Rhaetic or Raetic ( / ˈ r iː t ɪ k / ), also known as Rhaetian , was a Tyrsenian language spoken in the ancient region of Rhaetia in the eastern Alps in pre-Roman and Roman times. It is documented by around 280 texts dated from the 5th up until the 1st century BC, which were found through northern Italy, southern Germany, eastern Switzerland, Slovenia and western Austria, in two variants of the Old Italic scripts . Rhaetic is largely accepted as being closely related to Etruscan .
34-539: Verzegnis ( Carnian Friulian : Verzegnas ) is a comune (municipality) in the Regional decentralization entity of Udine in the Italian region of Friuli-Venezia Giulia , located about 100 kilometres (62 mi) northwest of Trieste and about 40 kilometres (25 mi) northwest of Udine . The town of Verzegnis hosts the annual Hillclimb Rally, an FIA -sanctioned event bringing in spectators and drivers from around
68-669: A common valley floor where the main centre of Carnia is located: Tolmezzo The following are the 27 municipalities of Carnia (next to the Italian name, the Friulian one is quoted): Carnia's mountains are composed by different geologic belts. They are made of three different types of rock: limestone , dolomite and flint . Carnia is spanned by the southern slope of the Carnic Alps , which extend from Passo di Monte Croce di Comelico to sella di Camporosso , where Alpi Giulie begin and rise (on
102-534: A hill they founded a stable defensive settlement, Akileja . The Romans , concerned by the expansion of this people, in 183 BC forced back the Carni to the mountains, they destroyed their settlement and they founded a defensive settlement at the north-east boundaries. The new settlement was named Aquileia , after the former Celtic name Akileja. The triumvirs that founded that settlement were Publius Scipio Nasica, Caius Flaminius and Lucius Manlius Acidinus. In order to stem
136-602: A new people, the Aquileiese or Friulan People. The mixing of the Latin, Celtic and Raetic languages would give rise to the Friulian language. In the meantime Aquileia enlarged its importance. It became a Municipium Romanum in 90 BC; it was an important commercial and hand-craft production centre. Also it was the main port on the Adriatic sea and a garrison settlement. Upon the Decline of
170-450: Is a historical-geographic region in the northeastern Italian area of Friuli . Its 27 municipalities all belong to the province of Udine , which itself is part of the autonomous Friuli-Venezia Giulia region. The name of the region, like neighbouring Carinthia and Carniola (and quite possibly also Karst ), probably derives from the Carni , a Celtic tribe who had lived for centuries in
204-620: Is located south of the main chain of the Carnic Alps , in the northwest of the Udine province; it is bounded to the north by Austria and to the west by the Italian Veneto region. In the south it borders the Province of Pordenone and in the east the Canal del Ferro-Valcanale (Ferro-Valcanale outfall) separates it from the central and southern part of the Udine province. The region covers the western part of
238-656: The Fritzens-Sanzeno and Magrè cultures . It is clear that in the centuries leading up to Roman imperial times, the Rhaetians had at least come under Etruscan influence, as the Rhaetic inscriptions are written in what appears to be a northern variant of the Etruscan alphabet. The ancient Roman sources mention the Rhaetic people as being reputedly of Etruscan origin, so there may at least have been some ethnic Etruscans who had settled in
272-619: The Pesarina , the Chiarsò , and the Monai , which name the valleys they lie in. Forests are large and mostly composed of fir, beech, and larch. Pastures are located mainly at high altitudes, on sunny slopes which are not suitable for agriculture. In Carnia 2,000 vegetable species, about a thousand types of mushrooms , and some fifty types of orchids are grown. Vegetation in Carnia changes with altitude. Up to
306-706: The Republic of Venice , Carnia had passed from the Holy Roman Empire to the Venetian Domini di Terraferma by 1420. Italian is the official language. Nevertheless, Friulian , a Rhaeto-Romance language, is widely spoken. The German Southern Bavarian dialect is spoken in the linguistic enclaves of Sauris ( Zahre ), Paluzza -Timau ( Tischlwang ) and Sappada ( Plodn ), as in the neighbouring regions of Veneto ( Seven Communities , Thirteen Communities ) and Trentino ( Luserna and Mocheni Valley ). Carnia
340-753: The Austrian boundary. Other main peaks of Carnia are: The most important river is the Tagliamento , which springs near the Mauria Pass (in the municipality of Lorenzago di Cadore ) at an altitude of around 1000 meters. Along its long way throughout Carnia, the Tagliamento river receives water from 6 tributaries, all coming from left with respect to it: the Bût , the Degano , the Lumiei ,
374-402: The Carni in a battle of 15 November 115 BC. Later on, the Carni, characterised by a docile temper and who had been defeated in battle, submitted to Rome, accepting its commands and its concessions. In the course of the following centuries, the Carni and Roman customs and blood, along with the aboriginal Raeti , would get mixed and this union of deeply different cultures would slowly give rise to
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#1732902412818408-593: The Italian side) between Fella and the upper Isonzo rivers, and the adjacent Carnic Prealps . The north side of the Carnic ridge sets up the boundary with Austria ; on the south it is delimited by the stream Pontebbana , and, on the upper side of Pontebba , by the flow of the Fella. Mount Coglians (m. 2780) is the highest peak of the Carnic Alps. Together with the cluster of Creta delle Cjanevate it forms an impressive horst at
442-561: The Rhaeti in the second Iron Age being characterized by the Fritzens-Sanzeno culture , in continuity with late Bronze Age culture and early Iron Age Laugen-Melaun culture . The Raeti are not believed, archeologically, to descend from the Etruscans, as well as it is not believed plausible that the Etruscans are descended from the Rhaeti. Helmut Rix dated the end of the Proto-Tyrsenian period to
476-708: The Roman Empire and the Migration Period , the area was subdued by invading Germanic Ostrogoths under Theodoric the Great and later by the Lombards , who incorporated it into the Duchy of Friuli , part of their Italian kingdom . With adjacent Carantania , Carnia was conquered by Frankish forces in the 774 campaign of Charlemagne . The Friulian dukes, successors of Hrodgaud (d. 776), continued to rule as Carolingian vassals until
510-614: The Roman expansion and to acquire the fertile and more hospitable plains, the Carni tried to form alliances with the Histrian , the Iapode , and the Taurisci Celts. As Rome, in turn, was more and more becoming aware of the impending danger coming from the Carni and as it wanted to accelerate its own expansion, it sent to the north-east the legions of consul Marcus Aemilius Scaurus , who finally defeated
544-459: The Tyrrhenian grouping. Rix's Tyrsenian family is supported by a number of linguists such as Stefan Schumacher, Carlo De Simone , Norbert Oettinger, Simona Marchesini, and Rex E. Wallace . Common features between Etruscan, Rhaetic, and Lemnian have been observed in morphology , phonology , and syntax . On the other hand, few lexical correspondences are documented, at least partly due to
578-462: The Venetic goddess Reitia has commonly been discerned in the Rhaetic finds, but the two names do not seem to be linked. The spelling as Raet- is found in inscriptions, while Rhaet- was used in Roman manuscripts; it is unclear whether this Rh represents an accurate transcription of an aspirated R in Rhaetic, or is merely an error. Our understanding of Rhaetic phonology is quite uncertain, and
612-524: The deposition of Duke Baldric of Friuli by Emperor Louis the Pious in 828, when it finally became a Carolingian march . In the 843 Treaty of Verdun , the area south of the main chain of the Carnic Alps was attributed to the realm of Emperor Lothair I (" Middle Francia "), it was inherited by his eldest son, King Louis II of Italy in 855. When in 888 Margrave Berengar I of Friuli was crowned King of Italy , he moved his residence to Verona and established
646-410: The elevation of 400–500 metres stand durmast and chestnut forests and some submontane cultivation zones, but very soon thereafter they are replaced by the mountain flora, typical of the forests: beechwood, fir-wood, and pine-wood. Above 1,500 m, the arboreal vegetation becomes rather poor, and trees become more and more sparse, small and stunted up to the tree line, which in Carnia stands at 1,700 metres –
680-665: The fertile plains between the Rhine and the Danube rivers where other Celtic peoples lived. Starting from 400 BC, the demographic growth and the pressure of the Germanic peoples, originated a migratory flood towards the south. The Carni crossed the Alps via the Plöcken Pass and settled in the region which is nowadays named Carnia and in the piedmont zone of Friuli. They practiced hunting and breeding. During
714-409: The following areas have been declared as protected: 46°23′40″N 12°46′27″E / 46.3944°N 12.7742°E / 46.3944; 12.7742 Raetic The ancient Rhaetic language is not to be confused with the modern Romance languages of the same Alpine region, known as Rhaeto-Romance . The German linguist Helmut Rix proposed in 1998 that Rhaetic, along with Etruscan ,
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#1732902412818748-427: The hard winters the herders used to move with their cattle down to the piedmont plains. Also they were skilful iron and wood manufacturers. The Carni were headed by a king and a sacerdotal caste of druids . The first historical date related to the arrival of the Carni is 186 BC, when some 50,000 Carni, composed of armed men, women and children descended towards the plains (in which they previously used to winter) and on
782-406: The large Italian Marca Veronensis et Aquileiensis , comprising Friuli with Carnia, Veneto (except for Venice itself) and Trentino . In 951 Berengar's grandson King Berengar II of Italy had to lay down arms against the invading forces of King Otto I of Germany . At the 952 Imperial Diet of Augsburg , he had to declare himself an East Frankish vassal, and the whole Veronese march came under
816-581: The last quarter of the 2nd millennium BC . Carlo De Simone and Simona Marchesini have proposed a much earlier date, placing the Tyrsenian language split before the Bronze Age . This would provide one explanation for the low number of lexical correspondences. * The language is documented in Northern Italy between the 5th and the 1st centuries BC by about 280 texts, in an area corresponding to
850-494: The lowest of the Alpine regions Further on, only bushes and emerald-green pastures can be found. In late spring on the highland pastures, a colourful display of wild azaleas and gentians can be observed. The climate is severe, with very harsh winters and cool summers. It is characterised by strong winds and abundant precipitation. In comparison to the other areas of the Alps in Carnia
884-707: The mountainous region of the province, but not the eastern part (the Julian Alps ), therefore it borders Veneto and the Austrian state of Carinthia , but not Slovenia . The main town is Tolmezzo . Carnia is formed of seven valleys. Through each of them runs a stream from which the valleys take their name (except for Valcalda). Each of these valleys is usually referred to as a canale (in Italian) / cjanâl (in Friulian), i.e. an outfall , to emphasize its long and narrow shape: Each of these valleys and their homonymous streams meet in
918-470: The oldest Etruscan and Rhaetic inscriptions, such as in the grammatical voices of past tenses or in the endings of male gentilicia . Around 600 BC, the Rhaeti became isolated from the Etruscan area, probably by the Celts, thus limiting contacts between the two languages. Such a late datation has not enjoyed consensus, because the split would still be too recent, and in contrast with the archaeological data,
952-636: The region by that time. In his Natural History (1st century AD), Pliny wrote about Alpine peoples: ... adjoining these (the Noricans ) are the Rhaeti and Vindelici . All are divided into several states. The Rhaeti are believed to be people of Etruscan race driven out by the Gauls ; their leader was named Rhaetus. Pliny's comment on a leader named Rhaetus is typical of mythologized origins of ancient peoples, and not necessarily reliable. The name of
986-581: The rule of the German stem duchy of Bavaria . In 976 it became part of the newly established Duchy of Carinthia . Carnia and Carinthia again went separate ways, when in 1077 King Henry IV of Germany during the Investiture Controversy with Pope Gregory VII split off large parts of Friuli to establish the Patriarchate of Aquileia as an Imperial State . As the patriarchate was gradually conquered by
1020-478: The scanty number of Rhaetic and Lemnian texts and possibly to the early date at which the languages split. The Tyrsenian family (or Common Tyrrhenic) is often considered to be Paleo-European and to predate the arrival of Indo-European languages in southern Europe. In 2004 L. Bouke van der Meer proposed that Rhaetic could have developed from Etruscan from around 900 BC or even earlier, and no later than 700 BC, since divergences are already present in
1054-522: The tree line is lower by about 400–500 m. For example, while in the Western Alps the vegetation stops growing above 2,300 m, in Carnia this is already the case at the elevation of 1,900 metres. This lower vegetation limit is due to the thermal inversion, caused by a constant outflow of a cold wind from the north-east (the "burano" wind), which reaches the region from the Danube plains and even Siberia. In Carnia
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1088-553: The working hypothesis is that it's very similar to Etruscan phonology . It appears that Rhaetic, like Etruscan, had a four-vowel system: /a/, /i/, /e/, /u/. Unlike Etruscan, Rhaetic does not seem to have the distinction between aspirated and non-aspirated stops. Consonant phonemes attested in Rhaetic include a dental (or palatal) affricate /ts/, dental sibilant /s/, palatal sibilant /ʃ/, nasals /n/, /m/ and liquids /r/, /l/. The following cases are attested in Rhaetic: For plural,
1122-508: The world. Verzegnis borders the following municipalities: Cavazzo Carnico , Enemonzo , Preone , Tolmezzo , Tramonti di Sotto , Villa Santina , Vito d'Asio . This article on a location in Friuli-Venezia Giulia is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Carnia Carnia ( Friulian : Cjargne or Cjargna / Cjargno in local variants, Venetian : Ciargna , German : Karnien , Slovene : Karnija )
1156-427: Was a member of a language family he called Tyrrhenian , and which was possibly influenced by neighboring Indo-European languages. Robert S. P. Beekes likewise does not consider it Indo-European. Howard Hayes Scullard (1967), on the contrary, suggested it to be an Indo-European language , with links to Illyrian and Celtic . Nevertheless, most scholars now think that Rhaetic is closely related to Etruscan within
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