The Venus Engine is an image-processing engine for digital cameras . It was developed by the company Panasonic . Almost all of their Lumix cameras use a version of the Venus Engine. It is based on the Panasonic MN103 /MN103S.
78-505: All image processors operate in four steps. Firstly, they receive data from the CCD sensor . Secondly, they create the Y-color difference signal (image processing). Thirdly, they perform JPEG compression . Finally, they save the image data. Panasonic claims that its VENUS II processing engine performs all of these simultaneously. This chip was based on UniPhier products. The image processing engine of
156-423: A charge amplifier , which converts the charge into a voltage . By repeating this process, the controlling circuit converts the entire contents of the array in the semiconductor to a sequence of voltages. In a digital device, these voltages are then sampled, digitized, and usually stored in memory; in an analog device (such as an analog video camera), they are processed into a continuous analog signal (e.g. by feeding
234-481: A shift register . The essence of the design was the ability to transfer charge along the surface of a semiconductor from one storage capacitor to the next. The concept was similar in principle to the bucket-brigade device (BBD), which was developed at Philips Research Labs during the late 1960s. The first experimental device demonstrating the principle was a row of closely spaced metal squares on an oxidized silicon surface electrically accessed by wire bonds. It
312-482: A CCD is the higher cost: the cell area is basically doubled, and more complex control electronics are needed. An intensified charge-coupled device (ICCD) is a CCD that is optically connected to an image intensifier that is mounted in front of the CCD. An image intensifier includes three functional elements: a photocathode , a micro-channel plate (MCP) and a phosphor screen. These three elements are mounted one close behind
390-665: A cooling system—using either thermoelectric cooling or liquid nitrogen—to cool the chip down to temperatures in the range of −65 to −95 °C (−85 to −139 °F). This cooling system adds additional costs to the EMCCD imaging system and may yield condensation problems in the application. However, high-end EMCCD cameras are equipped with a permanent hermetic vacuum system confining the chip to avoid condensation issues. The low-light capabilities of EMCCDs find use in astronomy and biomedical research, among other fields. In particular, their low noise at high readout speeds makes them very useful for
468-428: A factor of 2–3 compared to the surface-channel CCD. The gate oxide, i.e. the capacitor dielectric , is grown on top of the epitaxial layer and substrate. Later in the process, polysilicon gates are deposited by chemical vapor deposition , patterned with photolithography , and etched in such a way that the separately phased gates lie perpendicular to the channels. The channels are further defined by utilization of
546-555: A few percent. That image can then be read out slowly from the storage region while a new image is integrating or exposing in the active area. Frame-transfer devices typically do not require a mechanical shutter and were a common architecture for early solid-state broadcast cameras. The downside to the frame-transfer architecture is that it requires twice the silicon real estate of an equivalent full-frame device; hence, it costs roughly twice as much. The interline architecture extends this concept one step further and masks every other column of
624-429: A full-frame device, all of the image area is active, and there is no electronic shutter. A mechanical shutter must be added to this type of sensor or the image smears as the device is clocked or read out. With a frame-transfer CCD, half of the silicon area is covered by an opaque mask (typically aluminum). The image can be quickly transferred from the image area to the opaque area or storage region with acceptable smear of
702-592: A gain register is placed between the shift register and the output amplifier. The gain register is split up into a large number of stages. In each stage, the electrons are multiplied by impact ionization in a similar way to an avalanche diode . The gain probability at every stage of the register is small ( P < 2%), but as the number of elements is large (N > 500), the overall gain can be very high ( g = ( 1 + P ) N {\displaystyle g=(1+P)^{N}} ), with single input electrons giving many thousands of output electrons. Reading
780-474: A high-definition television screen. As of February 2009 (based on all information available at official Panasonic Lumix Web pages), it appears that the LSI hardware chip-set that Panasonic Lumix refers to as the "Venus Engine V" is (substantially, if not actually) identical to the LSI hardware chip-set that Panasonic Lumix (also) refers to as the "Venus Engine HD" when describing their (released) DMC-G1, as well in all of
858-401: A large lateral electric field from one gate to the next. This provides an additional driving force to aid in transfer of the charge packets. The CCD image sensors can be implemented in several different architectures. The most common are full-frame, frame-transfer, and interline. The distinguishing characteristic of each of these architectures is their approach to the problem of shuttering. In
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#1732863158829936-399: A non-equilibrium state called deep depletion. Then, when electron–hole pairs are generated in the depletion region, they are separated by the electric field, the electrons move toward the surface, and the holes move toward the substrate. Four pair-generation processes can be identified: The last three processes are known as dark-current generation, and add noise to the image; they can limit
1014-417: A p+ doped region underlying them, providing a further barrier to the electrons in the charge packets (this discussion of the physics of CCD devices assumes an electron transfer device, though hole transfer is possible). The clocking of the gates, alternately high and low, will forward and reverse bias the diode that is provided by the buried channel (n-doped) and the epitaxial layer (p-doped). This will cause
1092-409: A reflective material such as aluminium. When the exposure time is up, the cells are transferred very rapidly to the hidden area. Here, safe from any incoming light, cells can be read out at any speed one deems necessary to correctly measure the cells' charge. At the same time, the exposed part of the CCD is collecting light again, so no delay occurs between successive exposures. The disadvantage of such
1170-445: A signal from a CCD gives a noise background, typically a few electrons. In an EMCCD, this noise is superimposed on many thousands of electrons rather than a single electron; the devices' primary advantage is thus their negligible readout noise. The use of avalanche breakdown for amplification of photo charges had already been described in the U.S. patent 3,761,744 in 1973 by George E. Smith/Bell Telephone Laboratories. EMCCDs show
1248-422: A similar sensitivity to intensified CCDs (ICCDs). However, as with ICCDs, the gain that is applied in the gain register is stochastic and the exact gain that has been applied to a pixel's charge is impossible to know. At high gains (> 30), this uncertainty has the same effect on the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) as halving the quantum efficiency (QE) with respect to operation with a gain of unity. This effect
1326-416: A single slice of the image, whereas a two-dimensional array, used in video and still cameras, captures a two-dimensional picture corresponding to the scene projected onto the focal plane of the sensor. Once the array has been exposed to the image, a control circuit causes each capacitor to transfer its contents to its neighbor (operating as a shift register). The last capacitor in the array dumps its charge into
1404-424: A time. During the readout phase, cells are shifted down the entire area of the CCD. While they are shifted, they continue to collect light. Thus, if the shifting is not fast enough, errors can result from light that falls on a cell holding charge during the transfer. These errors are referred to as "vertical smear" and cause a strong light source to create a vertical line above and below its exact location. In addition,
1482-464: A variety of astronomical applications involving low light sources and transient events such as lucky imaging of faint stars, high speed photon counting photometry, Fabry-Pérot spectroscopy and high-resolution spectroscopy. More recently, these types of CCDs have broken into the field of biomedical research in low-light applications including small animal imaging , single-molecule imaging , Raman spectroscopy , super resolution microscopy as well as
1560-435: A variety of frame rates according to the usage; and options for VFR (Variable Frame Rate) or Time Lapse / Stop Motion Animation without the need for post-production processing. Autofocus needs only 0.07 seconds with the 'Depth from Defocus' autofocus system. The camera also has Wi-Fi with NFC, PC sync port, highlight and shadow control, and a 'silent mode' which uses the electronic shutter only. Video features added to
1638-580: A wide variety of modern fluorescence microscopy techniques thanks to greater SNR in low-light conditions in comparison with traditional CCDs and ICCDs. Panasonic Lumix DMC-GH4 The Panasonic Lumix DMC-GH4 is a Micro Four Thirds System digital still and video camera originally released in May 2014. At the time of its release, the GH4 was notable for being the world's first Mirrorless interchangeable-lens camera with 4K Video recording capability. The GH4
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#17328631588291716-410: Is a photoactive region (an epitaxial layer of silicon), and a transmission region made out of a shift register (the CCD, properly speaking). An image is projected through a lens onto the capacitor array (the photoactive region), causing each capacitor to accumulate an electric charge proportional to the light intensity at that location. A one-dimensional array, used in line-scan cameras, captures
1794-432: Is a specialized CCD, often used in astronomy and some professional video cameras , designed for high exposure efficiency and correctness. The normal functioning of a CCD, astronomical or otherwise, can be divided into two phases: exposure and readout. During the first phase, the CCD passively collects incoming photons , storing electrons in its cells. After the exposure time is passed, the cells are read out one line at
1872-885: Is largely physically similar to its predecessor, the Panasonic Lumix DMC-GH3 , adding only a locking mode dial and more detailed rear LCD screen and Electronic Viewfinder . The emphasis of the camera is the video with Venus Engine IX processor allow for 4K video and 12 fps continuous shooting. As a 4K video camera, it can be categorized as a pro-level video camera that can record in Cinema 4K mode (4096 x 2160) or standard 4K-UHD (3840 x 2160) using IPB compression in 100 Mbit/s. In Full 1080p HD there are two options, 200 Mbit/s in ALL-Intra compression, or 100 Mbit/s with no recording time limit. The camera also provides .mov , mp4 , AVCHD Progressive, and AVCHD video formats at
1950-616: Is mainly mounted on 4K incompatible models. Venus Engine IX is a quad-core processor first introduced in Panasonic's fifth-generation m43 MILC, the GH4 , and later used in the FZ1000 , LX100 and DMC-G7 . In the GH4 the IX processor allows 4K video, 12 fps continuous shooting and 1080p shooting at bit rates as high as 200 Mbit/s. First adopted by GH4 of Lumix G series. On May 18, 2015 Panasonic introduced
2028-557: Is one of the major advantages of the ICCD over the EMCCD cameras. The highest performing ICCD cameras enable shutter times as short as 200 picoseconds . ICCD cameras are in general somewhat higher in price than EMCCD cameras because they need the expensive image intensifier. On the other hand, EMCCD cameras need a cooling system to cool the EMCCD chip down to temperatures around 170 K (−103 °C ). This cooling system adds additional costs to
2106-555: Is referred to as the Excess Noise Factor (ENF). However, at very low light levels (where the quantum efficiency is most important), it can be assumed that a pixel either contains an electron—or not. This removes the noise associated with the stochastic multiplication at the risk of counting multiple electrons in the same pixel as a single electron. To avoid multiple counts in one pixel due to coincident photons in this mode of operation, high frame rates are essential. The dispersion in
2184-512: Is the probability of getting n output electrons given m input electrons and a total mean multiplication register gain of g . For very large numbers of input electrons, this complex distribution function converges towards a Gaussian. Because of the lower costs and better resolution, EMCCDs are capable of replacing ICCDs in many applications. ICCDs still have the advantage that they can be gated very fast and thus are useful in applications like range-gated imaging . EMCCD cameras indispensably need
2262-422: Is the right choice. Consumer snap-shot cameras have used interline devices. On the other hand, for those applications that require the best possible light collection and issues of money, power and time are less important, the full-frame device is the right choice. Astronomers tend to prefer full-frame devices. The frame-transfer falls in between and was a common choice before the fill-factor issue of interline devices
2340-564: Is used in DMC-ZS5 and ZS10. There are many things in common, but in each case some functions have been added as a minor change from the previous chip. According to Panasonic, Venus HD II adds “Intelligent Resolution”, AVCHD Lite at a higher processing speed that utilizes twin CPUs and an advanced noise reduction system that applies noise reduction (NR) to luminance noise and chromatic noise separately. The only difference between Venus HD II and Venus VI are
2418-543: Is used in fourth-generation Panasonic m43 MILC's cameras, including the DMC-G5, G6, GF7, GX7, GM1, GM5 and the GH-3. As a minor change of the previous year's chip, added several functions. No numbering will be attached after this generation. First adopted in G 5 of Lumix G series. Suppressing large size noise that was difficult to deal with conventional chips, achieving grain-free image quality. First adopted by G6 of Lumix G series. It
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2496-405: Is used in the construction of interline-transfer devices. Another version of CCD is called a peristaltic CCD. In a peristaltic charge-coupled device, the charge-packet transfer operation is analogous to the peristaltic contraction and dilation of the digestive system . The peristaltic CCD has an additional implant that keeps the charge away from the silicon/ silicon dioxide interface and generates
2574-613: The G7 , which shoots 4K Ultra HD (3840*2160, 24/25/30p) and uses the Venus IX ISP. A new Venus Engine image processor is featured on the Lumix GH6, which allows shooting at 14 frames per second with autofocus locked. Panasonic claims the latest Venus Engine is nearly twice as powerful as previous generations. CCD sensor A charge-coupled device ( CCD ) is an integrated circuit containing an array of linked, or coupled, capacitors . Under
2652-671: The Kodak Apparatus Division, invented a digital still camera using this same Fairchild 100 × 100 CCD in 1975. The interline transfer (ILT) CCD device was proposed by L. Walsh and R. Dyck at Fairchild in 1973 to reduce smear and eliminate a mechanical shutter . To further reduce smear from bright light sources, the frame-interline-transfer (FIT) CCD architecture was developed by K. Horii, T. Kuroda and T. Kunii at Matsushita (now Panasonic) in 1981. The first KH-11 KENNEN reconnaissance satellite equipped with charge-coupled device array ( 800 × 800 pixels) technology for imaging
2730-558: The LOCOS process to produce the channel stop region. Channel stops are thermally grown oxides that serve to isolate the charge packets in one column from those in another. These channel stops are produced before the polysilicon gates are, as the LOCOS process utilizes a high-temperature step that would destroy the gate material. The channel stops are parallel to, and exclusive of, the channel, or "charge carrying", regions. Channel stops often have
2808-473: The photodiode to the CCD. This led to their invention of the pinned photodiode, a photodetector structure with low lag, low noise , high quantum efficiency and low dark current . It was first publicly reported by Teranishi and Ishihara with A. Kohono, E. Oda and K. Arai in 1982, with the addition of an anti-blooming structure. The new photodetector structure invented at NEC was given the name "pinned photodiode" (PPD) by B.C. Burkey at Kodak in 1984. In 1987,
2886-690: The AVCHD Lite improvements. This engine is used in second-generation Panasonic m43 cameras, the DMC-G2/DMC-G10 and DMC-ZS7/DMC-TZ10. This engine is used in third-generation Panasonic m43 MILC's cameras, including the DMC-G3, GF2, GF3, GX1 and the GH-2. Based on the Venus Engine HD II, this chip was developed with the aim of strengthening the movie shooting function and achieving high-speed processing. This engine
2964-399: The CCD cannot be used to collect light while it is being read out. A faster shifting requires a faster readout, and a faster readout can introduce errors in the cell charge measurement, leading to a higher noise level. A frame transfer CCD solves both problems: it has a shielded, not light sensitive, area containing as many cells as the area exposed to light. Typically, this area is covered by
3042-402: The CCD concept. Michael Tompsett was awarded the 2010 National Medal of Technology and Innovation , for pioneering work and electronic technologies including the design and development of the first CCD imagers. He was also awarded the 2012 IEEE Edison Medal for "pioneering contributions to imaging devices including CCD Imagers, cameras and thermal imagers". In a CCD for capturing images, there
3120-545: The CCD to deplete, near the p–n junction and will collect and move the charge packets beneath the gates—and within the channels—of the device. CCD manufacturing and operation can be optimized for different uses. The above process describes a frame transfer CCD. While CCDs may be manufactured on a heavily doped p++ wafer it is also possible to manufacture a device inside p-wells that have been placed on an n-wafer. This second method, reportedly, reduces smear, dark current , and infrared and red response. This method of manufacture
3198-473: The CCD-G5, was released by Sony in 1983, based on a prototype developed by Yoshiaki Hagiwara in 1981. Early CCD sensors suffered from shutter lag . This was largely resolved with the invention of the pinned photodiode (PPD). It was invented by Nobukazu Teranishi , Hiromitsu Shiraki and Yasuo Ishihara at NEC in 1980. They recognized that lag can be eliminated if the signal carriers could be transferred from
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3276-503: The DMC-GH4 include Focus peaking , zebra overlay, luminance level adjustment, and cinema gamma presets. Along with the GH4, Panasonic also released the YAGH interface unit, a camera-attached device to increase input and output options for the GH4. The YAGH connects to the GH4 via attachment screw on the bottom of the camera, as well as a sliding mechanism which plugs into the camera's HDMI port on
3354-404: The EMCCD camera and often yields heavy condensation problems in the application. ICCDs are used in night vision devices and in various scientific applications. An electron-multiplying CCD (EMCCD, also known as an L3Vision CCD, a product commercialized by e2v Ltd., GB, L3CCD or Impactron CCD, a now-discontinued product offered in the past by Texas Instruments) is a charge-coupled device in which
3432-428: The LSI hardware chip-set. However, this choice of marketing phraseology does not (according to Panasonic Lumix's information as currently released) appear to indicate any identifiable difference in the LSI hardware chip-set that they have chosen to (also) identify as "Venus Engine V". This use of dual phraseology appears to have generated a degree of (understandable) confusion on the part of consumers and reviewers awaiting
3510-593: The PPD began to be incorporated into most CCD devices, becoming a fixture in consumer electronic video cameras and then digital still cameras . Since then, the PPD has been used in nearly all CCD sensors and then CMOS sensors . In January 2006, Boyle and Smith were awarded the National Academy of Engineering Charles Stark Draper Prize , and in 2009 they were awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics for their invention of
3588-601: The United Kingdom location, at least) has chosen to (in the lone case of the DMC-FX40) refer to the LSI hardware chip-set using the alternate descriptive phrase "Venus Engine V" is unclear, since the DMC-FX40 (as is the case with all the other upcoming models with the exception of the already released DMC-G1) is, indeed, advertised as featuring a "Motion Picture" mode that (it appears) will be a very similar implementation to that of all
3666-634: The Venus IV engine to Venus III suggest that the newer engine is better, but the issue of noise reduction techniques losing detail, though improved, remains. Intelligent ISO sensitivity control is changed to hardware processing. By incorporating the IA(Intelligent Auto) function, the name is also set to Random IA. Venus HD is the processing engine used by the first generation Panasonic Lumix DMC-G1 and Panasonic Lumix DMC-GF1 Micro Four Thirds System cameras with large sensor. It supports HDMI output to
3744-511: The Venus engine in the camera. Some of what it aims to achieve are: This chip was limited to the top range models, such as the DMC-FZ7 . It was developed mainly aiming at high image quality. After this chip (excluding Venus Engine · Plus) the camera shake correction is hardware processed. This chip was developed for mounting in an entry model. Reproducibility (meaning how well it is able to be reproduced)
3822-451: The array's dark current , improving the sensitivity of the CCD to low light intensities, even for ultraviolet and visible wavelengths. Professional observatories often cool their detectors with liquid nitrogen to reduce the dark current, and therefore the thermal noise , to negligible levels. The frame transfer CCD imager was the first imaging structure proposed for CCD Imaging by Michael Tompsett at Bell Laboratories. A frame transfer CCD
3900-443: The attached RAW image development software is made by Ichikawa Soft Laboratory and outputs images of a trend (SILKYPIX style) different from those developed by the Venus engine in the camera. This chip was developed based on UniPhier products. The image processing engine of the attached RAW image development software is made by Ichikawa Soft Laboratory, which outputs images with a different trend (SILKYPIX style) from those developed by
3978-426: The channel in which the photogenerated charge packets will travel. Simon Sze details the advantages of a buried-channel device: This thin layer (= 0.2–0.3 micron) is fully depleted and the accumulated photogenerated charge is kept away from the surface. This structure has the advantages of higher transfer efficiency and lower dark current, from reduced surface recombination. The penalty is smaller charge capacity, by
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#17328631588294056-447: The charge could be stepped along from one to the next. This led to the invention of the charge-coupled device by Boyle and Smith in 1969. They conceived of the design of what they termed, in their notebook, "Charge 'Bubble' Devices". The initial paper describing the concept in April 1970 listed possible uses as memory , a delay line, and an imaging device. The device could also be used as
4134-434: The control of an external circuit, each capacitor can transfer its electric charge to a neighboring capacitor. CCD sensors are a major technology used in digital imaging . In a CCD image sensor , pixels are represented by p-doped metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) capacitors . These MOS capacitors , the basic building blocks of a CCD, are biased above the threshold for inversion when image acquisition begins, allowing
4212-570: The conversion of incoming photons into electron charges at the semiconductor-oxide interface; the CCD is then used to read out these charges. Although CCDs are not the only technology to allow for light detection, CCD image sensors are widely used in professional, medical, and scientific applications where high-quality image data are required. In applications with less exacting quality demands, such as consumer and professional digital cameras , active pixel sensors , also known as CMOS sensors (complementary MOS sensors), are generally used. However,
4290-479: The current Panasonic Lumix descriptions of the other (to be) released implementations of this image-processing LSI hardware chip-set. It appears that the Panasonic Lumix marketing department has chosen to refer to this LSI hardware chip-set primarily using the phrase "Venus Engine HD" as a way to draw attention the capabilities of the included "Motion Picture" mode(s) of the upcoming camera models that will contain
4368-819: The gain is shown in the graph on the right. For multiplication registers with many elements and large gains it is well modelled by the equation: P ( n ) = ( n − m + 1 ) m − 1 ( m − 1 ) ! ( g − 1 + 1 m ) m exp ( − n − m + 1 g − 1 + 1 m ) if n ≥ m {\displaystyle P\left(n\right)={\frac {\left(n-m+1\right)^{m-1}}{\left(m-1\right)!\left(g-1+{\frac {1}{m}}\right)^{m}}}\exp \left(-{\frac {n-m+1}{g-1+{\frac {1}{m}}}}\right)\quad {\text{ if }}n\geq m} where P
4446-506: The image sensor for storage. In this device, only one pixel shift has to occur to transfer from image area to storage area; thus, shutter times can be less than a microsecond and smear is essentially eliminated. The advantage is not free, however, as the imaging area is now covered by opaque strips dropping the fill factor to approximately 50 percent and the effective quantum efficiency by an equivalent amount. Modern designs have addressed this deleterious characteristic by adding microlenses on
4524-497: The incident light. Most common types of CCDs are sensitive to near-infrared light, which allows infrared photography , night-vision devices, and zero lux (or near zero lux) video-recording/photography. For normal silicon-based detectors, the sensitivity is limited to 1.1 μm. One other consequence of their sensitivity to infrared is that infrared from remote controls often appears on CCD-based digital cameras or camcorders if they do not have infrared blockers. Cooling reduces
4602-467: The invention and began development programs. Fairchild's effort, led by ex-Bell researcher Gil Amelio, was the first with commercial devices, and by 1974 had a linear 500-element device and a 2D 100 × 100 pixel device. Peter Dillon, a scientist at Kodak Research Labs, invented the first color CCD image sensor by overlaying a color filter array on this Fairchild 100 x 100 pixel Interline CCD starting in 1974. Steven Sasson , an electrical engineer working for
4680-431: The large quality advantage CCDs enjoyed early on has narrowed over time and since the late 2010s CMOS sensors are the dominant technology, having largely if not completely replaced CCD image sensors. The basis for the CCD is the metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) structure, with MOS capacitors being the basic building blocks of a CCD, and a depleted MOS structure used as the photodetector in early CCD devices. In
4758-411: The late 1960s, Willard Boyle and George E. Smith at Bell Labs were researching MOS technology while working on semiconductor bubble memory . They realized that an electric charge was the analogy of the magnetic bubble and that it could be stored on a tiny MOS capacitor. As it was fairly straightforward to fabricate a series of MOS capacitors in a row, they connected a suitable voltage to them so that
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#17328631588294836-464: The multiplied electrons back to photons which are guided to the CCD by a fiber optic or a lens. An image intensifier inherently includes a shutter functionality: If the control voltage between the photocathode and the MCP is reversed, the emitted photoelectrons are not accelerated towards the MCP but return to the photocathode. Thus, no electrons are multiplied and emitted by the MCP, no electrons are going to
4914-413: The other in the mentioned sequence. The photons which are coming from the light source fall onto the photocathode, thereby generating photoelectrons. The photoelectrons are accelerated towards the MCP by an electrical control voltage, applied between photocathode and MCP. The electrons are multiplied inside of the MCP and thereafter accelerated towards the phosphor screen. The phosphor screen finally converts
4992-786: The other upcoming models to be released that will also include this LSI hardware chip-set. Perhaps the reasoning for this is that the Panasonic Lumix marketing department (at the United Kingdom location, at least) is (in part) describing the DMC-FX40 as a "digital still camera". It is a chip whose cost reduction of Venus engine HD is planned. For that reason, it is enhanced from Venus Engine IV in terms of specifications. 2 CPU configuration, cost reduction, high-speed playback speed, high-precision recognition, power saving, high-speed processing According to Panasonic, Venus VI adds “Intelligent Resolution”, efficient Face Recognition and an advanced noise reduction system which applies noise reduction (NR) to luminance noise and chromatic noise separately. This engine
5070-491: The output of the CCD, and this must be taken into consideration in satellites using CCDs. The photoactive region of a CCD is, generally, an epitaxial layer of silicon . It is lightly p doped (usually with boron ) and is grown upon a substrate material, often p++. In buried-channel devices, the type of design utilized in most modern CCDs, certain areas of the surface of the silicon are ion implanted with phosphorus , giving them an n-doped designation. This region defines
5148-447: The output of the charge amplifier into a low-pass filter), which is then processed and fed out to other circuits for transmission, recording, or other processing. Before the MOS capacitors are exposed to light, they are biased into the depletion region; in n-channel CCDs, the silicon under the bias gate is slightly p -doped or intrinsic. The gate is then biased at a positive potential, above
5226-407: The phosphor screen and no light is emitted from the image intensifier. In this case no light falls onto the CCD, which means that the shutter is closed. The process of reversing the control voltage at the photocathode is called gating and therefore ICCDs are also called gateable CCD cameras. Besides the extremely high sensitivity of ICCD cameras, which enable single photon detection, the gateability
5304-403: The release of several camera models in 2009 that will (in addition to the already released DMC-G1) feature this LSI hardware chip-set. If, in fact, there exists an identifiable difference(s) (on the level of the internal LSI hardware chip-set) between "Venus Engine HD" and "Venus Engine V", Panasonic Lumix has so far failed to identify it (or them). Why the Panasonic Lumix marketing department (at
5382-549: The side. The interface contains two 3-pin XLR Connector inputs, which are controlled by a pair of preamplifiers inside the unit, offering phantom power , more control over input gain levels and microphone choice, and input metering via LED meters on the interface. The YAGH also provides a timecode input for multi-device synchronization. For outputs, the YAGH offers four BNC connector terminals for serial digital interface use with outboard recorders and monitors. In addition,
5460-406: The surface of the device to direct light away from the opaque regions and on the active area. Microlenses can bring the fill factor back up to 90 percent or more depending on pixel size and the overall system's optical design. The choice of architecture comes down to one of utility. If the application cannot tolerate an expensive, failure-prone, power-intensive mechanical shutter, an interline device
5538-407: The threshold for strong inversion, which will eventually result in the creation of an n channel below the gate as in a MOSFET . However, it takes time to reach this thermal equilibrium: up to hours in high-end scientific cameras cooled at low temperature. Initially after biasing, the holes are pushed far into the substrate, and no mobile electrons are at or near the surface; the CCD thus operates in
5616-456: The total usable integration time. The accumulation of electrons at or near the surface can proceed either until image integration is over and charge begins to be transferred, or thermal equilibrium is reached. In this case, the well is said to be full. The maximum capacity of each well is known as the well depth, typically about 10 electrons per pixel. CCDs are normally susceptible to ionizing radiation and energetic particles which causes noise in
5694-550: Was a simple 8-bit shift register, reported by Tompsett, Amelio and Smith in August 1970. This device had input and output circuits and was used to demonstrate its use as a shift register and as a crude eight pixel linear imaging device. Development of the device progressed at a rapid rate. By 1971, Bell researchers led by Michael Tompsett were able to capture images with simple linear devices. Several companies, including Fairchild Semiconductor , RCA and Texas Instruments , picked up on
5772-479: Was addressed. Today, frame-transfer is usually chosen when an interline architecture is not available, such as in a back-illuminated device. CCDs containing grids of pixels are used in digital cameras , optical scanners , and video cameras as light-sensing devices. They commonly respond to 70 percent of the incident light (meaning a quantum efficiency of about 70 percent) making them far more efficient than photographic film , which captures only about 2 percent of
5850-530: Was considered inferior to Venus Engine II, but it realizes power saving and high speed processing comparable to Venus Engine II. The Venus III engine used in the Lumix DMC-FZ8 and other cameras claims enhanced noise reduction at high ISO numbers and lower power consumption. It is a chip realizing power saving based on the Venus Engine II, but they changed high sensitivity shooting. PANASONIC claims LUMIX
5928-450: Was demonstrated by Gil Amelio , Michael Francis Tompsett and George Smith in April 1970. This was the first experimental application of the CCD in image sensor technology, and used a depleted MOS structure as the photodetector. The first patent ( U.S. patent 4,085,456 ) on the application of CCDs to imaging was assigned to Tompsett, who filed the application in 1971. The first working CCD made with integrated circuit technology
6006-466: Was launched in December 1976. Under the leadership of Kazuo Iwama , Sony started a large development effort on CCDs involving a significant investment. Eventually, Sony managed to mass-produce CCDs for their camcorders . Before this happened, Iwama died in August 1982. Subsequently, a CCD chip was placed on his tombstone to acknowledge his contribution. The first mass-produced consumer CCD video camera ,
6084-586: Was the most difficult to do, to hardware processing. Panasonic claims that the 2008 Venus Engine IV gives higher-quality images, and includes more accurate detection and better correction for its Optical Image Stabilizer and Intelligent ISO Control functions than earlier versions. It works at 10.1-megapixel resolution. Panasonic published a detailed comparison of Venus III and IV, claiming better noise response by preserving detail, quick-response shutter release time-lag of around 0.008 second minimum and high power-efficiency for Venus IV. Reviews of cameras that compare
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