . That morning, Sa'd changed his mind and told the army that he was willing to take the risk, and the entire force should cross
972-633: A labyrinth of narrow streets and bazaars. Opposite the CMH Jhelum Cantt is located the CMH Masjid Jhelum mosque. Located in the cantonment area is the St. John's Church Jhelum which was built in 1860. There was a local stadium near Gul Afshan Colony which was changed to a cricket stadium named Zamir Jaffri Cricket Stadium . Altaf Park which was constructed in 1994–95 is in a very close proximity of Cricket Stadium. Nearly 100 m from Shandar Chowk, in
1080-434: A man named Syaharijah and Arab Christian warriors from the tribes of Iyad , Taghlib , and an-Nimr. Sa'd wrote a letter to Umar about this news, and Umar replied by ordering him to launch a preemptive attack on Mosul. Sa'd appointed Abdullah ibn Mu'tam as the commander of the forces set to attack Mosul, with Rib'i bin al-Afkal al-Inazi as the vanguard. Sa'd appointed Al-Harith ibn Hassan on the right wing, Furat ibn Hayyan on
1188-430: A monsoon-influenced humid subtropical climate ( Köppen climate classification Cwa ) and is extremely hot and humid in summer, and cold and generally dry in winter. The maximum recorded temperature in the pre- monsoon season of April to June is 49.2 °C (120.6 °F), whereas in winter the minimum temperature recorded is −0.6 °C (30.9 °F). Average annual rainfall is about 850 millimetres (33 in) which
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#17328803506771296-531: A new garrison city or misr . The new misr was formally called Jund al-Kufah, which was a complex for the Muslim soldiers who settled in that area permanently along with their families. Sa'd made Kufa his permanent headquarters. After Sa'd settled into Kufa, he instructed Hashim ibn Utbah to bring his forces towards locations in Khuzestan centered around Ahvaz to face Hormuzan , a fugitive commander who survived
1404-452: A public citadel next to his own house. The noise from the nearby market was so deafening that Sa'd had locked the gate to the citadel, which prompted the caliph to send ibn Maslamah to destroy the gate, which he did by setting fire to it. He refused all of Sa'd's offers of hospitality, and handed him a missive from Umar reminding him that the citadel should be available to the public, suggesting that he move his house. According to Asad Ahmed,
1512-469: A sack loaded on a mule. They were immediately confiscated by Zuhra, who brought them to Sa'd. They found the palace abandoned. Sa'd sent Salman to preach Islam in the subdued megalopolis . In the month of Safar, he gathered his troops to carry out Friday prayers in the palace. According to Ibn Shamil, this was the first Friday prayer established in country of Iraq, as Sa'd had intended to live in this palace. Sa'd appointed Amr ibn Amr al-Muzani to manage
1620-515: A settlement of boatmen, and at the time of annexation contained about 500 houses. It was then chosen as the site of a cantonment and as the headquarters of the civil administration. For some years it was the seat of the Commissioner of the Division, but in 1859 his headquarters were transferred to Rawalpindi . Under British rule, Jhelum has steadily advanced in prosperity; and is the entrepôt for most of
1728-585: A vigorous defence against a force sent from Rawalpindi to disarm them, but decamped for the night following the action, with the main body being subsequently arrested by the Kashmiri authorities, into whose territory they had escaped. They were then handed over to the British colonial authorities and executed for treason. During British rule , Jhelum was connected by the North-Western Railway to other cities in
1836-564: A water fall in Aharbal and passes through Adabal,Nehama,Adigen, Laisoo, Gudder, Brazloo, Ashmuji , Kelam , Nawapora , Qaimoh and joins with river Jehlum at Sangam . In year 2014 flash floods, Veshaw Nallah washed away various residential houses in villages Laisoo, Ardigatno, Gund Kelam Kulgam etc. Also hundreds of square kannals(area) of horticultural as well as agricultural land washed away in Village Laisoo Kulgam. The Veshaw Nallah
1944-676: Is a city on the West Bank of the Jhelum River , which is located in the district of Jhelum in the North of Punjab , Pakistan . It is the 44th largest city of Pakistan by population. Jhelum is known for providing many soldiers to the British Army before independence, and later to the Pakistan armed forces , due to which it is also known as City of Soldiers or Land of Martyrs and Warriors . Jhelum
2052-408: Is a cricket and football stadium, Zamir Jaffri Cricket Stadium , where district level tournaments are held. In October 2008, Pakistan Cricket Board upgraded this stadium for regional events. Jhelum has six degree colleges for women, ten degree colleges for men, six co-education colleges, six commerce colleges, one law college, numerous higher secondary schools and over 150 high schools. It also has
2160-525: Is a few miles upstream from the site of the ancient Battle of the Hydaspes between the armies of Alexander and King Porus . Possibly Jhelum City was the capital of Porus' Kingdom, Paurava . A city called Bucephala was founded nearby to commemorate the death of Alexander's horse, Bucephalus . Other notable sites nearby include the 16th-century Rohtas Fort , the Tilla Jogian complex of ancient temples, and
2268-399: Is about 22 km (8.5 sq mi). Population density is 261/km. Population growth rate is 1.51 which is very low as compared to other urban areas of Pakistan. The majority of the population i.e. 98.47 percent is Muslim . Among the minorities Christians are in the majority sharing 1.36 percent in the district. The literacy rate of Jhelum is among the highest in Pakistan . At 79%, it
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#17328803506772376-623: Is an important virtue in Islam . Sa'd's brother Amir also converted, prompting their mother to undergo another hunger strike, which likewise failed to deter her son. According to Ibn Hisham 's version of Ibn Ishaq's sira , Sa'd and a number of other Muslims were criticized by a group of polytheists in Mecca . This criticism prompted Sa'd to wound one of the polytheists with a camel bone, which Ibn Ishaq deems "the first blood to be shed in Islam". According to
2484-519: Is approximately 110 km by road from Jhelum. The Sialkot International Airport , is approximately 100 km by road from Jhelum. A small airport called Gurha Salim Airport is situated 13 km (8 mi) from the city centre. It is not being used by any commercial airlines, but only for military purposes. Located within the city is a golf course called the River-View Golf Club, where national golf tournaments are held regularly. There
2592-565: Is considered one of the dangerous tributary of Jehlum River because fast flow and frequent flash floods. This article related to a location in Jammu and Kashmir is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article related to a river in India is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Jhelum Jhelum ( / ˈ dʒ eɪ l ə m / ; جہلم ; Punjabi: [d͡ʒéˈlˑɐ̃mᵊ] ; Urdu: [d͡ʒeɦˈləm] )
2700-736: Is credited to the Mughals, who were largely responsible for the conversion of the Jats to Islam . With the collapse of the Mughal Empire after the death of Aurangzeb , the Durrani Empire had occupied the plains but were eventually ousted by the Sikhs . After the decline of the Mughal Empire , the region fell under Afghan occupation. During the decline of Afghan rule following the Third Battle of Panipat ,
2808-430: Is depicted as causing Rostam to lose his patience, causing him to prepare his army for battle. As Rostam's army marched to the battlefield, Sa'd sent a dozen horsemen as scouts, led by Tulayha and Amr ibn Ma'adi Yakrib , who disguised themselves as Iraqi locals. They were to ride deep into Sassanid territory and to the outskirts of Ctesiphon to gather intel regarding Rostam's forces. After two days of traveling,
2916-591: Is highest in Pakistan after Karachi . Lying at 32°56′ North latitude and 73°44′ East longitude, Jhelum is located a 1-hour and 30 minutes drive from the Capital of Pakistan Islamabad , and 3 hours drive from the heart of Punjab Lahore . Jhelum is linked with these cities through the National Highway N-5 . Several cities are within 1 to 2 hours drive including Gujrat (home to fan manufacturing), Gujranwala , Chakwal and Mirpur, Azad Kashmir . Jhelum has
3024-660: Is located on a 340-acre (1.4 km2) site on the Mangla Dam area. Rasul Barrage is located on the Jhelum River about 30 km downstream from Jhelum. Two major water canals originate at the Rasul barrage, Rasul-Qadirabad link canal which is also called Lower-Jhelum link canal and Rasul-Shahpur branch canal. The area around the Rasul Barrage lake is also a picnic spot. Auto Rickshaws are a common mode of transport for short routes within
3132-443: Is much below the required quantity given the extremely high evaporation levels. Nevertheless, in the rainy season water torrents flow from the north to the Jhelum River very rapidly and cause damage to the crops, bridges, roads. This is responsible for the soil erosion in the district. Over the years, global climate change has affected Jhelum as well as any other place on Earth and below comparison charts from Weatherbase and NOAA show
3240-451: Is only lower than that of Islamabad and neighbouring Rawalpindi . Somewhat higher than the literacy in Punjab province (58 percent). The literacy rate has remarkably increased from 38.9 percent in 1981. The rate is much higher in the urban areas for both males and females. 84% of the population have electricity and 96% have access to water. Human Development Index of Jhelum is 0.770, which
3348-454: The Banu Tamim . The date of the battle and the size of the forces involved both vary from source to source; modern historians only assert that the Sassanids outnumbered the invaders. Scholars have proposed that the battle took place in 636 or 637, with some suggesting an earlier date of 634 or 635. While the details of the battle are unlikely to be historically accurate, the different versions of
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3456-473: The Battle of Badr , the team caught the attention of opposing Qurayshi fighters that began to chase them. Sa'd and his team immediately ran away, with some accounts stating that he performed a Parthian shot as he retreated. The team returned to Medina unscathed, and Sa'd prided himself on allowing the Muslim scouts to survive. During the march to Badr , Muhammad sent Sa'd, Ali , and Zubayr ibn al-Awwam to scout
3564-448: The Battle of Burs . Sa'd met a force of Firuzan , which the caliphate army defeated easily. Then the forces under Sa'd marched again until they met more Sassanid resistance in Sawad . The Sasanids were defeated after their leader, Syahriyar, was defeated in a duel by a Muslim soldier named Abu Nabatah Naim al-Raji, who was given the crown and bracelets of Syahriyar as spoils of war. After
3672-523: The Battle of Jalula . Al-Qa'qa was appointed as vanguard, Malik ibn Si'r as right wing, Amr ibn Malik on the left, and Amr ibn Murrah al-Juhani as rearguard. The Rashidun troops sent to Jalula numbered 12,000 soldiers, which included veteran warriors from the muhajirun and Ansar from the tribal chiefs of the interior Arabs. It is said that the Muslims managed to seize spoils in the form of treasures, weapons, gold and silver which amounted to almost as much as
3780-399: The Battle of Yarmuk . The first envoy was Asim ibn Amr al-Tamimi , who was humiliated when Rostam gave him a basket filled with dirt, to which Asim responded with mocking commentary that the Sassanids "agreed to give their lands to Muslims" before returning to the Muslim army to report. Sa'd then sent al-Mughira , who gave Rostam three choices: embrace Islam, surrender peacefully, or meet on
3888-829: The Expedition of Tabuk , Sa'd was recorded as participating in all battles under Muhammad, including the Battle of the Trench , the Expedition of al-Muraysi' , the Siege of Khaybar , the Conquest of Mecca , the battles in Hunayn and Awtas , and the Siege of Ta'if . When Muhammed died and Abu Bakr was named the first caliph, the Ridda Wars broke out throughout the Arabian Peninsula . Abu Bakr dispatched his elite forces under Usama ibn Zayd to pacify
3996-547: The Fath al-Bari of Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani , Sa'd migrated to Medina before Muhammad along with Ibn Umm Maktum and Mus'ab ibn Umayr , where he continued to practice Islam. As Sa'd and his siblings arrived in Medina, they immediately pledged allegiance to Muhammad. The Meccan migrants were termed muhajirun , while the local inhabitants of Medina were known as the Ansar . While in Medina, Sa'd
4104-611: The Indian Empire , 1,367 miles from Calcutta , 1,413 from Bombay , and 849 from Karachi . The population according to the 1901 census of India was 14,951. According to the Imperial Gazetteer of India : The present town is of modern origin, the old town, which may have been the Bucephala of Alexander having been, on the left or opposite bank of the river. Under Sikh rule the place was quite unimportant, being mainly occupied by
4212-488: The Jhelum District . As well as being district capital, Jhelum city is also the headquarters of Jhelum Tehsil , the city of Jhelum is administratively subdivided into seven union councils : Jhelum-I, Jhelum-II, Jhelum-III, Jhelum-IV, Jhelum-V, Jhelum-VI and Jhelum-VII. The population of the Jhelum city is about 188,800 (2012) and it is the 32nd largest city of Pakistan with respect to population. Total area of city
4320-507: The Shahis in Kabul and followed it by the conquests of Punjab region including Jhelum. The Delhi Sultanate and later Mughal Empire ruled the region. The Punjab region became predominantly Muslim due to missionary Sufi saints whose dargahs dot the landscape of Punjab region . The Mughals were Persianized Turks who claimed descent from both Timur and Genghis Khan and strengthened
4428-600: The Siege of Ctesiphon (637) , Sa'd served as the supreme commander of the Rashidun army in Iraq , which conquered Khuzestan and built the garrison city of Kufa. Due to complaints about his conduct, he was later dismissed from his post by the caliph Umar . During the First Fitna , Sa'd was known for leading the neutral faction that contained the majority of the companions of Muhammad and their followers , who refused to be involved in
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4536-487: The 16th-century Grand Trunk Road which passes through the city. According to the 2023 census of Pakistan , the population of Jhelum was 190,425. The name of the city is derived from the words Jal (pure water) and Ham (snow), as the water that flows through the river originates in the Himalayas. There are a number of industries in and around Jhelum city, including a tobacco factory, wood, marble, glass and flour mills. Its near
4644-735: The Battle of al-Qadisiyyah. Utbah ibn Gahzwan also prepared his troops from Basra to the assist forces of Hashim. They won the battle and forced Hormuzan to flee from the area. Later, Umar learned that Yazdegerd mustered another army to attack the city of Basra. The caliph ordered Sa'd to send his troops to Ahvaz under the command of Al-Nu'man ibn Muqrin to confront this threat. Umar ordered Sa'd to appoint Jarir ibn Abdillah al-Bajili, Jarir ibn Abdillah al-Humairi, Suwaid ibn al-Muqarrin, and Abdullah bin Dzi as-Sahmain as field commanders. Umar wrote another letter to Abu Musa al-Ash'ari in Basra to send troops to Ahvaz under
4752-482: The Muslim army, Islamic sources provide little information about the battle itself, focusing instead on heroic tales of fighters and tribes. Modern scholars hold that most details in works like al-Tabari 's History of the Prophets and Kings consist of embellishments, with narrators recounting legendary tales of their fellow tribesmen, such as Sayf ibn Umar 's emphasis on the heroics of al-Qa'qa , both of them members of
4860-567: The Persianate culture of Muslim India. Being very few in number, main families of Mughal Barlas , the descent of Ameer-i Taimoor settled in Mong Rasool and afterward scattered to village chak Nazar, Shamaspur, Aima Afghana, khardiyala, Chak sikander, Malhar Muglain, Mota Garbi, Bhimber , they adopted a policy of converting the local Jats and Gakhars mandatory as recorded in the Baburnama . Thus it
4968-514: The Punjab. 65 kanals of land was allocated to establish this campus by Government of Punjab . Jhelum also has two sub-campuses of the Virtual University of Pakistan , Virtual University Campus at Civil Lines opposite city Church, and a private virtual campus, Wings Institute of Learning. Virtual University of Pakistan inaugurated its own Campus in Jhelum in March 2012; VU Jhelum Campus is located in
5076-459: The Rasidun army attempted to cross the torrent without boats. The Sassanids attempted to intercept the crossing by sending their cavalries, but Asim on the vanguard easily repelled them by instructing his archers to aim for their horses' eyes, causing the blinded horses to move uncontrollably. The Sassanids abandoned their horses and ran on foot. As they ran, Asim commanded his forces to catch them. By
5184-418: The Sassanid capital Ctesiphon . He rearranged his army again to the five-division formation. He appointed Zuhra ibn Hawiyah to the vanguard, which marched first to the north, and replaced Khalid ibn Arfatha with Hashim ibn Utbah, his step-nephew, as his deputy. Khalid was reappointed as the rear guard commander. As the vanguard reached Borsippa , Zuhra defeated the remnants of Sassanid army under Busbuhra in
5292-444: The Sassanid commander who led a massive army to confront the caliphate, deliberately marched slowly as a strategy to cause Sa'd's army to lose their patience and incite a battle. However, al-Muthanna advised Sa'd to move to the periphery of Iraq's desert and avoid moving their army deep into Sassanid territory. Sa'd agreed, and he instructed his army to move according to al-Muthanna's advice. Sa'd engaged in routine correspondence with
5400-514: The army could be dispatched from Medina, a message from the Iraq front arrived, stating that Abu Ubayd was killed in action during the Battle of the Bridge and the Rashidun soldiers were forced to withdraw to south-west Iraq. This development caused Umar to change his plans, instructing Sa'd to march to Iraq with 6,000 soldiers, while also instructing the Rashidun armies in Iraq to merge with Sa'd's forces,
5508-466: The army in Emesa, where Abu Ubaydah and Khalid ibn al-Walid were besieged by a Christian Arab army under the command of Heraclius . Sa'd sent al-Qa'qa and several thousand cavalries as reinforcements. As the besiegers of Emesa were repelled, Umar ordered al-Qa'qa to return to Iraq. In 638, Umar sent Muhammad ibn Maslamah to Kufa, as he heard of scandals involving Sa'd. Sa'd, the governor of Kufa, had built
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#17328803506775616-505: The army marching towards Dumat al-Jandal to crush several Bedouin rebels there. Khuzestan Central Persia Caucasus Pars Khorasan Other geographies In 636, after the ascension of Umar ibn al-Khattab as caliph , he sent Sa'd to lead a corps towards Iraq to assist Abu Ubayd al-Thaqafi in the Muslim conquest of Persia . Al-Basalamah stated that Umar gathered 12,000 soldiers in Medina to serve under Sa'd. Before
5724-420: The battle do share a few commonalities, including the absence of Sa'd himself from the battlefield, attributed to hemorrhoids or pox in various sources, and the death of the enemy commander Rostam. Al-Tabari's account of the fighting has formed the basis for many modern-day attempts to reconstruct the events of the battle. According to Sa'd al-Ubaisi's reconstruction of the battle based on al-Tabari's work,
5832-466: The battle occurred over four days, with Sa'd overseeing the battle from a tent overlooking the battlefield and the Sassanids relying upon their elephant corps : Multiple stories about the death of Rostam were presented in Tabari's works. According to one version of his death, there was a heavy sandstorm facing the Sassanid army on the final day of the battle. Rostam lay next to a camel to shelter himself from
5940-520: The battlefield. Al-Mughira, trying to provoke Rostam, broke a sword that had been given to him as a gift. Sa'd then sent Rib'i ibn Amir, a Bedouin chieftain with no sense of courtesy, in order to confuse the Sassanids. Rib'i entered Rostam's chamber with his mule, dirtying the tent carpet and shocking Rostam's court. He gave Rostam three choices: embrace Islam, pay jizya to the caliphate, or war. Rib'i stated that his superiors would give Rostam three days to think, and returned to Sa'd. The sending of Rib'i
6048-414: The capital of Pakistan. Anjum Sultan Shahbaz recorded some stories of the name Jhelum in his book Tareekh-e-Jhelum as: Many writers have different opinions about the name of Jhelum . One suggestion is that in ancient days Jhelumabad was known as Jalham. The word Jhelum is reportedly derived from the words Jal (pure water) and Ham (snow). The name thus refers to the waters of a river (flowing besides
6156-409: The center of city, is Major Akram Shaheed Memorial Park. Major Muhammad Akram Memorial Library is also present in this park. This is also a site of a parade which takes place every year on 6 September at the occasion of Defence Day . Lehri Nature Park is located 10 kilometers away from G. T. Road between Jhelum and Islamabad , it is 30 kilometers from Jhelum and 90 kilometers from Islamabad in
6264-512: The central government in Medina, as Sa'd diligently wrote about all developments, major and trivial, and sent at least two messengers every day to Umar. The caliph responded with a message that forbade Sa'd from preemptive attacks. According to Tabari's account, the Persian faction of the Sassanid civil war that steered the policies of the young Yazdegerd III was at odds with Rostam, the commander of
6372-541: The city to the entire country. The Jhelum Railway Station was built in 1928 during British rule before the independence of Pakistan. It was connected by the North-Western Railway to other cities in the Indian empire. Jhelum is on main line of Pakistan Railways , and linked to whole country through Railway line across Pakistan. The nearest international airport is the Islamabad International Airport , which
6480-523: The city) which have their origins in the snow-capped Himalayas. However, some writers believe that when "Dara-e-Azam" reached a certain place on the river bank after winning many battles, he fixed his flag at that place and called it "Ja-e-Alam" which means "Place of the Flag". With the passage of time it became Jhelum from "Ja-e-Alam". According to tradition, Saeed Bin Abi Waqas, brother of Saad Bin Abi Waqas ,
6588-466: The city. Many of the new rickshaws in the city use Compressed natural gas (CNG) instead of the petrol engines as CNG is environmentally clean and cheaper than petrol. Rickshaws are another important mode of transportation. The older horse drawn tongas are now defunct although some can still be privately commissioned. Taxis and privately commissioned small passenger carrying vans are available. Daewoo Express Bus Service and other bus services operate from
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#17328803506776696-442: The civil war. Traditions of Chinese Muslims hold that he introduced Islam to China during a diplomatic visit in 651, though these accounts are disputed. Sunni historians and scholars regard Sa'd as an honored figure due to his companionship with Muhammad, his inclusion as one of the ten to whom Paradise was promised , and his participation in the Battle of Badr , whose participants are collectively held in high esteem. Sa'd
6804-415: The command of Sahl ibn Adi, and instructed him to include powerful fighters such as al-Bara' ibn Malik , Asim ibn 'Amr, Mujaz'ah ibn Thawr as-Sadusi , Ka'b ibn Sur, Arfajah ibn Harthamah, Hudhayfah al-Bariqi , Abdurrahman ibn Sahl, al-Hushain ibn Ma'bad under the command of Abu Saburah ibn Abi Ruhm. This army successfully defeated the Sassanids and conquered most of Khuzestan. Hormuzan once again gathered
6912-401: The conquest of Porus in 326 BC, although inclined to espouse the side of the latter. Alexander not only allowed him to retain his kingdom but increased it, and on his death appointed his son as his successor. Porus' kingdom Paurava was on the left bank of the Jhelem River corresponding the limits of the present Gujrat District. The Gakhars appear to represent an early wave of conquerors from
7020-442: The defeat in al-Qadisiyyah. The army of Mihran dug a large ditch around them as a defense and dwelt in that place with a number of troops, supplies, and equipment. Sa'd requested further instruction from Umar, and the caliph ordered Sa'd to stay in al-Mada'in and appoint Hashim ibn Utbah as the leader of the troops to attack Jalula . Sa'd executed these instructions and sent Hashim to lead the Rashidun troops to engage Mihran forces in
7128-447: The difference in rainfall between 1990 and 2015: The biggest floods in Jhelum in recent years were in 1992. Jhelum city and surrounding areas were almost completely submerged under flood waters. Rohtas Fort is a garrison fort built by the great Afghan king Sher Shah Suri . This fort is about 4 km in circumference. Qila Rohtas is situated in a gorge approximately 18 km NW of Jhelum and 7 km from Dina . The old city has
7236-431: The dire situation. Realizing how Sa'd was affecting the enemies, Muhammad gathered arrows for him and stood next to him while he continuously shot, allowing the encircled Muslims to retreat. As they managed to escape, Muhammad praised Sa'd for his actions. Later, after Muhammad killed one of the remaining enemy pursuers with his javelin , Sa'd uttered a vow to kill his own brother, Utbah ibn Abi Waqqas, who fought on
7344-446: The earliest inhabitants of Jhelum. The next major point in the history of the district was the Battle of the Hydaspes between Alexander and the local ruler, Porus the Elder . Abisares (or Abhisara; in Greek Αβισαρης), called Embisarus (Eμ Oβισαρoς) by Diodorus , was an Indian king of the Abhira tribe . descent beyond the river Hydaspes , whose territory lay in the mountains, sent embassies to Alexander both before and after
7452-418: The empire's most powerful army. Rostam urged patience and protracted warfare instead of outright assault on the Arab troops and exchanged letters with Zuhra ibn Hawiyah with the intention of making peace. Zuhra stated that if the Sassanids converted to Islam, the Arab armies would withdraw and return only to Persia as merchants. Parvaneh Pourshariati speculates that this points to trade being a motivation behind
7560-415: The enemy's movements, as the Muslim army that marched from Medina originally intended to capture the rich caravan of Abu Sufyan ibn Harb instead of facing the main forces of the Meccan Quraysh under Abu Jahl ibn Hisham . According to a chronicle, Sa'd's first feat of archery occurred during the Battle of Badr, in approximately 624. In this battle, the Muslims formed a phalanx . A hadith states that in
7668-463: The expenditure was Rs. 41,000. The town has two Anglo vernacular schools, a municipal high school, and a middle school maintained by the American Presbyterian Mission. Besides the civil hospital, the mission also maintains a hospital. During the Mutiny of 1857 , 35 British soldiers of the Regular 24th Regiment of Foot were killed at the Battle of Jhelum by mutineers from the Honourable East India Companies 14th Bengal Native Infantry (roughly 500 of
7776-547: The forces of Arfajah , who brought 400 to 700 Azd cavalry, Jarir ibn Abdullah of al-Bajali and al-Muthanna ibn Haritha of the Banu Shayban , as those three commanders have just defeated the Sassanid vanguard in the Battle of Buwaib . Umar appointed Sa'd as the commander and placed the other three under his command. Sa'd scavenged the Rashidun soldiers left in Iraq during his marches until he managed to collect 30,000 soldiers. According to al-Basalamah, Rostam Farrokhzad ,
7884-412: The garrison is one Native cavalry and four Native infantry regiments. The municipality was founded in 1867. During the ten years ending 1902–3 the receipts averaged Rs. 32,100, and the expenditure Rs, 31,900. Receipts and expenditure from cantonment funds in the same period averaged Rs. 31,900 and Rs. 6,100 respectively. The chief income of the municipality in 1903-4 was Rs. 34,200 chiefly from octroi ; and
7992-518: The hilly Pothohar region. The Mangla Dam is located on the Jhelum River about 30 km (19 mi) from Jhelum, it is the twelfth largest dam in the world. It was constructed in 1967 across the Jhelum River. There is the Mangla View Resort that is the first planned resort development in Pakistan to offer residences, villas, townhouses, hotels, serviced apartments and retail outlets. The resort
8100-419: The invasion of Persia. Tabari's narrative states that Rostam was prepared to convert in order to avoid military confrontation, but other factions in the Sassanid government refused to agree to such terms, and battle became an inevitability. Islamic sources state that Sa'd sent a series of hostile emissaries to taunt Rostam while waiting to receive reinforcements sent by Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah, who had just won
8208-699: The left wing, and Hani ibn Qais and Arfajah on the cavalry, with Arfajah the first to reach Tikrit. After they were finished in Tikrit, ibn Mu'tam sent Rabi'i ibn al-Afkal and Arfajah to subdue Nineveh and Mosul before the news about Antiqa's defeat in Tikrit spread. Arfajah and ibn Mu'tam forced a surrender from both cities and subjected them to jizya. As Yazdegerd fled to Hulwan, he gathered soldiers and followers in every territory passed until he mustered more than 100,000 soldiers and appointed Mihran as their commander. According to John Paul C. Nzomiwu, Yazdegerd raised this massive army from Hulwan because he could not accept
8316-409: The middle of the city. Sa%60d ibn Abi Waqqas Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas ibn Wuhayb al-Zuhri ( Arabic : سَعْد بْنِ أَبِي وَقَّاص بْنِ وهَيْب الزُّهري , romanized : Saʿd ibn Abī Waqqāṣ ibn Wuhayb al-Zuhrī ) was an Arab Muslim commander. He was the founder of Kufa and served as its governor under Umar ibn al-Khattab . He played a leading role in the Muslim conquest of Persia and
8424-463: The midst of battle Sa'd prayed for his arrow to hit the enemy while stringing his bow, with Muhammad also praying for God to grant Sa'd's wish. Biographers noted that Sa'd's archery skills were troublesome for the Qurayshi forces during the Battle of Badr. According to another hadith, he also joined the close combat during the final phase of the battle as the Muslims began to gain the upper hand. He killed
8532-452: The mission, but Tulayha wished to wait for one more day. Tulayha instigated a one-man raid during the night and infiltrated the rear encampment where Rostam's tent was located. He infiltrated the Sassanid camp under the cover of darkness, cut the ropes of the tents, and used torches to ignite fires within the camp. This created chaos in the camp, killing two Sassanid soldiers. As the confused army plunged into chaos, Tulayha took two horses and
8640-591: The most important members of Medina's Muslim political and religious community after he participated in the Pledge of the Tree , as those who participated in the pledge were collectively praised in the Al-Fath . On the same day as the pledge, Sa'd also witnessed the ratification of the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah that created a ceasefire or non-aggression pact between Medina and Mecca. Until
8748-446: The newly emerging Sikh Empire invaded and occupied Jhelum District in 1808 from its Gakhar ruler Raja Sultan Muqarrab Khan. In 1849 Jhelum passed with the rest of the Sikh territories to the British . The British conquered Jhelum in 1849 with the assistance of the local Gakhars who resented Sikh rule. In 1857 the 14th Native Infantry stationed at Jhelum town mutinied, and displayed
8856-446: The northern border, while he gathered the rest of the army, including Sa'd, to engage the rebel invaders led by Tulayha in the Battle of Zhu Qissa . Ibn al-Jawzi and Nur ad-Din al-Halabi recorded that Sa'd instead joined the Expedition of Usama bin Zayd along with Umar , Sa'id ibn Zayd , Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah , and Qatada ibn al-Nu'man . After the rebels were routed, Sa'd joined
8964-480: The river Sutlej . During World War I , the Jhelum District "stood first" among districts in recruiting for the British war effort, with greater financial assistance from the British government channelled into the area in return. The predominantly Muslim population supported Muslim League and Pakistan Movement . After the independence of Pakistan in 1947, the minority Hindus and Sikhs migrated to India while Muslim refugees from India settled down in
9072-572: The river of Ateeq, where they were subject to further slaughter by the Tamim cavalry led by Zahra ibn Hawiyah. News of the battle spread through Iraq, and many cities that had rebelled against the caliphate succumbed to it again. Sa'd immediately sent news of his victory to Medina, where the caliph gathered the city's people to inform them of the victory. Shortly after the victory in Qadisiyyah, Sa'd commanded his forces to march again, as he aimed to subdue
9180-479: The river with their mounts despite the high tide. Sa'd reasoned that they needed to subdue al-Mada'in immediately and deny Yazdegerd any chance to use his wealth to build another army. The soldiers were hesitant, as the river torrents were fierce, but as Sa'd motivated them they complied, and one by one they plunged themselves into the river and crossed it. Ibn Kathir reported that the Sassanids in al-Mada'in castle yelled "Crazy! They are crazy!", unable to believe that
9288-459: The scouts spotted the first vanguards of the army, which they estimated at 70,000. Tulayha and ibn Ma'adi sent the scouts to report their findings to Sa'd, while Tulayha and ibn Ma'adi continued to gather intel by themselves. They managed to trace the second and third waves, which they believed to be the center and rear of the army, numbering 100,000 and 70,000 respectively. Medieval chronicles reported that ibn Ma'adi wanted to return, having achieved
9396-427: The seizure of money and instructed the soldiers to instead offer the people a choice between converting to Islam or paying jizya . Sa'd sent Salman the Persian to offer the locals these two choices. This was received well by the locals, except the citizens of Bahurashir, who resisted behind their walls. Sa'd besieged the city and built 20 trebuchets to subdue the suburb. The city garrison sent raiding forces outside
9504-468: The side of the enemy, as Utbah had injured Muhammad during the encirclement. Along with Abu Bakr, Sa'd ibn Mu'adh , Zubayr ibn al-Awwam, Bilal ibn Rabah , Abbad ibn Bishr , and Abu Ayyub al-Ansari , Sa'd was a member of the Haras (personal bodyguard) unit of Muhammad. When Muhammad and Aisha participated in military expeditions, Sa'd was the one who guarded their tent at night. Sa'd became one of
9612-650: The soldiers in al-Mada'in became sick because they were not used to the non-desert climate of al-Mada'in, which was characterized by medieval chroniclers as a highly urbanized megalopolis with dense forest features. Umar sent Ammar ibn Yasir and Hudhayfah ibn al-Yaman to assist in Iraq and began searching places fit for the Arab army's settlement. Utbah ibn Ghazwan and Arfajah built a garrison town in Basra , while Sa'd moved towards what would become Kufa. He transported and dismantled walls and military structures from al-Mada'in to build
9720-526: The soldiers mutinied with roughly 100 of the Sikh soldiers remaining loyal). Among the dead was Captain Francis Spring, the eldest son of Colonel William Spring . A lectern inside St John's Church Jhelum shows the names of those 35 soldiers. St John's Church is located in the Jhelum Cantonment, Pakistan beside the river Jhelum. It was built in 1860 and remains a landmark in the city. It was built as
9828-436: The spoils from Jalula. The complaint caused the caliph to recall Sa'd for questioning, while the caliph ordered a major investigation regarding the accusation towards Sa'd. After the Arab armies had settled in al-Mada'in, Umar learned that many of the soldiers who had settled in Iraq were ill. The soldiers reported that they were sick because they resided "in a place that was not fit for camels". Later historians theorized that
9936-455: The spoils, and Salman to distribute a fifth of the spoils to the soldiers. Because the army consisted of mounted soldiers, each soldier got at least 12,000 silver dirhams . The rest were sent to Medina with Bayir ibn al-Khasasiyah. When the wealth of the Sassanids reached Medina, Umar gave the golden bracelet of Yazdegerd to Suraqa bin Malik , a Kinana tribesman from Banu Midhlaj, as according to
10044-436: The storm, while some weapons, such as axes, maces, and swords had been loaded on the camel. Hilal ibn Ullafah accidentally cut the girdle of the load on the camel, not knowing that Rostam was behind and under it. The weapons fell on Rostam and broke his back, leaving him half-dead and paralyzed. Hilal beheaded Rostam and shouted that he killed Rostam. Ibn Kathir's version also states that Hilal killed Rostam. Another version of
10152-465: The story, attributed to Ya'qubi , states that a group including Dhiraar ibn al-Azwar, Tulayha, and Amr ibn Ma'adi Yakrib discovered Rostam's corpse. After Rostam's death, al-Qa'qa and his Tamim cavalry were surrounded behind enemy lines, while the Muslim army carried out Sa'd's order to advance. Most of the Sassanid forces broke as the Muslim archers attacked them relentlessly. As the Sassanid casualties mounted, they were finally routed and fled towards
10260-416: The time they reached the Sassanid capital, Sa'd recovered from his sickness. When the whole army had crossed the river, they immediately chased after the Sassanids who had fled to al-Mada'in. The army was unable to find them, and Yazdegerd had evacuated his entire family and much of his property from the city. The army managed to secure al-Mada'in 's treasury, and also found Yazdegerd's crown and gown in
10368-432: The town was pacified, Sa'd continued to march again until they pacified one of the Sassanid capital's suburbs, Behrasir . Sa'd used the city as a military headquarters, while he sent smaller companies to gather intel. These small raiding parties did not find any hostile forces but brought 100,000 dirhams seized from local farmers. This prompted Sa'd to inform the caliph about his soldiers' conduct. Umar replied by forbidding
10476-594: The trade of the District, though, since the completion of the Sind-Sāgar branch of the North-Western Railway ; the salt trade no longer passes through it. It is an important timber dépôt, the timber from the Kashmir forests which is floated down the river being collected here. A good deal of boat-building is carried on. The cantonment, which is 3 miles from the civil station, contains the church and post office. The normal strength of
10584-607: The treasures they found in al-Mada'in and more than they received from Ctesiphon. After the operation in Jalula, Umar ordered Hashim ibn Utbah to stay in Jalula, while al-Qa'qa should continue to pursue Yazdegerd to Hulwan. Al-Qa'qa clashed against another Sassanid force in Hulwan led by Kihran ar-Razi, who al-Qa'qa personally slaid in battle, while another Sassanid commander, Fairuzan, managed to escape. As Yazdegerd raised further resistance forces, Sa'd's troops under Arfajah chased them, sending
10692-485: The vanguard led by a Tamim warrior named Hurqus ibn Zuhayr as-Sa'di (known as Dhu al-Khuwaishirah at-Tamimi , the first Kharijite in history. ) to face them. Hurqus managed to crush Yazdegerd's army under Hormuzan in Ahvaz (now known as Hormizd-Ardashir ). The massive spoils of war which were acquired earlier now became a major problem for Sa'd due to complaints received by the caliph regarding Sa'd's uneven distribution of
10800-454: The wall to stop the trebuchets. Their efforts were repelled by Zuhra, who suffered injuries in protecting the machines. The siege continued until the garrison of Bahurashir suffered from supply and food shortages, which caused them to abandon Bahurashir and cross the Tigris River toward al-Mada'in . After the garrison left, Sa'd entered the abandoned Bahurashir. The Tigris was undergoing
10908-465: The west, who still inhabit a large tract in the mountain north of tilla range. Gakhars were the dominant race during the early Muslim era and they long continued to retain their independence, both in Jhelum itself and in the neighbouring district of Rawalpindi . In 997 CE, Sultan Mahmud Ghaznavi , took over the Ghaznavid dynasty empire established by his father, Sultan Sebuktegin . In 1005 he conquered
11016-605: Was one of the first to accept Islam . He was seventeen years old when he accepted Islam, although Ibn Abd al-Barr reported that Sa'd embraced it at age nineteen. It was said by Ibn Ishaq that Sa'd was one of several individuals invited to Islam by Abu Bakr . Sa'd's mother opposed her son's conversion and threatened to go on a hunger strike until he left Islam, but he did not heed her threat and she finally yielded due to his insistence. Chroniclers reported that Muhammad told Sa'd that God praised his firmness in his faith, but also told him to be kinder to his mother, as filial piety
11124-500: Was a close companion of the Islamic prophet Muhammad . Sa'd was the seventh free adult man to embrace Islam , which he did at the age of seventeen. Sa'd participated in all battles under Muhammad during their stay in Medina . Sa'd was famous for his leadership in the Battle of al-Qadisiyyah and the conquest of the Sasanian capital Ctesiphon in 636. After the Battle of al-Qadisiyyah and
11232-524: Was eventually granted it; he died in the course of the battle. At the Battle of Uhud , Sa'd served in an archer regiment. As the Muslim army gained the upper hand, they were routed by a flanking maneuver by Khalid ibn al-Walid . The Muslim forces scattered, and Muhammad was separated from his soldiers except for about a dozen men, including Sa'd, the muhajirun warrior Talha , the Medinan swordsman Abu Dujana , and about six or seven Ansari soldiers. The group
11340-535: Was involved in most of the military operations mounted by the Muslims against the Quraysh of Mecca. His first operation occurred nine months after the migration, when he was tasked with leading 20 men to raid a Qurayshi caravan that passed Kharrar , located between Al-Juhfa and Mecca. This expedition failed, as the caravan escaped. During a minor reconnaissance operation under Ubayda ibn al-Harith in Rabigh shortly before
11448-554: Was later celebrated by Indian Nationalists . He was captured and arrested with the remaining mutineers by authorities in Kashmir and later hanged near the river Jhelum. His grave is in a shrine in Jhelum Dildarnagar, and a small town in Uttar Pradesh is also named after him. The railway bridge on the river Jhelum was built in 1873 by the British engineer William St. John Galwey. He also made the great Empress Victoria Bridge over
11556-518: Was sent to China to preach Islam, during his journey he arrived at the city of Jhelum , he saw the reflection of a city in the river and said " هذا جهيلم " (this is Jhelum) , which means "City besides the river, in full moonlight". Ahmed Shah Abdali also used "Jheelum" in place of Jhelum and "Harian" for Kharian in his diary. The Rajput , Gujjars , Labana , who now hold the Salt Range and its northern plateau respectively, appear to have been
11664-436: Was surrounded by enemy cavalry under Khalid as the Muslim fighters formed a close defensive formation and Sa'd shot his arrows next to Muhammad, who suffered an injury to his shoulder. The outnumbered and encircled Muslims fought until most of them were killed, except Muhammad, Talhah, Abu Dujana, and Sa'd, who tried to assist his comrades with his bow, despite the close combat. Sa'd resorted to firing multiple arrows at once in
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