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46-539: Vernon Regional Airport ( IATA : YVE , ICAO : CYVK ) is a small, non-towered airport 2.3 nautical miles (4.3 km; 2.6 mi) southwest of the centre of Vernon, British Columbia , Canada . The original airport was at Mission Hill, about 1.0 nautical mile (1.9 km; 1.2 mi) southwest of the city centre. During World War I , the site was a Canadian Expeditionary Force training camp. In early summer 1919, Lieut. G.K. Trim arrived in Vernon by train to spearhead

92-550: A new airport is built, replacing the old one, leaving the city's new "major" airport (or the only remaining airport) code to no longer correspond with the city's name. The original airport in Nashville, Tennessee, was built in 1936 as part of the Works Progress Administration and called Berry Field with the designation, BNA. A new facility known as Nashville International Airport was built in 1987 but still uses BNA. This

138-559: A non-directional radio beacon. The next year, gophers disabled the new runway lighting by chewing through the insulation on the underground wiring. When examined in the mid-2010s, the desirability of extending the runway was found to be cost prohibitive. In 2017, the province provided $ 823,700 toward repaving the entire runway and some stabilization work. The 130 aircraft based at the airport in 2015 are projected to increase to almost 180 by 2035. The airport operates in uncontrolled airspace . A recreational drop zone exists for skydiving on

184-455: A temporary airport licence was issued, and a road through the site was diverted. This appears to have been the Kelowna –Vernon highway. That October, the upgraded airport officially opened and an air pageant was presented. In February 1932, the permanent licence was issued. In July, the second air show was held. That year, the airport was declared a customs port of entry. During the following years,

230-499: Is GSN and its IATA code is SPN, and some coincide with IATA codes of non-U.S. airports. Canada's unusual codes—which bear little to no similarity with any conventional abbreviation to the city's name—such as YUL in Montréal , and YYZ in Toronto , originated from the two-letter codes used to identify weather reporting stations in the 1930s. The letters preceding the two-letter code follow

276-606: Is administered by the IATA's headquarters in Montreal , Canada. The codes are published semi-annually in the IATA Airline Coding Directory. IATA provides codes for airport handling entities, and for certain railway stations. Alphabetical lists of airports sorted by IATA code are available. A list of railway station codes , shared in agreements between airlines and rail lines such as Amtrak , SNCF , and Deutsche Bahn ,

322-600: Is available. However, many railway administrations have their own list of codes for their stations, such as the list of Amtrak station codes . Airport codes arose out of the convenience that the practice brought pilots for location identification in the 1930s. Initially, pilots in the United States used the two-letter code from the National Weather Service (NWS) for identifying cities. This system became unmanageable for cities and towns without an NWS identifier, and

368-518: Is different from the name in English, yet the airport code represents only the English name. Examples include: Due to scarcity of codes, some airports are given codes with letters not found in their names: The use of 'X' as a filler letter is a practice to create three-letter identifiers when more straightforward options were unavailable: Some airports in the United States retained their NWS ( National Weather Service ) codes and simply appended an X at

414-513: Is in conjunction to rules aimed to avoid confusion that seem to apply in the United States, which state that "the first and second letters or second and third letters of an identifier may not be duplicated with less than 200 nautical miles separation." Thus, Washington, D.C. area's three airports all have radically different codes: IAD for Washington–Dulles , DCA for Washington–Reagan (District of Columbia Airport), and BWI for Baltimore (Baltimore–Washington International, formerly BAL). Since HOU

460-532: Is not followed outside the United States: In addition, since three letter codes starting with Q are widely used in radio communication, cities whose name begins with "Q" also had to find alternate codes, as in the case of: IATA codes should not be confused with the FAA identifiers of U.S. airports. Most FAA identifiers agree with the corresponding IATA codes, but some do not, such as Saipan , whose FAA identifier

506-416: Is used for William P. Hobby Airport , the new Houston–Intercontinental became IAH. The code BKK was originally assigned to Bangkok–Don Mueang and was later transferred to Suvarnabhumi Airport , while the former adopted DMK. The code ISK was originally assigned to Gandhinagar Airport (Nashik's old airport) and later on transferred to Ozar Airport (Nashik's current airport). Shanghai–Hongqiao retained

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552-561: The Canadian transcontinental railroads were built, each station was assigned its own two-letter Morse code : When the Canadian government established airports, it used the existing railway codes for them as well. If the airport had a weather station, authorities added a "Y" to the front of the code, meaning "Yes" to indicate it had a weather station or some other letter to indicate it did not. When international codes were created in cooperation with

598-479: The breeding season , aggressively maintaining territories that vary in size depending on the resources available. Males and females may share some burrows and nesting chambers if their territories border each other, but in general, each pocket gopher inhabits its own individual tunnel system. Although they attempt to flee when threatened, they may attack other animals, including cats and humans, and can inflict serious bites with their long, sharp teeth. Depending on

644-535: The Rockies crossing was held. After a relatively brief period of regional district oversight, the extension of the city limits in the 1980s restored city control. The airport obtained a $ 450,000 federal grant to create a safer realignment of the runway. The 1,070-by-23-metre (3,510 by 75 ft) runway opened with pilot-operated lighting in July 1986. In 1988, the airport received a $ 621,000 federal grant for improved lighting and

690-625: The U.S. For example, several airports in Alaska have scheduled commercial service, such as Stebbins and Nanwalek , which use FAA codes instead of ICAO codes. Thus, neither system completely includes all airports with scheduled service. Some airports are identified in colloquial speech by their IATA code. Examples include LAX and JFK . Gopher Cratogeomys Geomys Heterogeomys Orthogeomys Pappogeomys Thomomys Zygogeomys Pocket gophers , commonly referred to simply as gophers , are burrowing rodents of

736-481: The United States, because "Y" was seldom used in the United States, Canada simply used the weather station codes for its airports, changing the "Y" to a "Z" if it conflicted with an airport code already in use. The result is that most major Canadian airport codes start with "Y" followed by two letters in the city's name (for example, YOW for O tta w a , YWG for W innipe g , YYC for C algar y , or YVR for V ancouve r ), whereas other Canadian airports append

782-450: The adjacent First Nations band. The outcome enabled the city to lease a 183-by-122-metre (600 by 400 ft) parcel of land. Following development, the DOT granted the licence in July 1947. However, the extended length may have been only 671 metres (2,200 ft). The Vernon Flying Club was the sole tenant during the late 1940s and early 1950s. At the latter time, the grass runway was paved and

828-440: The airport itself instead of the city it serves, while another code is reserved which refers to the city itself which can be used to search for flights to any of its airports. For instance: Or using a code for the city in one of the major airports and then assigning another code to another airport: When different cities with the same name each have an airport, they need to be assigned different codes. Examples include: Sometimes,

874-418: The airport's former name, such as Orlando International Airport 's MCO (for Mc C o y Air Force Base), or Chicago's O'Hare International Airport , which is coded ORD for its original name: Or char d Field. In rare cases, the code comes from the airport's unofficial name, such as Kahului Airport 's OGG (for local aviation pioneer Jimmy H ogg ). In large metropolitan areas, airport codes are often named after

920-406: The area a stretch of denuded soil. At the same time, the soil disturbance created by turning it over can lead to the early establishment of ecological succession in communities of r-selected and other ruderal plant species . The stashing and subsequent decomposition of plant material in the gophers' larder can produce deep fertilization of the soil. Pocket gophers are solitary outside of

966-585: The city examined other potential airport sites and decided on an area near Okanagan Landing . The property had been considered during the 1936 air route survey but was unsuitable because of the Canadian Pacific Railway (CP) right-of-way. However, the Okanagan Landing–Vernon trackage had lost its significance to CP and was abandoned in August 1940 and the rails lifted. In 1946, the city purchased

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1012-593: The city hangar was built. Since then, many private and corporate clients have been based at the facility, totalling almost 80 aircraft during the 1970s, when the Regional District of North Okanagan administered the airport. In 1962, customs facilities were established. In 1969, the Vernon Flying Club flew Ernest Hoy from Calgary to Vancouver with stops in Golden and Vernon, where a 50th anniversary celebration of

1058-491: The code SHA, while the newer Shanghai–Pudong adopted PVG. The opposite was true for Berlin : the airport Berlin–Tegel used the code TXL, while its smaller counterpart Berlin–Schönefeld used SXF; the Berlin Brandenburg Airport has the airport code BER, which is also part of its branding. The airports of Hamburg (HAM) and Hannover (HAJ) are less than 100 nautical miles (190 km) apart and therefore share

1104-919: The end. Examples include: A lot of minor airfields without scheduled passenger traffic have ICAO codes but not IATA codes, since the four letter codes allow more number of codes, and IATA codes are mainly used for passenger services such as tickets, and ICAO codes by pilots. In the US, such airfields use FAA codes instead of ICAO. There are airports with scheduled service for which there are ICAO codes but not IATA codes, such as Nkhotakota Airport/Tangole Airport in Malawi or Chōfu Airport in Tokyo, Japan. There are also several minor airports in Russia (e.g., Omsukchan Airport ) which lack IATA codes and instead use internal Russian codes for booking. Flights to these airports cannot be booked through

1150-478: The family Geomyidae . The roughly 41 species are all endemic to North and Central America. They are commonly known for their extensive tunneling activities and their ability to destroy farms and gardens. The name "pocket gopher" on its own may refer to any of a number of genera within the family Geomyidae. These are the "true" gophers, but several ground squirrels in the distantly related family Sciuridae are often called "gophers", as well. The origin of

1196-557: The first three letters of the city in which it is located, for instance: The code may also be a combination of the letters in its name, such as: Sometimes the airport code reflects pronunciation, rather than spelling, namely: For many reasons, some airport codes do not fit the normal scheme described above. Some airports, for example, cross several municipalities or regions, and therefore, use codes derived from some of their letters, resulting in: Other airports—particularly those serving cities with multiple airports—have codes derived from

1242-474: The following format: Most large airports in Canada have codes that begin with the letter "Y", although not all "Y" codes are Canadian (for example, YUM for Yuma, Arizona , and YNT for Yantai , China), and not all Canadian airports start with the letter "Y" (for example, ZBF for Bathurst, New Brunswick ). Many Canadian airports have a code that starts with W, X or Z, but none of these are major airports. When

1288-593: The form of " YYZ ", a song by the rock band Rush , which utilizes the Morse code signal as a musical motif. Some airports have started using their IATA codes as brand names , such as Calgary International Airport (YYC) and Vancouver International Airport (YVR). Numerous New Zealand airports use codes that contain the letter Z, to distinguish them from similar airport names in other countries. Examples include HLZ for Hamilton , ZQN for Queenstown , and WSZ for Westport . Predominantly, airport codes are named after

1334-538: The formation of a local branch of the Aerial League of Canada (returned airmen). Landings at Mission Hill that August were Lieut. Ernie O. Hall, Capt. Ernest Charles Hoy , and Lieut. G.K. Trim. After that visit, Hoy continued eastward to make the first successful flight over the Canadian Rockies . In June 1921, Col. Scott Williams landed and made several public presentations on the future of aviation. The next arrival

1380-489: The gopher include weasels , snakes , and hawks . All pocket gophers create a network of tunnel systems that provide protection and a means of collecting food. They are larder hoarders , and their cheek pouches are used for transporting food back to their burrows. Gophers can collect large hoards. Unlike ground squirrels , gophers do not live in large communities and seldom find themselves above ground. Tunnel entrances can be identified by small piles of loose soil covering

1426-478: The identified 21 hectares (52 acres) for $ 12,000 and spent $ 6,000 on development to create a 594-metre (1,950 ft) runway. However, the DOT would not grant an airport licence unless the runway was at least 762 metres (2,500 ft). Lacking funds to purchase additional land, the city postponed action. Richard Hamilton (Dick) Laidman, who wished to start a flying school at the airport, personally negotiated for months with

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1472-482: The international air booking systems or have international luggage transferred there, and thus, they are booked instead through the airline or a domestic booking system. Several heliports in Greenland have 3-letter codes used internally which might be IATA codes for airports in faraway countries. There are several airports with scheduled service that have not been assigned ICAO codes that do have IATA codes, especially in

1518-466: The location became a popular stop for passing aircraft. In November 1936, Air Commodore Herbert Hollick-Kenyon landed the largest plane, an Electra 10-A , while surveying a Vancouver – Lethbridge air route. In 1939, civil aviation ceased at Vernon for the duration of World War II , when the DND leased the airport from the city for $ 247.50 annually, which was the interest payable on the bonds. During 1940,

1564-500: The males are larger than the females, and can be nearly double their weight. Average lifespans are one to three years. The maximum lifespan for the pocket gopher is about five years. Some gophers, such as those in the genus Geomys , have lifespans that have been documented as up to seven years in the wild. Most gophers have brown fur that often closely matches the color of the soil in which they live. Their most characteristic features are their large cheek pouches, from which

1610-612: The name of the airport itself, for instance: This is also true with some cities with a single airport (even if there is more than one airport in the metropolitan area of said city), such as BDL for Hartford, Connecticut 's B ra dl ey International Airport or Baltimore's BWI, for B altimore/ W ashington I nternational Airport ; however, the latter also serves Washington, D.C. , alongside Dulles International Airport (IAD, for I nternational A irport D ulles) and Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport (DCA, for D istrict of C olumbia A irport). The code also sometimes comes from

1656-437: The northwest side. The infrastructure includes the public terminal building, hangars, fuel storage, and firefighting equipment. BC Transit connects the airport and Vernon. Fog, snow, and blizzard conditions impact operations. The average annual snowfall is 91 centimetres (36 in), which requires frequent plowing in winter. IATA airport code The assignment of these codes is governed by IATA Resolution 763, and it

1702-416: The one they are located in: Other airport codes are of obscure origin, and each has its own peculiarities: In Asia, codes that do not correspond with their city's names include Niigata 's KIJ , Nanchang 's KHN and Pyongyang 's FNJ . EuroAirport Basel Mulhouse Freiburg , which serves three countries, has three airport codes: BSL, MLH, EAP. Some cities have a name in their respective language which

1748-472: The opening. Burrows are in many areas where the soil is softer and easily tunneled. Gophers often visit vegetable gardens, lawns, or farms, as they like moist soil (see Soil biomantle ). This has led to their frequent treatment as pests . Gophers eat plant roots, shrubs, and other vegetables such as carrots, lettuce, radishes, and any other vegetables with juice. Some species are considered agricultural pests. The resulting destruction of plant life then leaves

1794-501: The same first and middle letters, indicating that this rule might be followed only in Germany. Many cities retain historical names in their airport codes, even after having undergone an official name/spelling/transliteration change: Some airport codes are based on previous names associated with a present airport, often with a military heritage. These include: Some airports are named for an administrative division or nearby city, rather than

1840-506: The species and local conditions, pocket gophers may have a specific annual breeding season, or may breed repeatedly through the year. Each litter typically consists of two to five young, although this may be much higher in some species. The young are born blind and helpless and are weaned when around 40 days old. Geomys and Thomomys species are classed as "prohibited new organisms" under New Zealand's Hazardous Substances and New Organisms Act 1996 , preventing them from being imported into

1886-497: The station code of Malton, Mississauga , where it is located). YUL is used for Montréal–Trudeau (UL was the ID code for the beacon in the city of Kirkland , now the location of Montréal–Trudeau). While these codes make it difficult for the public to associate them with a particular Canadian city, some codes have become popular in usage despite their cryptic nature, particularly at the largest airports. Toronto's code has entered pop culture in

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1932-504: The two-letter code of the radio beacons that were the closest to the actual airport, such as YQX in Gander or YXS in Prince George . Four of the ten provincial capital airports in Canada have ended up with codes beginning with YY, including: Canada's largest airport is YYZ for Toronto Pearson (as YTZ was already allocated to Billy Bishop Toronto City Airport , the airport was given

1978-529: The use of two letters allowed only a few hundred combinations; a three-letter system of airport codes was implemented. This system allowed for 17,576 permutations, assuming all letters can be used in conjunction with each other. Since the U.S. Navy reserved "N" codes, and to prevent confusion with Federal Communications Commission broadcast call signs , which begin with "W" or "K", the airports of certain U.S. cities whose name begins with one of these letters had to adopt "irregular" airport codes: This practice

2024-573: The word "gopher" is uncertain; the French gaufre , meaning waffle , has been suggested, on account of the gopher tunnels resembling the honeycomb -like pattern of holes in a waffle; another suggestion is that the word is of Muskogean origin. Pocket gophers weigh around 200 g ( 1 ⁄ 2  lb), and are about 15–20 cm (6–8 in) in body length, with a tail 2.5–5 cm (1–2 in) long. A few species reach weights approaching 1 kg (2.2 lb). Within any particular gopher species,

2070-433: The word "pocket" in their name derives. These pouches are fur-lined, can be turned inside out, and extend from the side of the mouth well back onto the shoulders. Gophers have small eyes and a short, hairy tail, which they use to feel around tunnels when they walk backwards. Pocket gophers have often been found to carry external parasites including, most commonly, lice, but also ticks, fleas, and mites. Common predators of

2116-534: Was pilot John M. Patterson in a Yukon Airways and Exploration Co biplane in September 1928. The ideal location of Mission Hill on a trans-Canada air route prompted the Vernon City Council to purchase Mission Hill in late 1929, funded by a $ 4,000 bond issue. In April 1930, John Henry Tudhope landed. That May, Radium Flying Service opened a flying school. In 1931, the two runways and infrastructure were completed,

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