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51-454: Gateway is a 1977 science-fiction novel by American writer Frederik Pohl . It is the opening novel in the Heechee saga, with four sequels that followed (five books overall). Gateway won the 1978 Hugo Award for Best Novel , the 1978 Locus Award for Best Novel , the 1977 Nebula Award for Best Novel , and the 1978 John W. Campbell Memorial Award for Best Science Fiction Novel . The novel

102-565: A Gateway TV series was going to be written and produced by David Eick and Josh Pate for Syfy , although it failed to enter production. In 2017 Skybound Entertainment made an agreement with the Pohl estate for another attempt at making a TV series but it failed to begin production as well. Frederik Pohl Hugo Award (novel) 1978 National Book Award 1980 Frederik George Pohl Jr. ( / p oʊ l / ; November 26, 1919 – September 2, 2013)

153-410: A dystopian satire of a world ruled by the advertising agencies. In the mid-1950s, he began a long-running collaboration with Jack Williamson, eventually resulting in 10 collaborative novels over five decades. Other collaborations included a novel with Lester Del Rey, Preferred Risk (1955). This novel was solicited for a contest by Galaxy–Simon & Schuster when the judges did not think any of

204-524: A form of guilt in the face of their patients' suffering. Stephen Joseph, a psychologist at the University of Warwick , has studied the survivors of the capsizing of the MS Herald of Free Enterprise which killed 193 of the 459 passengers. His studies showed that 60 percent of the survivors suffered from survivor guilt. Joseph went on to say: There were three types: Sufferers sometimes blame themselves for

255-689: A lander to visit a planet or other object if one is found. Despite the risks, many people on impoverished , overcrowded Earth dream of going to Gateway. Robinette Stetley Broadhead is a young food shale miner who wins a lottery, giving him enough money to purchase a one-way ticket to Gateway. Once there, he is frightened of the danger and puts off going on a mission as long as he can. In the meantime, he becomes romantically involved with two different women, eventually settling on Gelle-Klara Moynlin, his co-enabler in fearful delaying. Eventually, he starts running out of money, and although still terrified, he goes out on three trips. The first, with Klara and three others,

306-502: A number of science-fiction anthologies . Though he retired his pen names "Gottesman", "Lavond", and "MacCreigh" by the early 1950s, Pohl still occasionally used pseudonyms, even after he began to publish work under his real name. These occasional pseudonyms, all of which date from the early 1950s to the early 1960s, included Charles Satterfield, Paul Flehr, Ernst Mason, Jordan Park (two collaborative novels with Kornbluth), and Edson McCann (one collaborative novel with Lester del Rey ). In

357-400: A particular setting will take the ship, how long the trip will last, or even if enough fuel is available to get back. Those who choose to risk their lives cram the limited space with equipment and hopefully enough food for the trip, but sometimes it is not enough, and they have to resort first to cannibalism, and if that is not enough, to suicide. Attempts at reverse engineering to find out how

408-619: A personal favor if no one ever looked it up". ) His first story, the collaboration with C.M. Kornbluth "Before the Universe", appeared in 1940 under the pseudonym S.D. Gottesman. Pohl started a career as a literary agent in 1937, but it was a sideline for him until after World War II, when he began doing it full-time. Pohl stopped being Asimov's agent—the only one the latter ever had —when he became editor from 1939 to 1943 of two pulp magazines , Astonishing Stories and Super Science Stories . In his autobiography, Pohl said that he stopped editing

459-702: A science-fiction fanzine called Mind of Man. In 1936, Pohl joined the Young Communist League because of its positions for unions and against racial prejudice , Adolf Hitler , and Benito Mussolini . He became president of the local Flatbush III Branch of the YCL in Brooklyn. Pohl has said that after the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of 1939, the party line changed and he could no longer support it, at which point he left. During World War II , Pohl served in

510-469: A suburb of Chicago . He was previously a longtime resident of Middletown, New Jersey . Pohl began writing in the late 1930s, using pseudonyms for most of his early works. His first publication was the poem "Elegy to a Dead Satellite: Luna" under the name of Elton Andrews, in the October 1937 issue of Amazing Stories , edited by T. O'Conor Sloane . (Pohl asked readers 30 years later, "we would take it as

561-832: A traumatic event, avoiding situations that are a reminder of the event, feelings of intense distress that affects everyday activities, feeling of fear and horror when there is no threat, etc. An individual whose everyday activities are hindered due to recalling a traumatic event may be experiencing PTSD. Survivor syndrome was first identified during the 1960s. Several therapists recognized similar if not identical conditions among Holocaust survivors . Similar signs and symptoms have been recognized in survivors of traumatic situations including combat , natural disasters , terrorist attacks , air-crashes and wide-ranging job layoffs. A variant form has been found among rescue and emergency services personnel who blame themselves for doing too little to help those in danger, and among therapists, who may feel

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612-433: A wealthy man, he seeks therapy from an artificial intelligence Freudian therapist program, which he names Sigfrid von Shrink. The narrative alternates in time between Broadhead's experiences on Gateway and his sessions with Sigfrid, converging on the traumatic events near the black hole and Broadhead finally remembering them so he can begin to heal. Sigfrid helps him realize that due to the gravitational time dilation of

663-511: Is Jem (1979), winner of the National Book Award . His works include not only science fiction, but also articles for Playboy and Family Circle magazines and nonfiction books. For a time, he was the official authority for Encyclopædia Britannica on the subject of Emperor Tiberius . (He wrote a book on the subject of Tiberius, as "Ernst Mason".) Some of his short stories take a satirical look at consumerism and advertising in

714-404: Is unsuccessful, and afterwards tension rises between them until he gives her a vicious beating. On the second trip, he goes by himself and inadvertently makes a discovery through unauthorized experimentation when he becomes infuriated after reaching Gateway Two, a smaller version of Gateway with only about 150 ships. He is awarded a sizable bonus because his route saves about 100 days of travel time;

765-740: The Holocaust , or the Rape of Nanjing . In 1949, Eddy de Wind , a Dutch psychiatrist and survivor of Auschwitz concentration camp , introduced the term "concentration camp syndrome" regarding the psychological consequences of persecution, describing the "pathological after-effects" unique to former prisoners of Nazi concentration and extermination camps . The subsequently well-documented syndrome among Holocaust survivors includes anxiety and depression , intellectual impairment, social withdrawal, sleep disturbance and nightmares, physical complaints and mood swings with loss of drive. Several studies have examined

816-764: The Hugo Award for Best Fan Writer in 2010, for his blog, "The Way the Future Blogs". Pohl was the son of Frederik (originally Friedrich) George Pohl (a salesman of German descent) and Anna Jane Mason. Pohl Sr. held various jobs, and the Pohls lived in such far-flung locations as Texas , California , New Mexico , and the Panama Canal Zone . The family settled in Brooklyn when Pohl was around seven. He attended Brooklyn Technical High School , and dropped out at 17. In 2009, he

867-721: The United States Army from April 1943 until November 1945, rising to sergeant as an elite Air Corps weatherman. After training in Illinois, Oklahoma, and Colorado, he was mainly stationed in Italy with the 456th Bombardment Group . Pohl was married five times. His first wife, Leslie Perri , was another Futurian; they were married in August 1940, and divorced in 1944. He then married Dorothy Les Tina in Paris in August 1945 while both were serving in

918-633: The one-year category Science Fiction , and it was a finalist for three other year's best novel awards. He won four Hugo and three Nebula Awards, including receiving both for the 1977 novel Gateway . The Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America named Pohl its 12th recipient of the Damon Knight Memorial Grand Master Award in 1993 and he was inducted by the Science Fiction and Fantasy Hall of Fame in 1998, its third class of two dead and two living writers. Pohl won

969-445: The "chronic and progressive" nature of the condition, with symptoms increasing in intensity as survivors age. Commonly such survivors feel guilty that they have survived the trauma and others – such as their family, friends, and colleagues – did not. Both conditions, along with other descriptive syndromes covering a range of traumatic events are now subsumed under post-traumatic stress disorder . AIDS survivor syndrome refers to

1020-453: The 1940s. He also worked as an advertising copywriter and then as a copywriter and book editor for Popular Science . Pohl co-founded the Hydra Club , a loose collection of science-fiction professionals and fans who met during the late 1940s and 1950s. From the early 1960s until 1969, Pohl served as editor of Galaxy Science Fiction and Worlds of If magazines, taking over after

1071-474: The 1950s and 1960s: "The Wizards of Pung's Corners", where flashy, over-complex military hardware proved useless against farmers with shotguns, and " The Tunnel under the World ", where an entire community of seeming-humans is held captive by advertising researchers. ("The Wizards of Pung's Corners" was freely translated into Chinese and then freely translated back into English as "The Wizard-Masters of Peng-Shi Angle" in

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1122-631: The 1970s, Pohl re-emerged as a novel writer in his own right, with books such as Man Plus and the Heechee Saga series. He won back-to-back Nebula Awards with Man Plus in 1976 and Gateway , the first Heechee novel, in 1977. In 1978, Gateway swept the other two major novel honors, also winning the Hugo Award for Best Novel and John W. Campbell Memorial Award for the best science-fiction novel . Two of his stories have also earned him Hugo Awards: "The Meeting" (with Kornbluth) tied in 1973 and " Fermi and Frost " won in 1986. Another award-winning novel

1173-678: The Hugo voted by convention participants, the Locus voted by magazine subscribers, the Nebula voted by American science-fiction writers, and the juried academic John W. Campbell Memorial Award . He won the Campbell Memorial Award again for the 1984 collection of novellas The Years of the City , one of two repeat winners during the first 40 years. For his 1979 novel Jem , Pohl won a U.S. National Book Award in

1224-517: The Lives He Led , was released on April 12, 2011. By the time of his death, he was working to finish a second volume of his autobiography The Way the Future Was (1979), along with an expanded version of the latter. In July 2020, an academic description reported on the nature and rise of the " robot prosumer ", derived from modern-day technology and related participatory culture , that, in turn,

1275-519: The Second World War. Afterwards, he trained and worked as a teacher in Launceston, Cornwall , and (in his spare time and after retiring) wrote hundreds of poems for adults and children, between 1951 and 2000. One strong theme running through his work is his own sense of survivor's guilt -- a feeling in part triggered by the death of a friend who left Launceston for the war on the same train in 1940, but

1326-589: The age of 19. Less than a week later, on March 23, Coral Springs police announced that Calvin Desir, a juvenile male student from Stoneman Douglas, had been found dead as a result of an apparent suicide. Stephen Whittle was a Liverpool F.C. fan who had bought a ticket for the FA Cup semi-final between Liverpool and Nottingham Forest F.C. on 15 April 1989, but sold his ticket to a friend due to work reasons. The friend (whom he and his family have chosen to leave unidentified)

1377-655: The ailing H. L. Gold could no longer continue working "around the end of 1960". Under his leadership, If won the Hugo Award for Best Professional Magazine for 1966, 1967 and 1968. Pohl hired Judy-Lynn del Rey as his assistant editor at Galaxy and If . He also served as editor of Worlds of Tomorrow from its first issue in 1963 until it was merged into If in 1967. In the mid-1970s, Pohl acquired and edited novels for Bantam Books , published as "A Frederik Pohl Selection"; these included Samuel R. Delany 's Dhalgren and Joanna Russ 's The Female Man . He also edited

1428-704: The asteroid on behalf of the governments of the United States , the Soviet Union , the New People's Asia, the Venusian Confederation, and the United States of Brazil . Nearly a thousand small, abandoned starships are located at Gateway. By extremely dangerous trial and error , humans have partially learned how to operate them. The controls for selecting a destination have been identified, but nobody knows where

1479-488: The black hole's immense gravity field, time is passing much more slowly for his former crewmates and none of them have actually died yet. Broadhead, however, concludes that this means that they will still be alive when he dies, with Klara still believing that he betrayed them to save himself. Also embedded in the narrative are various mission reports (usually with fatalities), roster openings, technical bulletins, and other documents Broadhead might have read on Gateway, adding to

1530-426: The contest submissions was good enough to win their contest. It was published under the joint pseudonym Edson McCann. He also collaborated with Thomas T. Thomas on a sequel to his award-winning novel Man Plus. He wrote two short stories with Isaac Asimov in the 1940s, both published in 1950. He finished a novel begun by Arthur C. Clarke , The Last Theorem , which was published on August 5, 2008. Pohl went to

1581-453: The deaths of others, including those who died while rescuing the survivor or whom the survivor tried unsuccessfully to save. Survivor syndrome , also known as concentration camp syndrome (or KZ syndrome on account of the German term Konzentrationslager ), are terms which have been used to describe the reactions and behaviors of people who have survived massive and adverse events, such as

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1632-493: The first edition of Pohlstars [1984]). In his 1969 novel, " The Age of the Pussyfoot ", Pohl speculated about a society where everyone could access knowledge and the means to communicate with others through a small handheld device similar to a smartphone. Although he set the novel 500 years in the future, he noted in an afterword that it might be as few as fifty years away. A short story " Day Million " suggested that society in

1683-467: The hospital in respiratory distress on the morning of September 2, 2013, and died that afternoon at the age of 93. Survivor guilt People that have a lasting fear or other mental health issues after traumatizing events may be experiencing Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder . Almost all people experience some type of traumatic event throughout their lifetime, and a percentage (5.6%) will be diagnosed with PTSD. Symptoms include: unwillingly reliving

1734-843: The military in Europe; the marriage ended in 1947. During 1948, he married Judith Merril ; they had a daughter, Ann. Pohl and Merril divorced in 1952. In 1953, he married Carol M. Ulf Stanton, with whom he had three children and collaborated on several books; they separated in 1977 and were divorced in 1983. From 1984 until his death, Pohl was married to science-fiction expert and academic Elizabeth Anne Hull . He fathered four children – Ann (m. Walter Weary), Frederik III (born and died in 1954, aged one month ), Frederik IV (a Los Angeles-based actor, writer, and producer), and Kathy. Grandchildren include Canadian writer Emily Pohl-Weary and chef Tobias Pohl-Weary. From 1984 on, he lived in Palatine, Illinois ,

1785-532: The psychological effects of living with the long-term trajectory of the AIDS epidemic and includes survivor's guilt, depression , and feelings of being forgotten in contemporary discussions concerning HIV. While AIDS survivor syndrome has not been recognized as a pathologizable illness by the NIH (as of December 2017 ), scientific research and publications are available that address this issue. American musician Waylon Jennings

1836-547: The second annual J. W. Eaton Lifetime Achievement Award in Science Fiction from the University of California, Riverside Libraries at the 2009 Eaton Science Fiction Conference , "Extraordinary Voyages: Jules Verne and Beyond". Pohl's work has been an influence on a wide variety of other science fiction writers, some of whom appear in the 2010 anthology, Gateways: Original New Stories Inspired by Frederik Pohl , edited by Elizabeth Anne Hull. Pohl's last novel, All

1887-464: The ships arrive, their crews find to their horror that they are in the gravitational grip of a black hole without enough power to break free. One person devises a desperate escape plan: Move everyone into one ship and thrust the other toward the black hole with an explosion in a lander, thus gaining enough of a boost to escape. They work frantically to transfer unnecessary equipment to make room for everyone in one ship, but Broadhead finds himself alone in

1938-448: The ships work have ended only in disaster, as has changing the settings in midflight. Most settings lead to useless or lethal places. A few, however, result in the discovery of new Heechee artifacts and habitable planets in other star systems, making the crews extremely wealthy. The vessels were made in three standard sizes, which can hold a maximum of one, three, or five people. Some "threes" and many "fives" are armored. Each ship includes

1989-484: The time, haunted Jennings for the rest of his life. On February 14, 2018, Nikolas Cruz went into Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School in Parkland, Florida , and shot randomly at students and staff, killing 17 people and injuring 17 others. Sydney Aiello, whose close friend was killed, struggled with survivor's guilt, and was later diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder. On March 17, 2019, Aiello died by suicide at

2040-706: The two magazines at roughly the time of the German invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941. Stories by Pohl often appeared in these magazines, but never under his own name. Work written in collaboration with Cyril M. Kornbluth was credited to S. D. Gottesman or Scott Mariner; other collaborative work (with any combination of Kornbluth, Dirk Wylie, or Robert A. W. Lownes) was credited to Paul Dennis Lavond. For Pohl's solo work, stories were credited to James MacCreigh (or for one story only, Warren F. Howard.) Works by "Gottesman", "Lavond", and "MacCreigh" continued to appear in various science-fiction pulp magazines throughout

2091-566: The verisimilitude. The economic side of living at Gateway is presented in detail, commencing with the contract all explorers must enter into with the Gateway Corporation, and including how some awards are determined. C. Ben Ostrander reviewed Gateway in The Space Gamer No. 12. Ostrander commented, "I loved this book. I like books that don't solve big problems, but take care of the characters." In 2015 Variety announced that

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2142-410: The windfall is partially offset by the large penalty for incapacitating his ship. On his third trip, the Gateway Corporation tries something different – sending two armored fives, one slightly behind the other, to the same destination, one rejected by most ships' computers; each crewmember is promised a million-dollar bonus. Bob signs up in desperation, along with Klara, with whom he has reconciled. When

2193-434: The wrong ship when time runs out. He closes the hatch so that the plan can proceed. However, his ship is the one that breaks free. Broadhead returns to Gateway and is awarded all the mission bonuses. He feels such enormous survivor guilt for dooming his crewmates, especially Klara, that he suppresses his memories of what happened , but he is very disturbed and miserable, though he does not understand why, so back on Earth as

2244-592: The year 2737 might be as alien to us as contemporary society would be to someone from ancient times. Pohl's Law is "Nothing is so good that somebody, somewhere will not hate it". He was a frequent guest on Long John Nebel 's radio show from the 1950s to the early 1970s, and an international lecturer. Starting in 1995, when the Theodore Sturgeon Memorial Award became a juried award, Pohl served first with James Gunn and Judith Merril , and since then with several others until retiring in 2013. Pohl

2295-457: Was one of the 97 victims of the human crush at that game. Whittle became unable to go to football matches due to his guilt and related feeling of responsibility for his friend's death, and died by suicide on 26 February 2011, almost 22 years after the ill-fated match. The British poet, broadcaster and teacher Charles Causley (1917-2003) served at sea and on land in the Royal Navy for most of

2346-510: Was a guitarist for Buddy Holly 's band and initially had a seat on the ill-fated aircraft on February 3, 1959, which would later come to be known as " the day the music died ". Jennings, however, gave up his seat to the sick J.P. "Big Bopper" Richardson , only to later learn of the plane's crash. When Holly learned that Jennings was not going to fly, he said, "Well, I hope your ol' bus freezes up." Jennings responded, "Well, I hope your ol' plane crashes." This exchange of words, though made in jest at

2397-513: Was adapted into a computer game in 1992. Gateway was serialized in Galaxy prior to its hardcover publication. A short concluding chapter, cut before publication, was later published in the August 1977 issue of Galaxy . Gateway is an asteroid hollowed out by the Heechee , a long-vanished alien race. Humans have had limited success understanding the left-behind bits of Heechee technology found there and elsewhere. The Gateway Corporation administers

2448-469: Was an American science-fiction writer , editor , and fan , with a career spanning nearly 75 years—from his first published work, the 1937 poem "Elegy to a Dead Satellite: Luna", to the 2011 novel All the Lives He Led . From about 1959 until 1969, Pohl edited Galaxy and its sister magazine If ; the latter won three successive annual Hugo Awards as the year's best professional magazine. His 1977 novel Gateway won four "year's best novel" awards:

2499-646: Was associated with Gunn since the 1940s, becoming involved in 1975 with what later became Gunn's Center for the Study of Science Fiction at the University of Kansas. There, he presented many talks, recorded a discussion about "The Ideas in Science Fiction" in 1973 for the Literature of Science Fiction Lecture Series, and served the Intensive Institute on Science Fiction and Science Fiction Writing Workshop. Pohl received

2550-680: Was awarded an honorary diploma from Brooklyn Tech. While a teenager, he co-founded the New York–based Futurians fan group , and began lifelong friendships with Donald Wollheim , Isaac Asimov , and others who would become important writers and editors. Pohl later said that other "friends came and went and were gone, [but] many of the ones I met through fandom were friends all their lives – Isaac, Damon Knight , Cyril Kornbluth , Dirk Wylie , [and] Dick Wilson . In fact, there are one or two – Jack Robins , Dave Kyle – whom I still count as friends, seventy-odd years later...." He published

2601-414: Was substantially predicted earlier by science fiction writers , most notably by Pohl. In addition to his solo writings, Pohl was also well known for his collaborations, beginning with his first published story. Before and following the war, Pohl did a series of collaborations with his friend Cyril Kornbluth, including a large number of short stories and several novels, among them The Space Merchants ,

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