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44-687: The grape is widely associated with the Denominazione di origine controllata e Garantita (DOCG) wine of Ramandolo which gained DOCG status in 2001. It is also often seen in the DOC wines from the Colli Orientali del Friuli . Wine expert Karen MacNeil has stated that the Verduzzo-based Ramandolo is one of the " lightest-bodied , most exquisite dessert wines made anywhere". According to wine writers Joe Bastianich and David Lynch , Verduzzo has

88-656: A copper sheen to its deep yellow color with herbal notes. Outside of Italy there are small plantings of Verduzzo in neighboring Slovenia with 4.15 hectares (10 acres) documented in 2009 in the Goriška Brda (Gorizia Hills) region that borders the province of Gorizia in Friuli-Venezia Giulia. In Australia , a Victorian wine producer in King Valley has been experimenting with the grape producing both dry and sweet varietal styles. As of December 21, 2012, Verduzzo

132-432: A DOCG identification arose when the DOC designation was, in the view of many Italian food industries, given too liberally to different products. A new, more restrictive identification was then created as similar as possible to the previous one so that buyers could still recognize it, but qualitatively different. The three original DOCGs were Brunello di Montalcino , Vino Nobile di Montepulciano , and Barolo , all approved by

176-501: A Verduzzo wine from the commune of Faedis in the Udine province was served along with a Ramandolo from the Torlano frazione of Nimis . Considering that Ramandolo is a primary synonym of Verduzzo and the modern Denominazione di origine controllata e Garantita (DOCG) sweet dessert wine from the region is made solely from Verduzzo, it is likely both wines mentioned in the document came from

220-422: A lighter body and more astringency due to less balance of the grape's sugars with its tannin levels. According to wine expert Jancis Robinson , well made varietal examples of sweet Verduzzo from favorable vintages can be "powerful and fresh" with the potential to age in the bottle for a few years after the vintage date. Robinson notes that these wines will often have slight herbal and cedar notes along with

264-458: A lower alcohol level of at least 10.5% is permitted for use in the general DOC white blend. Friuli Latisana has a similar 85% varietal requirement and yield restriction but a slightly lower minimum alcohol requirement of 10.5%. The Latisana DOC is also notable for its recent experimentation on many of its white wines, including Verduzzo, with barrel aging . While nearly all the Friuli DOCs specify

308-616: A presidential decree in July 1980, followed by Barbaresco three months later. For wines produced in Bolzano, where German is an official language, DOCG may be written as Kontrollierte und garantierte Ursprungsbezeichnung . For wines produced in the Aosta Valley, where French is an official language, DOCG may be written as Dénomination d'origine contrôlée et garantie . In 2010–2011 many new DOCG classifications were created or elevated from DOC, in

352-575: A special Superiore bottling for its varietal Verduzzo with a higher minimum alcohol level of 11% while Isonzo also allows for a slightly sparkling frizzante style. The Isonzo DOC also produces a late-harvest white blend labelled as Vendemmia Tardiva that can feature Verduzzo along with Friulano, Pinot bianco and Chardonnay. In Friuli Grave, the varietal requirement is at least 85% with yield restrictions of 13 tonnes/ha and minimum alcohol level of 11% or 12% for Superiore bottling. Verduzzo harvested at slightly higher yields (up to 14 tonnes/ha) and with

396-436: A wine satisfy a defined quality standard and be produced within the specified region . Unlike IGT, the DOC definitions will usually specify additional more stringent rules regarding permitted grape varieties, harvest yields, minimum ageing including use of barrels, minimum alcohol content, and other factors. Wines labelled DOC or DOCG must be sold in bottles holding no more than 5 litres (170 US fl oz). Historically

440-499: A yield of 100 hl/ha is possible to combine with high quality, provided that careful canopy management is used. In general, white wine is seen as less sensitive to high yields, and some grape varieties, such as Pinot noir , as particularly sensitive to overcropping. Many examples exist where a vintage-to-vintage variation of yields is in fact positively related with quality, since the low yields can be due to loss of grapes due to adverse conditions such as hail or grey rot . For

484-496: A yield restriction of 13 tonnes/ha and minimum alcohol level of 11%. In Piave the varietal percentage is 95% with yields limited to 12 tonnes/ha and minimum alcohol level of 11%. One of the most notable examples of Verduzzo is the 100% varietal wine made from this DOCG region located in the northern reaches of the Udine province in the hills above the town of Nimis. Here grapes are limited to a harvest yield no greater than 10 tonnes/ha with

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528-413: Is a typical representative figure for many countries and regions. While yield is generally seen as an important quality factor in wine production, views differ on the relative importance of low yields to other aspects of vineyard management. In general, there is consensus that if vines are cropped with a very high amount of grape clusters, a poor wine will result because of slow and insufficient ripening of

572-561: Is an official language, kontrollierte Ursprungsbezeichnung , as well as in the Aosta Valley , where French is an official language, dénomination d'origine contrôlée . Denominazione di origine controllata e garantita is intended to be a superior classification to DOC, and is the highest classification in Italy. All DOCG wines from each producer are analysed and tasted by a government-licensed judgement panel before being bottled. Once approved,

616-508: Is defined by a 1932 decree. Riserva ('reserve') may be used only for wines that have been aged at least two years longer than normal for a particular type of wine. Yield (wine) In viticulture , the yield is a measure of the amount of grapes or wine that is produced per unit surface of vineyard , and is therefore a type of crop yield . Two different types of yield measures are commonly used, mass of grapes per vineyard surface, or volume of wine per vineyard surface. The yield

660-668: Is not a permitted variety and wines made from this grape are labeled as vino da tavola . Also within the Veneto, Verduzzo is authorized for the Piave DOC. Within the Colli Orientali del Friuli, the grape is used to make sweet wines in the Ramandolo DOCG. In Ramandolo, the grape is mostly commonly found on the steep hills that sit around 380 meters (1,250 feet) above sea level that circle the commune of Nimis. Outside of Ramandolo, most of

704-671: Is often seen as a quality factor, with lower yields associated with wines with more concentrated flavours, and the maximum allowed yield is therefore regulated for many wine appellations . In most of Europe , yield is measured in hectoliters per hectare , i.e., by the volume of wine. In most of the New World , yield is measured in tonnes per hectare (or short tons per acre in the USA) – i.e. by mass of grapes produced per unit area. Due to differing winemaking procedures for different styles of wine, and different properties of different grape varieties,

748-449: The Bordeaux vintages of the 1980s, it is generally recognized that the most abundant harvests also gave the best vintages. In both France and Italy, the maximum allowed yields are regulated in wine laws , and vary between appellations. In France, the maximum yields are given in the regulations for each appellation d'origine contrôlée (AOC). The maximum allowed yield for given AOC in

792-582: The Italian system of labelling and legally protecting Italian wine : The system was introduced in 1963 shortly after the Treaty of Rome established Italy as a founding member of the European Economic Community , and was modelled on the extant French appellation d'origine contrôlée (AOC) laws. It was overhauled in 1992 to match new European Union law on protected designation of origin , introducing

836-462: The 20th century plantings of Verduzzo were on the decline, there were still 1658 hectares (4,097 acres) planted throughout Italy in 2000. The majority of these plantings were found in the eastern province of Udine in the Friuli-Venezia Giulia region, particularly around the communes of Nimis, Faedis, Torlano and Tarcento which have all had a long history associated with the grape. Outside of Friuli, significant plantings of Verduzzo can also be found in

880-630: The DOC status has been used to classify other food products such as cheeses, olive oil and vinegar, but the denominazione di origine protetta (DOP) is now used instead. Since the 2008 EU reforms, both the DOC and DOCG wine classifications are protected in the EU as protected designation of origin (PDO), which in Italy generally is indicated in Italian: denominazione di origine protetta (DOP). They may however still be referred to as DOC/DOCG, or in Bolzano , where German

924-519: The DOC wine produced by Verduzzo are labeled under the Friuli Grave and Colli Orientali del Friuli designations. Under Italian wine law , each DOC has its own specification for how each grape variety can be used in order for the DOC name to appear on the wine label . For example, in the Friuli Aquileia DOC, Verduzzo can be produced as a varietally labeled wine provided it makes up at least 85% of

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968-536: The EU protected geographical indication (PGI) designation, and many producers have switched to using the Italian translation, Indicazione geografica protetta (IGP). This classification is seen to be a higher quality wine than vino da tavola ('table wine'). The denominazione di origine controllata classification was created to be roughly equivalent to the French appellation d'origine contrôlée (AOC). It requires that

1012-636: The Friuliano variety as the only permitted Verduzzo, the DOC regulations for the Veneto DOCs Piave and Lison-Pramaggiore (which is partially in Friuli) either don't specify which Verduzzo variety or allow for the use of Verduzzo Trevigiano grape. In the Lison-Pramaggiore DOC both a still varietal and sparkling Spumante style Verduzzo can be produced if the grape accounts for at least 90% of the blend with

1056-608: The Trevigiano variety producing higher yields but less aromatic and flavorful wine. DNA profiling conducted in 2010 and 2011 using simple sequence repeats (SSRs) on over 1005 Vitis vinifera varieties concluded definitively that the Trevigiano and Friulano varieties of Verduzzo were two distinct grape varieties. The same research also proved that the Verduzzo planted in the Ramandolo region near Nimis, known locally as Verduzzo Ramandolo

1100-581: The Veneto along the banks of the Piave river and around the town of Pramaggiore . Verduzzo is permitted in several of the Friuli DOCs-Colli Orientali del Friuli, Friuli Annia , Friuli Aquileia , Friuli Grave , Friuli Isonzo and Friuli Latisana as well as the overlapping Lison Pramaggiore DOC that extends into the Veneto. It is also grown in the Collio Goriziano DOC zone, however, it

1144-522: The Verduzzo Friulano grape but may offer other viticultural or economic benefits such as greater disease resistance and higher yields . One exception is the Verduzzo Rascie which produces looser clusters that are less likely to rot as it hangs longer on the vine, making its slightly better for late harvest wines. Verduzzo Giallo (also known as "yellow Verduzzo" or "Verduzzo Ramandolo") is one of

1188-513: The amount of wine produced from a unit mass of grapes varies. It is therefore not possible to make an exact conversion between these units. Representative figures for the amount of grapes needed for 100 L of wine are 160 kg for white wine , 130 kg for red wine , and 140 kg for a mixture of red and white wine. Thus: Yields vary greatly between countries, regions and individual vineyards, and can be vintage-dependent. Somewhere around 50 hectoliters per hectare, or 3 tons per acre,

1232-514: The better sub-varieties and does well with the sweeter wine. Verduzzo Verde is a rare, lower quality sub variety that is mostly found in the plains region of the Friuli. For many years ampelographers were unsure if the Verduzzo Trevigiano grape, which appeared in the Friuli-Venezia Giulia in the 20th century, was related to Verduzzo Friulano. The two varieties were often planted together with

1276-527: The blend from grapes that have been harvested at a yield no greater than 12 tonnes /hectare and the finished wine attains a minimum alcohol level of at least 11%. In the Colli Orientali del Friuli , a varietal Verduzzo can be made with at least 90% of the variety and other local white grape varieties such as Friulano (Sauvignon vert), Ribolla Gialla , Pinot bianco , Pinot grigio , Sauvignon blanc , Riesling Renano and Picolit permitted to fill in

1320-463: The grapes allowed to hang on the vine late in the season and may even receive extra drying after picking. This allows for a greater concentration of sugar which leaves a wine with noticeable residual sweetness even with the high minimum alcohol level of 14%. Wine expert Peter Saunders describes well made examples of Ramandolo from favorable vintages as fragrant, full-bodied, slightly tannic and not too sweet. Karen MacNeil describes Ramandolo as having

1364-485: The grapes, due to an unfavorable leaf to fruit ratio. This is a situation that would typically correspond to yields of, say, 200 hl/ha or more, depending on grape variety and many other factors. Beyond that, there are differing schools of thought. One school of thought, generally subscribed to in France, claims that great red wine is impossible to produce at yields exceeding 50 hl/ha. Another school of thought claims that

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1408-432: The honeyed aromas commonly associated with the style. However, for the drier style, Robinson believes that the slight astringent character of Verduzzo tends to become more noticeable. Oz Clarke describes the sweeter examples of Verduzzo as "runny honey" with floral notes and an "enlivening backbone of acidity . Clarke agrees with Jancis Robinson that well made examples have the potential to develop with age but believes that

1452-413: The more general denominazione di origine protetta (DOP) designation for foods and agricultural products, including wines. Further EU reforms to harmonise agricultural policy in 2008 meant that designations used in member states, and thus Italian designations, were registered with the EU by the end of 2011, with subsequent new denominations or elevations approved by the EU. Indicazione geografica tipica

1496-440: The potential to create a wide variety of wine styles with dry styles produced in larger quantities than the sweeter style. The sweeter styles tend to be more commercially successful, particularly the late harvest dessert wines and passito wine style made by drying the grape to near raisins after they are harvested. These sweet Verduzzos are medium bodied with a deep golden color and honeyed aromas . The drier styles have

1540-459: The potential to produce honeyed sweet wines with a citrus note similar to "an orange jelly candy " as well as somewhat tannic dry whites with " chalky " notes. Verduzzo has a long history in northeast Italy with the first written record of the grape dating back to June 6, 1409, in a listing of wines served at a banquet in Cividale del Friuli in honor of Pope Gregory XII . According to the account,

1584-454: The remainder. (Other Friuli DOCs will often add Chardonnay , Malvasia , Müller-Thurgau , Riesling Italico and Traminer Aromatico to the list.) Any grapes used must be limited to a maximum harvest yield of 11 tonnes/ha with the finished Verduzzo wine having a minimum alcohol level of at least 12%. Varietal Verduzzo in Friuli Annia, Friuli Aquileia and Friuli Isonzo must be made a 100% of

1628-463: The rush to register them before the EU reform deadline. This has had the effect of potentially diluting the importance of the DOCG classification. Italian legislation additionally regulates the use of qualifying terms for wines. Classico ('classic') is reserved for wines produced in the region where a particular type of wine has been produced "traditionally". For Chianti Classico , this traditional region

1672-436: The same grape with potentially one wine being a drier style and the other sweet. The Verduzzo vine tends to thrive on hillside vineyard locations that have good exposure to the sun which gives this mid to late-ripening variety ample time to achieve full physiological ripeness. The grape tends to be very resistant to botrytis and bunch rot which lends itself well to the production of late harvest wines . While for most of

1716-505: The variety. In Annia, grapes must be harvested at no more than 12 tonnes/ha with a finished alcohol level of 10.5% while higher yields and lower alcohol levels are permitted in Aquileia and Isonzo (14 tonnes/ha with 10% APV and 13 tonnes with 10.5% APV respectively). In all three DOCs, Verduzzo can also be used in the DOC white blend with no limit on percentage under the same yield and alcohol level restrictions respectively. Aquileia does allow for

1760-449: The wines are "guaranteed" with a numbered governmental seal across the cap or cork, to prevent later manipulation. Where the DOCG classification represents a refinement of an existing DOC wine, the rules for the DOCG wine usually require more stringent quality controls. These controls are usually some combination of a lower proportion of blending grapes, lower yields, higher minimum alcohol, longer ageing requirements, and so on. The need for

1804-991: The wines tend to be at their best when "young and fresh". Italian wine writer Victor Hazan , husband of the Italian cookbook writer Marcella Hazan , recommends consuming sweet examples of Verduzzo, such as Ramandolo, at between three and four years after the vintage date. The wide variance in styles of Verduzzo opens it up to a wide variety of food and wine pairing options. The sweeter styles are often enjoyed as dessert in themselves or paired with blue cheeses , nuts and fruit. The drier styles are often paired with seafood and pasta dishes with light seafood sauce common in Venetian cuisine . Author Victor Hazan also recommends dry Verduzzo Friulano with chicken and game bird dishes, either roasted or grilled and notes that some full-bodied examples of Verduzzo could even hold up to beef casserole dishes. Throughout Italy are several sub-varieties of Verduzzo that seem to be of mostly inferior quality to

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1848-546: Was created in 1992 to recognize the unusually high quality of the class of wines known as Super Tuscans , and to be broadly equivalent to the French vin de pays designation, official in Italy's Aosta Valley , where French is an official language. IGT wines are labelled with the locality of their creation, but do not meet the requirements of the stricter DOC or DOCG designations, which are generally intended to protect traditional wine formulations such as Chianti or Barolo . Since 2008 both IGT and vin de pays are equivalent to

1892-415: Was identical to the Verduzzo Friulano planted elsewhere. Over the years Verduzzo has been known under a variety of synonyms including: Ramandolo, Romandolo, Verdana Friulana, Verdicchio Friulano, Verduc, Verduz, Verduza, Verduzzo Friulano, Verduzzo giallo, Veduzz, Verduzo and Verduzzo verde. Denominazione di origine controllata e Garantita The following four classifications of wine constitute

1936-589: Was not an approved grape variety name permitted for use on American wine labels by the Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau (TTB). This does not mean that a vineyard in the United States can not grow the variety but any winemaker wishing to make a varietal Verduzzo or put the variety in a blend with the grape listed on the label will need to first to demonstrate its use in the United States for wine production which no current American winery has yet done. Verduzzo has

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