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86-572: Versatile Video Coding ( VVC ), also known as H.266 , ISO/IEC 23090-3 , and MPEG-I Part 3 , is a video compression standard finalized on 6 July 2020, by the Joint Video Experts Team (JVET) of the VCEG working group of ITU-T Study Group 16 and the MPEG working group of ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 . It is the successor to High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC, also known as ITU-T H.265 and MPEG-H Part 2). It

172-427: A video codec . Some video coding formats are documented by a detailed technical specification document known as a video coding specification . Some such specifications are written and approved by standardization organizations as technical standards , and are thus known as a video coding standard . There are de facto standards and formal standards. Video content encoded using a particular video coding format

258-531: A H.264 encoder/decoder a codec shortly thereafter ("open-source our H.264 codec"). A video coding format does not dictate all algorithms used by a codec implementing the format. For example, a large part of how video compression typically works is by finding similarities between video frames (block-matching) and then achieving compression by copying previously-coded similar subimages (such as macroblocks ) and adding small differences when necessary. Finding optimal combinations of such predictors and differences

344-856: A TV set or a set-top box bought in Japan will not work in Brazil and vice versa. However, the Japanese-Brazilian Working Group is working to join the two systems into only one to achieve the benefits of gains of scale. On the other hand, Brazil is producing several types of TV sets and set-top boxes for the SBTVD (ISDB-Tb) system and in a good quantity and there is no problem meeting the consumer demand for TV sets, set-top boxes and also for transmitters and other components. Peru, Argentina, Chile, Venezuela, Ecuador, Costa Rica, Paraguay, Uruguay, Philippines and Nicaragua have recently adopted ISDB-T and will reinforce

430-594: A United Nations' regulatory agency for telecommunication and information technology questions — has certified on April 29, 2009, the module Ginga-NCL and the language NCL/Lua as the first international recommendation for interactive multimedia environments for Digital TV and IPTV—Recommendation H.761. NCL/Lua and Ginga-NCL were developed by the TeleMidia Laboratory of the Informatics Department at Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio),

516-524: A built-in DTV receiver) were increasing very fast and it seems that mobility was perceived by consumers as a more attractive SBTVD/ISDB-T feature than HD or Full HD definition. The SBTVD/ISDB-T standard allows a very impressive mobile reception, with high quality and steady image, without noise, excellent audio and very robust reception even in the presence of signal reflection, electromagnetic or impulsive interference. Peru, Argentina, Chile and Venezuela were planning

602-406: A fast DCT algorithm with C.H. Smith and S.C. Fralick in 1977, and founded Compression Labs to commercialize DCT technology. In 1979, Anil K. Jain and Jaswant R. Jain further developed motion-compensated DCT video compression. This led to Chen developing a practical video compression algorithm, called motion-compensated DCT or adaptive scene coding, in 1981. Motion-compensated DCT later became

688-557: A final Call for Proposals in October 2017, and the standardization process officially began in April 2018 when the first working draft of the standard was produced. At IBC 2018, a preliminary implementation based on VVC was demonstrated that was said to compress video 40% more efficiently than HEVC. The content of the final standard was approved on 6 July 2020. To reduce the risk of the problems seen when licensing HEVC implementations, for VVC

774-520: A given video coding format from/to uncompressed video are implementations of those specifications. As an analogy, the video coding format H.264 (specification) is to the codec OpenH264 (specific implementation) what the C Programming Language (specification) is to the compiler GCC (specific implementation). Note that for each specification (e.g., H.264 ), there can be many codecs implementing that specification (e.g., x264 , OpenH264, H.264/MPEG-4 AVC products and implementations ). This distinction

860-504: A group composed of technicians from Brazilian Society for Television Engineering (SET) and Brazilian Association of Radio and Television Broadcasters (ABERT) has been analyzing existing digital TV standards (American ATSC , European DVB-T and Japanese ISDB-T ) and its technical aspects but the discussion become a robust study only in 1998. From 1998 to 2000, the ABERT and SET group, supported by Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie developed

946-416: A lot more computing power than editing intraframe compressed video with the same picture quality. But, this compression is not very effective to use for any audio format. A video coding format can define optional restrictions to encoded video, called profiles and levels. It is possible to have a decoder which only supports decoding a subset of profiles and levels of a given video format, for example to make

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1032-789: A minimal set of coding tools. Further coding tools have been added after being tested in Core Experiments (CEs). Its predecessor was the Joint Exploration Model (JEM), an experimental software codebase that was based on the reference software used for HEVC . Like its predecessor, VVC uses motion-compensated DCT video coding . While HEVC supports integer discrete cosine transform (DCT) square block sizes between 4×4 and 32×32, VVC adds support for non-square DCT rectangular block sizes. VVC also introduces several intra-frame prediction modes based on these rectangular DCT blocks to provide improved motion compensation prediction. JVET issued

1118-556: A much more efficient form of compression for video coding. The CCITT received 14 proposals for DCT-based video compression formats, in contrast to a single proposal based on vector quantization (VQ) compression. The H.261 standard was developed based on motion-compensated DCT compression. H.261 was the first practical video coding standard, and uses patents licensed from a number of companies, including Hitachi , PictureTel , NTT , BT , and Toshiba , among others. Since H.261, motion-compensated DCT compression has been adopted by all

1204-715: A new group called the Media Coding Industry Forum (MC-IF) was founded. However, MC-IF had no power over the standardization process, which was based on technical merit as determined by consensus decisions of JVET. Four companies were initially vying to be patent pool administrators for VVC, in a situation similar to the previous AVC and HEVC codecs. Two companies later formed patent pools: Access Advance and MPEG LA (now known as Via-LA ). Access Advance published their licensing fee in April 2021. Via-LA published their licensing fee in January 2022. Companies known not to be

1290-407: A number of companies, primarily Mitsubishi, Hitachi and Panasonic . The most widely used video coding format as of 2019 is H.264/MPEG-4 AVC . It was developed in 2003, and uses patents licensed from a number of organizations, primarily Panasonic, Godo Kaisha IP Bridge and LG Electronics . In contrast to the standard DCT used by its predecessors, AVC uses the integer DCT . H.264 is one of

1376-556: A part of the Access Advance or Via-LA patent pools as of November 2023 are: Apple, Canon, Ericsson, Fraunhofer, Google, Huawei, Humax, Intel, LG, Interdigital, Maxell, Microsoft, Oppo, Qualcomm, Samsung, Sharp and Sony. Encoders/decoders Players The Brazilian SBTVD Forum will adopt the MPEG-I VVC codec in its forthcoming broadcast television system, TV 3.0 , expected to launch in 2024. It will be used alongside MPEG-5 LCEVC as

1462-495: A patent lawsuit due to submarine patents . The motivation behind many recently designed video coding formats such as Theora , VP8 , and VP9 have been to create a ( libre ) video coding standard covered only by royalty-free patents. Patent status has also been a major point of contention for the choice of which video formats the mainstream web browsers will support inside the HTML video tag. The current-generation video coding format

1548-539: A public television station from the state of São Paulo, obtained special authorization (for educational purposes only) and is currently using this feature to broadcast four different video programs. Besides the HDTV and the one-segment (handheld) streams, an additional archive program (Multicultura) and the Virtual University channel (UNIVESP) have been on air since August 2009. In Japan Multiprogram has been successful with

1634-463: A very complete study based on several tests considering not only technical characteristics of each standard but also signal quality, both indoor and outdoor. That was the first complete study comparing all three major DTV standards in the world by an independent entity (i.e. without influence of the ATSC Committee, DVB Group or ARIB/DiBEG Group) and it was considered a very rigorous and robust study by

1720-437: A very impressive price reduction for such a quality product, and other basic devices present even lower prices. However, until September 2009 the smallest TV that could be bought with an integrated digital tuner was a 32 inch LCD TV. This was slowing down the adoption of digital TV in Brazil, since most people that watch FTA TV cannot afford buying expensive LCD TVs, and 21 and 29 inch CRT TVs were still very popular among

1806-567: A video base layer encoder for broadcast and broadband delivery. The European organization DVB Project , which governs digital television broadcasting standards , announced 24 February 2022 that VVC was now part of its tools for broadcasting. The DVB tuner specification used throughout Europe, Australia, and many other regions has been revised to support the VVC (H.266) video codec, the successor to HEVC . Video coding format A video coding format (or sometimes video compression format )

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1892-451: Is HEVC (H.265), introduced in 2013. AVC uses the integer DCT with 4x4 and 8x8 block sizes, and HEVC uses integer DCT and DST transforms with varied block sizes between 4x4 and 32x32. HEVC is heavily patented, mostly by Samsung Electronics , GE , NTT , and JVCKenwood . It is challenged by the AV1 format, intended for free license. As of 2019 , AVC is by far the most commonly used format for

1978-402: Is a content representation format of digital video content, such as in a data file or bitstream . It typically uses a standardized video compression algorithm, most commonly based on discrete cosine transform (DCT) coding and motion compensation . A specific software, firmware , or hardware implementation capable of compression or decompression in a specific video coding format is called

2064-412: Is a form of lossless video used in some circumstances such as when sending video to a display over a HDMI connection. Some high-end cameras can also capture video directly in this format. Interframe compression complicates editing of an encoded video sequence. One subclass of relatively simple video coding formats are the intra-frame video formats, such as DV , in which each frame of the video stream

2150-458: Is an NP-hard problem, meaning that it is practically impossible to find an optimal solution. Though the video coding format must support such compression across frames in the bitstream format, by not needlessly mandating specific algorithms for finding such block-matches and other encoding steps, the codecs implementing the video coding specification have some freedom to optimize and innovate in their choice of algorithms. For example, section 0.5 of

2236-518: Is compressed independently without referring to other frames in the stream, and no attempt is made to take advantage of correlations between successive pictures over time for better compression. One example is Motion JPEG , which is simply a sequence of individually JPEG -compressed images. This approach is quick and simple, at the expense of the encoded video being much larger than a video coding format supporting Inter frame coding. Because interframe compression copies data from one frame to another, if

2322-457: Is normally bundled with an audio stream (encoded using an audio coding format ) inside a multimedia container format such as AVI , MP4 , FLV , RealMedia , or Matroska . As such, the user normally does not have a H.264 file, but instead has a video file , which is an MP4 container of H.264-encoded video, normally alongside AAC -encoded audio. Multimedia container formats can contain one of several different video coding formats; for example,

2408-442: Is not consistently reflected terminologically in the literature. The H.264 specification calls H.261 , H.262 , H.263 , and H.264 video coding standards and does not contain the word codec . The Alliance for Open Media clearly distinguishes between the AV1 video coding format and the accompanying codec they are developing, but calls the video coding format itself a video codec specification . The VP9 specification calls

2494-543: Is that, with intraframe systems, each frame uses a similar amount of data. In most interframe systems, certain frames (such as I-frames in MPEG-2 ) are not allowed to copy data from other frames, so they require much more data than other frames nearby. It is possible to build a computer-based video editor that spots problems caused when I frames are edited out while other frames need them. This has allowed newer formats like HDV to be used for editing. However, this process demands

2580-422: The main and high profiles but not in baseline . A level is a restriction on parameters such as maximum resolution and data rates. SBTVD It is similar to ISDB-T, except it utilizes the H.264 video codec rather than MPEG-2 , and replaces BML with Ginga —a middleware supporting Nested Context Language (NCL) and Java -based interactive TV applications. The ISDB-T International standard

2666-455: The temporal dimension . DCT coding is a lossy block compression transform coding technique that was first proposed by Nasir Ahmed , who initially intended it for image compression , while he was working at Kansas State University in 1972. It was then developed into a practical image compression algorithm by Ahmed with T. Natarajan and K. R. Rao at the University of Texas in 1973, and

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2752-438: The temporal dimension . In 1967, University of London researchers A.H. Robinson and C. Cherry proposed run-length encoding (RLE), a lossless compression scheme, to reduce the transmission bandwidth of analog television signals. The earliest digital video coding algorithms were either for uncompressed video or used lossless compression , both methods inefficient and impractical for digital video coding. Digital video

2838-640: The Brazilian Government (digital inclusion, educational and cultural support, e-gov, etc.). Economical points were analyzed too, such as the elimination of royalties by the Japanese Government on the use of ISDB-T, the transfer of technology from Japan to Brazil, the creation of a Japanese-Brazilian work group for ongoing developments, and financial help for the initial implementation from the Japanese Development Bank. The final decision

2924-694: The Brazilian Ministry of Communication ordered the National Telecommunication Agency to carry on studies to select and implement a DTV standard in Brazil. Due to the completeness and quality of the ABERT/SET/Mackenzie study, ANATEL considered that as the official result and supported it considering ISDB-T the better standard to be implemented in Brazil. However the final decision about the standard selected wasn't announced at that moment (August 2000) because of three main points: In

3010-723: The Brazilian-Japanese study group for digital TV finished and published a specification document joining the Japanese ISDB-T with Brazilian SBTVD, resulting in a specification now called "ISDB-T International". ISDB-T International is the system that is proposed by Japan and Brazil for use in other countries in South America and around the world. The history of SBTVD development can be divided in two major periods: a) Initial Studies and Tests; b) Implementation of Digital TV Work Group and final definition of SBTVD standard. Since 1994

3096-475: The DCT and the fast Fourier transform (FFT), developing inter-frame hybrid coders for them, and found that the DCT is the most efficient due to its reduced complexity, capable of compressing image data down to 0.25- bit per pixel for a videotelephone scene with image quality comparable to a typical intra-frame coder requiring 2-bit per pixel. The DCT was applied to video encoding by Wen-Hsiung Chen, who developed

3182-523: The DTV technical world community. The results of the "Brazilian digital television tests" showed the insufficient quality for indoor reception presented by ATSC (that is a very important parameter because 47% of television sets in Brazil use only an internal antenna) and, between DVB-T and ISDB-T, the last one presented superior performance in indoor reception and flexibility to access digital services and TV programs through non-mobile, mobile or portable receivers with impressive quality. In parallel in 1998,

3268-533: The H.264 specification says that encoding algorithms are not part of the specification. Free choice of algorithm also allows different space–time complexity trade-offs for the same video coding format, so a live feed can use a fast but space-inefficient algorithm, and a one-time DVD encoding for later mass production can trade long encoding-time for space-efficient encoding. The concept of analog video compression dates back to 1929, when R.D. Kell in Britain proposed

3354-503: The MP4 container format can contain video coding formats such as MPEG-2 Part 2 or H.264. Another example is the initial specification for the file type WebM , which specifies the container format (Matroska), but also exactly which video ( VP8 ) and audio ( Vorbis ) compression format is inside the Matroska container, even though Matroska is capable of containing VP9 video, and Opus audio support

3440-571: The SBTVD Forum announced the selection of Japanese ISDB-T system as a baseline for the SBTVD system, enhanced by some new technologies: SBTVD system also presents some adaptations (the following are the main ones): Note: There are around 16 technical documents for the SBTVD system, with more than 3,000 pages published by the ABNT (Brazilian Association for Technical Standards) and the SBTVD Forum detailing

3526-675: The SBTVD Forum in April 2009. The same forum declared that the APIs set developed by Sun Microsystems, called Java-DTV, is the standard for SBTVD system, after negotiations with Sun Microsystems to reduce royalties in 15% . Hence, the royalty cost defined by Sun for Java-DTV is much more affordable than that charged by GEM APIs owners (GEM middleware is used in DVB-T ;– the European DTV standard). That will benefit development of interactive set-top boxes and TV sets keeping them cheaper than if GEM

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3612-496: The band used by the broadcast companies for analog TV must be returned to the Brazilian Government. It is important to note that this Presidential Act states that ISDB-Tb must offer a "Multiprogram" feature. During the implementation in Brazil, however, the Ministry of Communication changed this requirement and blocked this feature at least till May 2009. The decision for ISDB-T was contested by some sectors of society that complained it

3698-422: The bandwidth available in the 2000s. Practical video compression emerged with the development of motion-compensated DCT (MC DCT) coding, also called block motion compensation (BMC) or DCT motion compensation. This is a hybrid coding algorithm, which combines two key data compression techniques: discrete cosine transform (DCT) coding in the spatial dimension , and predictive motion compensation in

3784-516: The beginning, from the broadcasters' point of view, the DTV implementation in Brazil seemed to be very successful if compared with the implementation process in other countries. After 16 months, the digital TV signal covered almost 50% of the Brazilian population. The country successfully finished the transition from analog to digital TV in December 2018, when analog TV was phased out in most regions where it

3870-581: The benefits of SBTVD/ISDB-Tb standard to Guatemala , Cuba , Belize , Mozambique , Tanzania , Malawi , Thailand , and some SADC countries. Additionally, Brazil and Japan are trying to present the benefits of SBTVD/ISDB-Tb to Colombia and Panama which have initially chosen the European standard as of January 2011 and Honduras and El Salvador who have initially chosen the US-American standard as of December 2010. International Telecommunication Union (ITU) —

3956-477: The concept of transmitting only the portions of the scene that changed from frame-to-frame. The concept of digital video compression dates back to 1952, when Bell Labs researchers B.M. Oliver and C.W. Harrison proposed the use of differential pulse-code modulation (DPCM) in video coding. In 1959, the concept of inter-frame motion compensation was proposed by NHK researchers Y. Taki, M. Hatori and S. Tanaka, who proposed predictive inter-frame video coding in

4042-465: The country, leaving some regions to phase out analog transmissions to 2023. A massive distribution program of set top boxes to low income citizens who still had old TV sets (therefore unable to receive ISDB-T) was performed between 2015 and 2018. As of 2021, LED-backlit TV are much more affordable (like in most of the world), a 40" LED-backlit TV can be bought for about US$ 300.00. Sales of mobile receivers (for laptops, mobile DTV sets and mobile phones with

4128-471: The creation of research networks where the studies could be carried in a decentralized manner by several institutes working together. Some groups worked to present a totally new digital standard, some groups worked to analyze and select the most known digital TV standards (American ATSC , European DVB-T and Japanese ISDB-T ), and other groups worked to implement new features/modules to these already known standards. After 3 years of studies and developments,

4214-625: The current TV business model, reducing revenues from advertising. However, once users see the benefit of the Multiprogram feature, some organizations are asking that the Ministry of Communication will allow its use by all broadcasters. Some broadcasters, using a different business model from that used by TV Globo, are asking the Federal Superior Court to decide if the Multiprogram blockage is legal. Only federal government TV channels are allowed to use Multiprogram in Brazil today. TV Cultura ,

4300-414: The decoder program/hardware smaller, simpler, or faster. A profile restricts which encoding techniques are allowed. For example, the H.264 format includes the profiles baseline , main and high (and others). While P-slices (which can be predicted based on preceding slices) are supported in all profiles, B-slices (which can be predicted based on both preceding and following slices) are supported in

4386-487: The deployment before announcing their analog shutdown date. This innovative feature of the ISDB-T standard allows a consumer to watch three different programs at once, or in a sports match, it is possible to watch the game from the point of view of different cameras. The Brazilian Ministry of Communication prevented commercial broadcast companies from using this feature; only public DTV channels are allowed to use it. This decision

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4472-434: The entire SBTVD system. The selection of the Japanese ISDB-T system as the baseline for SBTVD was based on video/audio quality indoor and outdoor, signal robustness, excellent interference treatment, support for complex interactive TV programs, and quality mobile TV. Besides that, ISDB-T with the new features like MPEG-4 video compression and Ginga middleware become an excellent support for those social requirements intended by

4558-651: The gains of scale in the production of equipment, thus continuing to reduce the price, consolidating the use of the ISDB-T International standard not only in South America. Some months after Presidential Act number 5.820, in November 2006, the SBTVD Forum was created to lead and coordinate technical discussions about the standard, to create all related documentation (in conjunction with ABNT (Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas; Brazilian Association for Technical Standards)) and to plan further developments. Samsung

4644-472: The group was to develop and implement a digital terrestrial television standard in Brazil, addressing not only technical and economical issues, but also and mainly mitigating the digital divide , that is, to promote inclusion of those living apart from today's information society . Another goal was to enable access to e-government , i.e. to make government closer to the population, since in Brazil 95.1% of households have at least one TV set. In January 2009,

4730-449: The launch of ISDB-T there. Brazilian broadcasters defend the use of the current analog TV VHF band for the " return channel ", the channel that allows digital TV sets to send data to broadcasters as part of an interactive TV service. That 700 MHz band enables the return channel using WiMAX technology, which would be another option to be added to the regular ones (ADSL Internet, Cable Internet, GSM EDGE, GSM 3G, WiFi or dial). That idea

4816-461: The light of those points, the Brazilian Government, created a more structured discussion group, to review the first studies and to address these new points. The SBTVD program was deployed on November 26, 2003, by Presidential Act # 4.901, focusing the creation of a reference model for national terrestrial digital TV in Brazil. The National Telecommunications Agency (ANATEL) was charged by the Brazilian Ministry of Communications to lead this work with

4902-467: The low income population and could be bought for about R$ 400–600 (US$ 200–300). From 2010 on, it was mandated that all TV sets sold in Brazil to be ISDB-T compatible. Furthermore, in the period between 2009 and 2013, Brazil's economy improved, which encouraged family consumption. This, associated with a rapid drop in prices of LCD and LED-backlit TVs quickly led to a more widespread usage of DTV. In December 2018, Brazil phased out analog transmissions in most of

4988-489: The major video coding standards (including the H.26x and MPEG formats) that followed. MPEG-1 , developed by the Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG), followed in 1991, and it was designed to compress VHS -quality video. It was succeeded in 1994 by MPEG-2 / H.262 , which was developed with patents licensed from a number of companies, primarily Sony , Thomson and Mitsubishi Electric . MPEG-2 became

5074-457: The original frame is simply cut out (or lost in transmission), the following frames cannot be reconstructed properly. Making cuts in intraframe-compressed video while video editing is almost as easy as editing uncompressed video: one finds the beginning and ending of each frame, and simply copies bit-for-bit each frame that one wants to keep, and discards the frames one does not want. Another difference between intraframe and interframe compression

5160-502: The prices dropped quickly to around R$ 300 (~US$ 150) . The Federal Government announced subsidies worth 1 billion Reais (~US$ 556 million) so these prices faced a new reduction phase. By May 2009 a 42 inch LCD TV full HD (1920×1080) with built-in digital TV tuner and special characteristics such as double presentation rate (120 Hz) and exceptional contrast (50.000:1) was being sold for R$ 3,600.00 (~US$ 1,800.00) in São Paulo City,

5246-514: The recording, compression, and distribution of video content, used by 91% of video developers, followed by HEVC which is used by 43% of developers. Consumer video is generally compressed using lossy video codecs , since that results in significantly smaller files than lossless compression. Some video coding formats designed explicitly for either lossy or lossless compression, and some video coding formats such as Dirac and H.264 support both. Uncompressed video formats, such as Clean HDMI ,

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5332-808: The same perceptual quality compared to HEVC, with support for lossless and lossy compression. It supports resolutions ranging from very low resolution up to 4K and 16K as well as 360° videos. VVC supports YCbCr 4:4:4, 4:2:2 and 4:2:0 with 8–10 bits per component, BT.2100 wide color gamut and high dynamic range (HDR) of more than 16 stops (with peak brightness of 1,000, 4,000 and 10,000 nits ), auxiliary channels (for depth, transparency, etc.), variable and fractional frame rates from 0 to 120 Hz and higher, scalable video coding for temporal (frame rate), spatial (resolution), SNR, color gamut and dynamic range differences, stereo/multiview coding, panoramic formats, and still-picture coding. Work on high bit depth support (12 to 16 bits per component) started in October 2020 and

5418-528: The standard coding technique for video compression from the late 1980s onwards. The first digital video coding standard was H.120 , developed by the CCITT (now ITU-T) in 1984. H.120 was not usable in practice, as its performance was too poor. H.120 used motion-compensated DPCM coding, a lossless compression algorithm that was inefficient for video coding. During the late 1980s, a number of companies began experimenting with discrete cosine transform (DCT) coding,

5504-434: The standard video format for DVD and SD digital television . Its motion-compensated DCT algorithm was able to achieve a compression ratio of up to 100:1, enabling the development of digital media technologies such as video on demand (VOD) and high-definition television (HDTV). In 1999, it was followed by MPEG-4 / H.263 , which was a major leap forward for video compression technology. It uses patents licensed from

5590-467: The studios where Globo produces its programs. The 2007 Pan American Games were also experimentally broadcast in high definition by Globo. Broadcasts of the event could be seen both from Samsung's show room and electronics megastores that received digital tuners to show and demonstrate the technology to the public. Regular SBTVD broadcasts started on December 2, 2007, initially in São Paulo. By January 2008,

5676-472: The system had also launched in these other Brazilian cities: Rio de Janeiro , Belo Horizonte , Goiânia , Porto Alegre , Curitiba , Campinas , Cuiabá , Salvador , Florianópolis , Vitória , Uberlândia , São José do Rio Preto , Teresina , Santos , Brasília , Campo Grande , Fortaleza , Recife , João Pessoa , Sorocaba , Mogi das Cruzes , Ribeirão Preto , Manaus, Belém , Joinville , Aracaju , Londrina , São Luís , Araraquara and Natal . In

5762-475: The technical support of CPqD, and the contributions of 10 other Brazilian ministries, the National Institute for Information Technology (ITI), 25 organizations related to the matter (broadcast professionals, broadcast companies, TV program producers, etc.), and 75 universities/R&D institutes and electro-electronic manufacturers. More than 1,200 researchers/professionals were mobilized. The DTV Work Group

5848-471: The video coding format VP9 itself a codec . As an example of conflation, Chromium's and Mozilla's pages listing their video formats support both call video coding formats, such as H.264 codecs . As another example, in Cisco's announcement of a free-as-in-beer video codec, the press release refers to the H.264 video coding format as a codec ("choice of a common video codec"), but calls Cisco's implementation of

5934-632: The video encoding standards for Blu-ray Discs ; all Blu-ray Disc players must be able to decode H.264. It is also widely used by streaming internet sources, such as videos from YouTube , Netflix , Vimeo , and the iTunes Store , web software such as the Adobe Flash Player and Microsoft Silverlight , and also various HDTV broadcasts over terrestrial ( ATSC standards , ISDB-T , DVB-T or DVB-T2 ), cable ( DVB-C ), and satellite ( DVB-S2 ). A main problem for many video coding formats has been patents , making it expensive to use or potentially risking

6020-499: Was a "political" decision where the Brazilian Government was influenced by the Broadcaster Association, especially TV Globo, since ISDB-T isolates TV business from telecommunication company business which will protect the already decreasing earnings of broadcasters in a world that is migrating from TV to Internet and cellular telephone services. The SBTVD (ISDB-Tb) and the original ISDB-T are not compatible systems. That means

6106-511: Was already released for use by set-top box/DTV manufacturers, using NCL (Nested Context Language)/ Lua as its declarative programming language. That part of Ginga is called Ginga-NCL. However, the complete Ginga middleware specification was planned to present the declarative NCL module and procedural Java module to allow programmers, manufacturers and users to take the best from the two environments: declarative and procedural. The Java part of Ginga, called Ginga-J, had its specification approved by

6192-519: Was also shown. The signal was a test reel from Rede Globo , broadcast at 1080i (the standard does not define 1080p) consisting of short clips from soap operas, talk shows, soccer games from recent years and footage of the Brazilian Carnival in Rio de Janeiro along with some scenic views. All content was natively HD, some of which was shot with high definition cameras experimentally placed in many of

6278-478: Was announced on June 29, 2006, by Presidential Act # 5.820 officially stating that Brazil adopted the ISDB-T terrestrial digital transmission system as the baseline for ISDB-Tb (the commercial name for the SBTVD system). The Presidential Act also defines the implementation plan and rules for digital TV in Brazil stating that in seven years all Brazilian territory must be covered by the digital TV signal and in 10 years (i.e. 2016) all TV broadcast must be digital, and that

6364-653: Was developed as SBTVD by a study group coordinated by the Brazilian Ministry of Communications and was led by the Brazilian Telecommunications Agency ( ANATEL ) with support from the Telecommunication's Research and Development Centre ( CPqD ). The study group was composed of members of ten other Brazilian ministries, the National Institute for Information Technology (ITI), several Brazilian universities, broadcast professional organizations, and manufacturers of broadcast/reception devices. The objective of

6450-480: Was developed with two primary goals – improved compression performance and support for a very broad range of applications. In October 2015, the MPEG and VCEG formed the Joint Video Exploration Team (JVET) to evaluate available compression technologies and study the requirements for a next-generation video compression standard. The new standard has about 50% better compression rate for

6536-459: Was included in the second edition published in 2022. Encoding complexity of several times (up to ten times) that of HEVC is expected, depending on the quality of the encoding algorithm (which is outside the scope of the standard). The decoding complexity is about twice that of HEVC. VVC development has been made using the VVC Test Model (VTM), a reference software codebase that was started with

6622-432: Was initially limited to intra-frame coding in the spatial dimension. In 1975, John A. Roese and Guner S. Robinson extended Habibi's hybrid coding algorithm to the temporal dimension, using transform coding in the spatial dimension and predictive coding in the temporal dimension, developing inter-frame motion-compensated hybrid coding. For the spatial transform coding, they experimented with different transforms, including

6708-446: Was introduced in the 1970s, initially using uncompressed pulse-code modulation (PCM), requiring high bitrates around 45–200 Mbit/s for standard-definition (SD) video, which was up to 2,000 times greater than the telecommunication bandwidth (up to 100   kbit/s ) available until the 1990s. Similarly, uncompressed high-definition (HD) 1080p video requires bitrates exceeding 1   Gbit/s , significantly greater than

6794-456: Was later added to the WebM specification. A format is the layout plan for data produced or consumed by a codec . Although video coding formats such as H.264 are sometimes referred to as codecs , there is a clear conceptual difference between a specification and its implementations. Video coding formats are described in specifications, and software, firmware , or hardware to encode/decode data in

6880-723: Was organized in a structure with 3 areas of development: The objective of the DTV Work Group was not only to define the technical and economical aspects of the Digital TV system but also to address: Besides, technical requirements are important and were also considered: Just for the Consultant Committee, 20 public RFP (Request for Proposal) were published trying to cover all areas that compose digital TV: Modulation, Signal Processing/Compression, video systems, audio systems, data transport, middleware, etc. The RFPs strongly reinforced

6966-426: Was published in 1974. The other key development was motion-compensated hybrid coding. In 1974, Ali Habibi at the University of Southern California introduced hybrid coding, which combines predictive coding with transform coding. He examined several transform coding techniques, including the DCT, Hadamard transform , Fourier transform , slant transform, and Karhunen-Loeve transform . However, his algorithm

7052-486: Was still broadcasting. Citizens with low income who still had old TV sets (i.e. unable to receive digital TV) were given set top boxes to enable them to continue watching TV. However, there are some less populated regions where the regulator accepted phasing out to be postponed to 2023. A new push in set-top box and DTV sets sales was expected with the final specification of Ginga middleware that will allow interactive use of TV. Ginga 1.0 (a first implementation of Ginga)

7138-494: Was taken because Multiprogram could allow unauthorized use of the TV broadcast band. To start with, the Ministry of Communication informed that legal support was being created to the allow the use of such a feature , but later decided that the feature will be blocked until new studies are performed. TV Globo and ABRA (Association of Broadcasting Companies) are pushing the Ministry to keep the Multiprogram feature blocked because it will impact

7224-563: Was the first company to do a public demonstration of SBTVD transmissions and receivers on June 19, 2007, although other companies claimed to have receivers ready at the time. At their showroom in São Paulo , two Full HD LCD sets were shown: one with a built-in tuner and another connected to a prototype set-top box. The tuner and set-top box were developed in Brazil, at Samsung's research center in Manaus , Amazonas . 1seg broadcasting to mobile devices

7310-606: Was to be presented to the Brazilian Government in the WiMAX Forum in June 2009, in the hope of creating an international standard for the return channel. The Brazilian and Japanese governments are working together to show the benefits of SBTVD (ISDB-Tb) standard to all South-American countries, focusing specially on the social benefits of digital inclusion through DTV and quality of image, sound and robustness of ISDB-T system as well as mobility and interaction. Brazil and Japan are presenting

7396-484: Was used as middleware or even if GEM APIs were used with Ginga-J. In the 3rd quarter 2009 the first set-top boxes and TV sets with complete Ginga middleware (Ginga-NCL and Ginga-J) were available in the market. That date match with the release of first interactive programs to be broadcast by television companies. At launch on December 2, 2007, set-top boxes were available for prices ranging between R$ 900 (~US$ 450) and R$ 1200 (~US$ 600), inhibiting sales. But after 8 months

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