115-599: The Venetian Most Serene Government ( Veneto Serenissimo Governo , VSG), whose members are often referred to as Serenissimi , is a political organization active in Veneto . The group's goal is independence and self-government for Venetian lands and it is a bulwark of Venetian nationalism . In the early 1980s Luigi Faccia and Flavio Contin left Liga Veneta , the mainstream regionalist party in Veneto, because they considered it too moderate. On 25 January 1987 Faccia and Contin launched
230-504: A free commune around the early 12th century. Subsequently, it expanded into the nearby countryside, first at the expense of the local landholders, and later against the neighbouring communes, notably Bergamo and Cremona . Brescia defeated the latter twice at Pontoglio , then at the Grumore (mid-12th century) and in the battle of the Malamorte (Bad Death) (1192). In 1138, Brescia experienced
345-484: A communal revolt against the local Bishop Manfred led by radical reformer and Canons regular Arnold of Brescia . This revolt broke out due to the city's involvement in the ecclesiastical and political conflict that resulted from the 1130 papal election . This controversial election divided the College of Cardinals and caused a schism between Pope Innocent II (who had the minority vote) and Antipope Anacletus II (who had
460-531: A grain of truth, because recent archaeological excavations have unearthed remains of a settlement dating back to 1,200 BC that scholars presume to have been built and inhabited by Ligures peoples. Others scholars attribute the founding of Brescia to the Etruscans . The Gallic Cenomani , allies of the Insubres , invaded in the 7th century BC, and used the town as their capital. The city became Roman in 225 BC, when
575-497: A pardon for Faccia, who was still in prison, which was unsuccessful as Faccia himself refused it. The group is still active, under the leadership of Luca Peroni , and currently campaigns for a referendum on self-determination of Veneto. In April 2014 L. Faccia and Contin were arrested, along with several other Venetian separatists (including Franco Rocchetta and LIFE 's president Lucio Chiavegato ), for suspected crimes including criminal association with terrorism and subversion of
690-472: A partnership administration based on the alliance between the major left-wing, green and independents parties. Anyway, in the 2008 local elections the center-right coalition formed by Silvio Berlusconi's People of Freedom party and the regionalist Lega Nord won for the first time the majority in the City Council. These elections occurred the same day Berlusconi's coalition achieved an outright majority across
805-608: A system of canals and dykes . Fish ponds have been created there as well. The delta and the lagoon are a stopping-point for migratory birds . Veneto's morphology is characterised by its: The climate changes significantly from one area to another: while it is continental on the plains, it is milder along the Adriatic coast; around the Lake Garda and in the hilly areas. The lowlands are often covered by thick fog, in winter; precipitations that are scarce – 750 mm per year – close to
920-412: Is Liga Veneta , a founding component of Lega Nord . The current President of Veneto is Luca Zaia ( Liga Veneta – Lega Nord ), re-elected in 2020 with 76.8% of the vote. An autonomy referendum took place in 2017: 57.2% of Venetians turned out, 98.1% voting "yes" to "further forms and special conditions of autonomy". Having been for a long period in history a land of mass emigration, Veneto
1035-429: Is 149 metres (489 ft). The administrative comune covers a total area of 90.3 square kilometres (34.9 sq mi). Modern Brescia has a central area focused on residential and tertiary activities. Around the city proper, lies a vast urban agglomeration with over 600,000 inhabitants that expands mainly to the north, to the west and to the east, engulfing many communes in a continuous urban landscape. According to
1150-629: Is a city and comune (municipality) in the region of Lombardy , in Italy . It is situated at the foot of the Alps , a few kilometers from the lakes Garda and Iseo . With a population of more than 200,000, it is the second largest city in Lombardy and the fourth largest in northwest Italy . The urban area of Brescia extends beyond the administrative city limits and has a population of 672,822, while over 1.5 million people live in its metropolitan area . The city
1265-539: Is also the head of the Regional Government . Legislative power is exerted by the Regional Council , the local parliament. The Statute (i.e. the law establishing and regulating the regional institution, which was first promulgated on 22 May 1971), uses the term "people" for Venetians, but, like in the case of Sardinians , this is not a legal recognition of any differences from other Italian citizens. Moreover,
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#17328697492111380-517: Is also the setting for most of the action in Alessandro Manzoni 's 1822 play Adelchi . The province is known for being the production area of the Franciacorta sparkling wine, as well as the main source of Italian-produced caviar . Brescia with her territory was the "European Region of Gastronomy" in 2017 and the "Italian Capital of Culture" with Bergamo in 2023. Various myths relate to
1495-569: Is bordered to the east by Friuli-Venezia Giulia , to the south by Emilia-Romagna , to the west by Lombardy and to the north by Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol . In its northernmost corner it also borders Austria . The north–south extension of Veneto is 210 km (130 mi) from the Austrian border to the mouth of the River Po . By area, 29% of its surface is mountainous ( Carnic Alps , eastern Dolomites and Venetian Prealps ). The highest massif in
1610-494: Is divided in 5 boroughs called zone . Each zona is subdivided into a different number of quartieri . Here is a list of Brescia's zone and quartieri : Historical Centre North West South East The old town of Brescia (characterized, in the northeast, by a rectangular plan, with the streets that intersect at right angles, a peculiarity handed down from Roman times) has a significant artistic and archaeological heritage, consisting of various monuments ranging from
1725-534: Is divided into the Metropolitan City of Venice and 6 provinces and also divided in 581 municipalities. Of the seven provinces of the region, the Province of Padua is the most populous and has the greatest density, with 424. 81 persons per km , reaching 2268. 58 in the city of Padua . In contrast the capital city, Venice, has a moderate density of 646. 71. The province of least density is Belluno (58. 08), which
1840-412: Is moderately cold, but not harsh, with some snow, mainly occurs from December through February, but snow cover does not usually remain for long. Summer can be sultry, when humidity levels are high and peak temperatures can reach 35 °C (95 °F). Spring and autumn are generally pleasant, with temperatures ranging between 10 and 20 °C (50 and 68 °F). The relative humidity is high throughout
1955-513: Is the administrative capital of the Province of Brescia , one of the largest in Italy, with over 1,200,000 inhabitants. Founded over 3,200 years ago, Brescia (in antiquity Brixia) has been an important regional centre since pre-Roman times. Its old town contains the best-preserved Roman public buildings in northern Italy and numerous monuments, among these the medieval castle, the Old and New cathedral ,
2070-453: Is the largest in area and the most mountainous. The region has about 4.8 million inhabitants, ranking Veneto as the fifth most populated region in Italy. Veneto has one of the highest population densities among the Italian regions (265 inhabitants per km in 2008). This is particularly true in the provinces of Padua , Venice and Treviso , where the inhabitants per km are above 300. Belluno
2185-401: Is the least densely populated province, with 57 inhabitants per km . Like the other regions of Northern Italy and Central Italy , though with a certain time lag, Veneto has been experiencing a phase of very slow population growth caused by the dramatic fall in fertility. The overall population has so far been increasing – though only slightly – due to the net immigration started at the end of
2300-432: Is today one of the greatest immigrant-receiving regions in the country, with 487,493 foreigners (9.9% of the regional population; January 2018), notably including Romanians (25.2%), Moroccans (9.3%), Chinese (7.1%), Moldovans (7.0%) and Albanians (6.9%). Veneto is the 8th largest region in Italy, with a total area of 18,398.9 km (7,103.9 sq mi). It is located in the north-eastern part of Italy and
2415-660: The Lex Pompeia de Transpadanis . Later in 49 BC, by the Lex Roscia granted full Roman citizenship to the Veneti. The Via Claudia would be completed in AD 46 to connected Altinum, Tarvisium (modern Treviso), Feltria (modern Feltre ), and Tridentum (modern Trento). From Tridentum it continued northwards to Pons Drusus and further to Augusta Vindelicorum (modern Augsburg ), and southwards from Trento to Verona and Mutina (modern Modena ). After
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#17328697492112530-552: The Via Postumia was completed connecting Aquileia to Genoa . In 131 BC, the Via Annia joined Adria to Patavium (modern Padua ) to Altinum to Concordia to Aquileia. The Roman Republic gradually transformed its alliance with the Veneti into a relationship of dominance. After the 91 BC Italic rebellion, the cities of the Veneti, together with the rest of Transpadania , were granted partial rights of Roman citizenship according to
2645-632: The 2001 general election and came short of election to the Italian Senate , having received 9.8% of the vote in the constituency of Schio . Representatives from most political parties in Veneto, including center-left figures, defended the Serenissimi : Claudio Rizzato of the Democrats of the Left even praised the "noble ideals" of the group, while Massimo Cacciari and Green Gianfranco Bettin campaigned for
2760-479: The Battle of Cannae (216 BC). In 181 BC a Roman triumvirate of Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica , Caius Flaminius , and Lucius Manlius Acidinus founded a Latin colony at Aquileia as a base to protect the territory of the Veneti from incursions of the hostile Carni and Histri . From then on, Roman influence over the area increased. In 169 BC 1,500 more colonising families were sent by Rome to Aquileia. In 148 BC
2875-547: The Battle of Philippi (42 BC) ended the Roman Civil War , the lands of the Veneti, together with the rest of Cisalpine Gaul , ceased to be a province. Between 8 and 6 BC, Augustus reorganized Italia into 11 regions. The territory of modern Veneto along with Istria , modern Friuli and Trentino-Alto Adige and eastern Lombardy (including its cities of Mantua , Cremona , Brescia , and Sondrio ) became Region X ( Venetia et Histria ). Aquileia, although not officially
2990-632: The Brescia explosion , the city was devastated when the Bastion of San Nazaro was struck by lightning . The resulting fire ignited 90,000 kg (90 t; 200,000 lb; 99 short tons) of gunpowder stored there, causing a massive explosion which destroyed one-sixth of the Brescia and killed 3,000 people. In 1799, during the French Revolutionary Wars , the fortress, occupied by French troops, fell to
3105-537: The Church of Rome . The invasion of the non-Catholic Lombards in 568 only served to prolong the schism until 606 and then finally 699 when the Synod of Pavia definitively ended the schism. Brescia Brescia ( Italian: [ˈbreʃʃa] , locally Italian: [ˈbreːʃa] ; Lombard : Brèsa , Lombard: [ˈbrɛsɑ, ˈbrɛhɑ, ˈbrɛsa, ˈbrɛha] ; Latin : Brixia ; Venetian : Bressa )
3220-731: The First World War on the side of the France and the United Kingdom , after extricating itself from its alliance with Germany and the Austro-Hungarian Empire . Veneto became a major battlefront. After the Italians suffered an enormous defeat at Caporetto in November 1917, the combined Austro-Hungarian and German forces advanced almost unhindered through Veneto towards Venice until reaching
3335-706: The Italian Social Republic , while the province of Belluno was part of the Prealpine Operations Zone . Many towns in the region were bombed by the Allies during the Second World War. The most hit were Treviso and Vicenza, as well as the industrial area around Marghera . Veneto is a semi-presidential representative democracy . The President of Veneto , colloquially nicknamed Governor or even Doge in remembrance of Venice's traditional head of state,
3450-532: The Köppen climate classification , Brescia has a mid-latitude humid subtropical climate ( Cfa ). Its average annual temperature is 13.7 °C (57 °F): 18.2 °C (65 °F) during the day and 9.1 °C (48 °F) at night. The warmest months are June, July, and August, with high temperatures from 27.8 to 30.3 °C (82 to 87 °F). The coldest are December, January, and February, with low temperatures from −1.5 to 0.6 °C (29 to 33 °F). Winter
3565-691: The Lombard League ) was formed among the Venetian cities such as Padua, Treviso, Vicenza, and Verona with other cities of Northern Italy to assert their rights against the Holy Roman Emperor . The Second Treaty of Constance in 1183 confirmed the Peace of Venice of 1177 in which the cities agreed to remain part of the Empire as long as their jurisdiction over their own territories was not infringed upon. The league
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3680-515: The Monti Lessini chain in the province of Verona , has an explored depth of 985 m (3,232 ft), being the deepest cave in Italy. Fossil deposits are also abundant there. The Po Valley , covering 57% of Veneto, extends from the mountains to the Adriatic sea , broken only by some low hills: Euganean Hills , Berici Hills Colli Asolani and Montello , which constitute the remaining 14% of
3795-690: The Piave River. The Battle of the Piave River prevented their troops from advancing further and was celebrated in La Leggenda del Piave . Between 24 October and 3 November 1918, Italy launched the decisive Battle of Vittorio Veneto . The battle's outcome assured Italy's victory. The Armistice of Villa Giusti which ended warfare between Italy and Austria-Hungary in World War I , was signed at Villa Giusti near Padua. Between 1943 and 1945, Veneto belonged to
3910-659: The Renaissance Piazza della Loggia and the rationalist Piazza della Vittoria . The monumental archaeological area of the Roman forum and the monastic complex of San Salvatore-Santa Giulia have become a UNESCO World Heritage Site as part of a group of seven inscribed as Longobards in Italy, Places of Power . Brescia is considered to be an important industrial city. Metallurgy and production of metal parts, machine tools and firearms are of particular economic significance, along with mechanical and automotive engineering. Among
4025-669: The Roman Rite replaced the Aquileian Rite . By the 6th century the bishop of Aquileia claimed the title of patriarch . Rejection of the Second Council of Constantinople (553) led to a schism wherein the bishops of Aquileia , Liguria , Aemilia , Milan and of the Istrian peninsula all refused to condemn the Three Chapters leading to the churches of Veneto to break communion with
4140-514: The Siege of Venice ended. The Austrian imperial government was unpopular among upper and middle classes because of Metternich 's anti- liberal politics, turned by Emperor Franz Joseph into neo-absolutism after 1848, and for not granting Lombardo–Venetia any real autonomy (it was considered less than a puppet state ). At the same time, it was appreciated for the efficient and honest administration, especially among lower classes, after 1848–1849 there
4255-627: The St Mark's Campanile in Venice in order to proclaim the "independence of Veneto". After eight hours, the Carabinieri entered the Campanille and arrested the group. The members of the group, including Faccia and Segato, neither of whom directly participated in the action, were all arrested. The symbolic effort was criticized by Umberto Bossi and Roberto Maroni , leaders of Lega Nord, at that time proponents for
4370-473: The Statute of Veneto has referred to the region's citizens as "the Venetian people". Article 1 defines Veneto as an "autonomous Region", "constituted by the Venetian people and the lands of the provinces of Belluno, Padua, Rovigo, Treviso, Venice, Verona and Vicenza", while maintaining "bonds with Venetians in the world". Article 2 sets forth the principle of the "self-government of the Venetian people" and mandates
4485-612: The Treaty of Campoformio signed on 17 October 1797, part of the Venetian mainland was handed over to Francis II of the Holy Roman Empire and a western part was annexed to the French backed Cisalpine Republic . The territory soon reverted to Napoleon in 1801. In 1805–1806, Veneto was conquered by Napoleon's armies and included in the Kingdom of Italy . During 1809, the region revolted against
4600-649: The Veneti (often called the Palaeoveneti ) came from Paphlagonia in Anatolia at the time of the Fall of Troy (12th century BC), led by prince Antenor , a comrade of Aeneas . Other historians link Venetic origins with Celts . In the 7th–6th centuries BC the local populations of Veneto entered into contact with the Etruscans and the Greeks . Venetic culture reached a high point during
4715-581: The Venetia is one of the 20 regions of Italy , located in the north-east of the country . It is the fourth most populous region in Italy, with a population of about five million. Venice is the region's capital and the largest city. Veneto was part of the Roman Empire until the 5th century AD. Later, after a feudal period , it was part of the Republic of Venice until 1797. Venice ruled for centuries over one of
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4830-1055: The Venetian Republic enjoyed 1100 years of uninterrupted influence throughout the Mediterranean . By the 16th century, the Venetian Republic dominated Veneto, Friuli , parts of Lombardy and Romagna , Istria , Dalmatia , the Ionian Islands of Corfu, Cefalonia, Ithaca and Zante. From the 13th to 17th centuries, it held the island of Crete and from the mid-15th to mid-16th century, the island of Cyprus . Venetian mainland holdings led to Venetian involvement in European and in particular, Italian politics. Cities had to be fortified, two impressive examples are Nafplio in Peloponnese and Palmanova in Friuli. The wise rule and prosperity brought by
4945-577: The Visconti of Milan , but not even their rule was undisputed, as Pandolfo III Malatesta took possession of the city in 1406. However, in 1416 he bartered it to Filippo Maria Visconti duke of Milan, who in 1426 sold it to the Venetians. The Milanese nobles forced Filippo to resume hostilities against the Venetians, and thus to attempt the recovery of Brescia, but he was defeated in the Battle of Maclodio (1427), near Brescia, by general Carmagnola , commander of
5060-637: The river Po , but are more abundant – from 750 to 1100 mm per year – at higher altitudes; the highest values – up to 3200 mm per year – are recorded in the Bellunese Prealps, near Mount Pasubio and on the Asiago plateau . Between the 2nd and 1st millennium BC, the region was inhabited by the Euganei . According to ancient historians, who perhaps wanted to link Venetic origins to legend of Roman origins in Troy ,
5175-416: The "Serenissima" (most serene republic) made the cities of the terra firma willing subjects. Eastern Islands served as useful ports for Venetian shipping. However, as the Ottoman Empire grew more powerful and aggressive, Venice was often put on the defensive. Ottoman control of the eastern Mediterranean and the discoveries of sea routes to Asia around Africa and of the Americas had a debilitating effect on
5290-414: The 1110s) who was condemned of heresy at the Council of Sens 1141 and went on to join the Commune of Rome in 1148, which led to his execution by Frederick Barbarossa and Pope Adrian IV in 1155. During the struggles of the 12th and 13th centuries between the Lombard cities and the Holy Roman emperors, Brescia was implicated either in league with the emperors or against them. In the Battle of Legnano
5405-485: The 1848 First Italian War of Independence , Venetia rose against the central Austrian government, forming the Republic of San Marco , which lasted 17 months. It asked to be annexed to the Kingdom of Sardinia to form an Italian confederation against Austria, then using the Italian tricolour in its flag, but, after the other Italian states left the war (May 1848) and Sardinia surrendered (August 1848, then March 1849), Venetia stood alone. It surrendered on 24 August 1849, when
5520-452: The 1970s and 1980s, demanding more autonomy, a special statute or even independence, and promoting Venetian culture, language and history. This is the political background in which the Liga Veneta was launched in 1980. Other regionalist/nationalist groupings, including Liga Veneta Repubblica , North-East Project and the avowed separatist Veneto State , Venetian Independence and Plebiscito.eu , emerged but they have never touched
5635-410: The 1980s, after more than 20 years of massive exodus from the poorer areas of the region. Nearly 3 million Venetians left their country between 1861 and 1961 to escape poverty. Many emigrated to Brazil and Argentina . After World War II , they moved to other European countries. In 2008, there were 260,849 Venetian citizens living outside of Italy (5.4% of the region's population), the largest number
5750-418: The 3rd century BC, the Veneti , together with the Cenomani Celts on their western border, sided with the Romans , as Rome expanded and struggled against the Insubres and Boii ( Celts ). During the Second Punic War (218 – 202 BC), the Veneti even sent a contingent of soldiers to fight alongside the Romans against Hannibal and the invading Carthaginians. These Venetians were among those slaughtered at
5865-458: The 4th century BC. These ancient Veneti spoke Venetic , an Indo-European language akin to, but distinct from Latin and the other Italic languages . Meanwhile, the Veneti prospered through their trade in amber and breeding of horses. Este , Padua , Oderzo , Adria , Vicenza , Verona , and Altino became centres of Venetic culture. Over time, the Veneti began to adopt the dress and certain other customs of their Celtic neighbours. During
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#17328697492115980-449: The Cenomani submitted to the Romans. During the Carthaginian Wars , 'Brixia' (as it was called then) was allied with the Romans. During a Celtic alliance against Rome the city remained faithful to the Romans. With their Roman allies the city attacked and destroyed the Insubres by surprise. Subsequently, the city and the tribe entered the Roman world peacefully as faithful allies, maintaining a certain administrative freedom. In 89 BC, Brixia
6095-507: The City Council of Brescia, which is based in Palazzo della Loggia . Voters elect directly 32 councilors and the mayor of Brescia every five years. Brescia was generally considered in the past one of the most important political bellwether in Italy. Historical stronghold of DC party, in 1994 it was the city in which was firstly experimented the newborn political center-left coalition formed by members of former PCI and DC parties against Silvio Berlusconi 's center-right coalition: that year
6210-440: The City Council. In the 2023 local elections the center-left coalition obtained again the 54% of the votes on the first round. The current mayor of Brescia is Laura Castelletti , a center-left independent , elected on 20 May 2023. She previously served as deputy mayor for 10 years between 2013 and 2023. Brescia is also the capital of its own province. The Provincial Council is seated in Palazzo Broletto . The city of Brescia
6325-408: The Dolomites is the Marmolada -massif at 3,342 m (10,965 ft). Other dolomitic peaks are the Tre Cime di Lavaredo and the Pale di San Martino . The Venetian Prealps are not as high and range between 700 m (2,300 ft) and 2,200 m (7,200 ft). A distinctive landmark of the Pre-alps are the cave formations, including chasms and sink holes; the Spluta Della Preta , situated in
6440-449: The French armies in Italy, ordered the city to surrender; when it refused, he attacked it with around 12,000 men. The French attack took place in a pouring rain, through a field of mud; Foix ordered his men to remove their shoes for better traction. The defenders inflicted heavy casualties on the French, but were eventually overrun, suffering 8,000 – 15,000 casualties. The Gascon infantry and landsknechts then proceeded to thoroughly sack
6555-429: The French-Italian rule, supporting the advancing Austrian troops during the War of the Fifth Coalition . It was mainly a peasant revolt, less organised than the nearby Andreas Hofer 's revolt, while urban national guard troops fought on the French-Italian side. After the Congress of Vienna , 1814–1815, Venetia was the eastern half of the Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia , a separate kingdom of the Austrian Empire . During
6670-402: The Huns devastated the area. Attila laid siege to Aquileia and turned it into a ruin in 452 AD. Many of the mainland inhabitants sought protection in the nearby lagoons which would become Grado in the east and Venice more to the west. On the heels of the Huns came the Ostrogoths who not only invaded, but also settled down in the region, especially near Treviso where the penultimate king Totila
6785-400: The Naviglio, with the Lake Iseo to the west and the Lake Garda to the east (but it has also other important lakes like Idro and Moro ). The southern area of the city is flat, while towards the north the territory becomes hilly. The city's lowest point is 104 metres (341 ft) above sea level, the highest point is Monte Maddalena at 874 metres (2,867 ft), while the centre of the town
6900-421: The Piedmontese army invaded Austrian-controlled Lombardy, the people in Brescia overthrew the hated local Austrian administration, and the Austrian military contingent, led by General Julius Jacob von Haynau , retreated to the Castle ( Castello di Brescia [ it ] ). When the larger military operations turned against the Piedmontese, forcing them to retreat, Brescia was left to its own resources. Still,
7015-473: The Region to "promote the historical identity of the Venetian people and civilisation". Despite these affirmations, approved by the Italian Parliament , Veneto is not among the autonomous regions with special statute , unlike its north-eastern and north-western neighbours, Friuli-Venezia Giulia and Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol respectively. Veneto is home to a notable nationalist movement, known as Venetian nationalism or Venetism. The region's largest party
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#17328697492117130-441: The VSG. In 1992 the group was joined by Fausto Faccia , brother of Luigi, and, later, by Bepin Segato , who was appointed "ambassador" of the VSG. Since 1996 the group has repeatedly hijacked the frequencies of RAI , the Italian state-owned public service broadcaster , in Veneto with separatist proclamations in the Venetian language . During the night between 8 and 9 May 1997 the Serenissimi , occupied Piazza San Marco and
7245-399: The Venetian economy. In 1797, Napoleon invaded the territory of the Venetian Republic . Overwhelmed by more powerful forces, Doge Ludovico Manin resigned and retired to his villa at Passariano in Friuli and the thousand year old Republic disappeared as an independent state . This proved very unpopular in the mainland cities where sympathies were strong with the Republic of Venice. By
7360-428: The Venetian mercenary army. In 1439, Brescia was once more besieged by Francesco Sforza , captain of the Venetians, who defeated Niccolò Piccinino , Filippo's condottiero . Thenceforward Brescia and the province were a Venetian possession, only disrupted by the French conquest in 1512. Brescia has had a major role in the history of the violin . Many archive documents very clearly testify that from 1490 to 1640 Brescia
7475-463: The Venetian origin of their inhabitants. In recent years, people of Venetian descent from Brazil and Argentina have been migrating to Italy. Due to the impressive economic growth of the last two decades, Veneto has turned into a land of immigration and has been attracting more and more immigrants since the 1990s. In 2008, the Italian national institute of statistics ISTAT estimated that 403,985 foreign-born immigrants live in Veneto, equal to 8.3% of
7590-421: The Venetian population sought refuge on some of the isolated and unoccupied islands in the lagoon, from which the city of Venetiae or Venice was born. After a period of Byzantine domination in 8th century, Venice became an independent maritime Republic ruled by its elected doge . The Republic became a commercial superpower and its influence lasted through the Middle Ages and the Renaissance . In fact,
7705-449: The advancing allies of the Second Coalition (see Capture of Brescia ). In the Napoleonic era , Brescia was part of the various revolutionary republics and then of the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy after Napoleon became Emperor of the French. After the end of the Napoleonic era in 1815, Brescia was annexed to the Austrian puppet state known as the Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia . Brescia revolted in 1848 ; then again in March 1849, when
7820-405: The capital of one of their semi-independent duchies. The first duke was Alachis, who died in 573. Later dukes included the future kings of the Lombards Rothari and Rodoald , and Alachis II, a fervent anti-Catholic, who was killed in battle at Cornate d'Adda in 688. The last king of the Lombards, Desiderius , also held the title Duke of Brescia. In 774, Charlemagne captured the city and ended
7935-426: The capital was the chief municipium of the region. Meanwhile, under the Pax Romana , Patavium developed into one of the most important cities of northern Italy. Other Venetic cities such as Opitergium (modern Oderzo ), Tarvisium, Feltria, Vicetia (modern Vicenza), Ateste (modern Este), and Altinum (modern Altino) adopted the Latin language and the culture of Rome. By the end of the 1st century AD Latin had displaced
8050-416: The citizens managed to resist recapture by the Austrian army for ten days of bloody and obstinate street fighting that are now celebrated as the Ten Days of Brescia . This prompted poet Giosuè Carducci to nickname Brescia "Leonessa d'Italia" ("Italian Lioness"), since it was the only Lombard town to rally to King Charles Albert of Piedmont (and to the cause of Italian unification ) in that year. In 1859,
8165-411: The city was conquered by the Italian troops and Brescia was included in the newly founded Kingdom of Italy . The city was awarded a gold medal for its resistance against Fascism in World War II . On 28 May 1974, it was the seat of the bloody Piazza della Loggia bombing . Brescia is located in the northwestern section of the Po Valley , at the foot of the Brescian Prealps , between the Mella and
8280-400: The city, massacring thousands of civilians over the next five days. Following this, the city of Bergamo paid some 60,000 ducats to the French to avoid a similar fate. The French occupied Brescia until 1520, when Venetian rule resumed. Thereafter, Brescia shared the fortunes of the Venetian republic until the latter fell at the hands of French general Napoleon Bonaparte . In 1769, in
8395-470: The contingent from Brescia was second in size to that of Milan . The Peace of Constance (1183) that ended the war with Frederick Barbarossa confirmed officially the free status of the comune . In 1201 the podestà Rambertino Buvalelli made peace and established a league with Cremona, Bergamo, and Mantua . Memorable also was the siege laid by the Emperor Frederick II in 1238 on account of
8510-459: The country. However, in the 2013 elections the Democratic Party achieved an outright majority across the city and the center-left coalition became again the major force in the City Council. In the 2018 local elections the center-left coalition obtained even the 54% of the votes on the first round and the Democratic Party , which obtained nearly the 35% of the votes, gained 15 seats out of 32 in
8625-494: The democratic order. In jail, Faccia proclaimed himself as a "war prisoner" and refused to answer questions (as Contin was in house arrest). By the end of April, most detained Venetists were released, as the tribunal of Brescia did not uphold the accusations, with the notable exceptions of Faccia and Contin, who refused to be released. Veneto Veneto ( US : / ˈ v ɛ n ə t oʊ , ˈ v eɪ n -/ VEN -ə-toh, VAYN - ; Italian: [ˈvɛːneto] ) or
8740-544: The division of Veneto from Friuli. The invasion provoked another wave of migration from the mainland to the Byzantine controlled coast and islands. In 643 AD the Lombards conquered the Byzantine base at Oderzo and took possession of practically all of Veneto (and Friuli) except for Venice and Grado. The 36 Lombard duchies included the Venetian cities of Ceneda , Treviso, Verona, and Vicenza. A reminder of Lombard rule can be seen in
8855-666: The enemy was forced to retreat as far as Verona . In 402, the city was ravaged by the Visigoths of Alaric I . During the 452 invasion of the Huns under Attila , the city was besieged and sacked. Forty years later, it was one of the first conquests by the Gothic general Theoderic the Great in his war against Odoacer . In 568 (or 569), Brescia was taken from the Byzantines by the Lombards , who made it
8970-603: The foreign-born residents represented 12% of the total population. The largest immigrant group comes from other European nations (mostly Romania , Ukraine , Moldova and Albania ), the others from South Asia (mostly India and Pakistan ) and North Africa. The city is predominantly Roman Catholic , but due to immigration now has some Orthodox Christian , Sikh and Muslim followers. In 2006 there were about 1,000 people of Pakistani origins living in Brescia. Foreign residents as of 2018 Since local government political reorganization in 1993, Brescia has been governed by
9085-537: The founding of Brescia: one assigns it to Hercules , while another attributes its foundation as Altilia ("the other Ilium") by a fugitive from the siege of Troy . According to another myth, the founder was the king of the Ligures , Cidnus , who had invaded the Padan Plain in the late Bronze Age . Colle Cidneo (Cidnus's Hill) was named after that version, and it is the site of the medieval castle. This myth seems to have
9200-433: The growth of the commune and the local nobility. The revolt began around 1135 and was manageable at first, but by 1138 Manfred was forced to seek papal support and left for Rome. Arnold is believed to have joined the revolt around this time, as contemporary historian John of Salisbury records that Arnold only 'so swayed the minds of the citizens that they would scarcely open their gates to the bishop on his return.' Manfred
9315-463: The hands of Ezzelino da Romano . In 1311 Emperor Henry VII laid siege to Brescia for six months, losing three-fourths of his army. Later the Scaliger of Verona, aided by the exiled Ghibellines, sought to place Brescia under subjugation. The citizens of Brescia then had recourse to John of Luxemburg , but Mastino II della Scala expelled the governor appointed by him. His mastery was soon contested by
9430-483: The independence of Padania, while it was praised by Gianfranco Miglio , a former senator of the League who was then elected as an independent for the center-right Pole of Freedoms . The Serenissimi attained a measure of popularity with the Venetian public and the tanko is a common exhibit at the yearly Festa dei Veneti and at other rallies, even outside of Veneto. Segato was a candidate of Liga Veneta Repubblica in
9545-701: The largest and richest maritime republics and trade empires in the world. After the Napoleonic Wars and the Congress of Vienna , the former Republic was combined with Lombardy and re-annexed to the Austrian Empire as the Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia , until that was merged with the Kingdom of Italy in 1866, as a result of the Third Italian War of Independence and of a plebiscite . Besides Italian , most inhabitants also speak Venetian . Since 1971,
9660-551: The largest lake in Italy, Lake Garda , belongs to Veneto. The coastline covers approximately 200 km (120 mi), of which 100 km (62 mi) are beaches. The coasts of the Adriatic Sea are characterised by the Venetian Lagoon , a flat terrain with ponds, marshes and islands. The Po Delta to the south features sandbars and dunes along the coastline. The inland portion contains cultivable land recently reclaimed by
9775-476: The last secretary of DC and former minister, Mino Martinazzoli , run as mayor with the support of the leftist PDS and won the election defeating the Forza Italia - Lega Nord bloc candidate, endorsed by Berlusconi. This experience is considered even today one of the bases of Romano Prodi 's The Olive Tree political coalition. Since then to 2008 the center-left coalition held the largest number of seats with
9890-402: The major companies based in the Brescia metro area there are utility company A2A , automotive manufacturer OMR, steel producers Lucchini and Alfa Acciai, machine tools producers Camozzi and Lonati, firearms manufacturers Fausti, Beretta and Perazzi , gas equipment manufacturers Sabaf and Cavagna, etc. Brescia is home to the prestigious Mille Miglia classic car race that starts and ends in
10005-449: The majority vote). During the early 1130s, when Anacletus had power over Brescia, he appointed Bishop Villanus to the diocese, but in 1132 Innocent regained control and installed Manfred. Despite Manfred supporting the reformed clergy, which Brescia had historical supported with its proximity to Milan and the Pataria reform movement in the 11th century, Manfred was cast out as he clashed with
10120-459: The original Venetic language . In 166 AD the Quadi and Marcomanni invaded Venetia. It was the beginning of many barbarian invasions. Marcus Aurelius retaining the regions of Italia , superimposed another layer of administration by ascribing Regions X and XI to the district of Transpadana under a iuridicus . The end of the 3rd c. brought further administrative changes when Diocletian abolished
10235-503: The pardon of those in jail, along with the Liga Veneta and the regional section of Forza Italia . Some of them are not embarrassed in taking part in the rally, the Festa dei Veneti , in which the tanko is displayed. More recently, leading members of the League, including Bossi and Roberto Calderoli , praised them and another leghista . Roberto Castelli , Minister of Justice in 2003, proposed
10350-567: The part taken by Brescia in the Battle of Cortenova (1237). Brescia came through this assault victorious. After the fall of the Hohenstaufen , republican institutions declined in Brescia as in the other free cities and the leadership was contested between powerful families, chief among them the Maggi and the Brusati, the latter of the (pro-imperial, anti-papal) Ghibelline party. In 1258 the city fell into
10465-562: The place names beginning with the word Farra . By the middle of the 8th century, the Franks had assumed political control of the region and the mainland of Veneto became part of the Carolingian Empire . Though politically dominant, these Germanic invaders were gradually absorbed into the Venetian population over the centuries. In the late 9th century, Berengar , Margrave of the March of Friuli
10580-587: The popularity of Liga Veneta, which was a founding member of Lega Nord in 1991. Venetian Independence and other alike groups have been long proposing a referendum on the independence of Veneto from Italy . After the Regional Council approved a resolution on self-determination (with an explicit reference to a referendum) in November 2012, a referendum bill was proposed in April 2013. Plebiscite 2013 organised an online referendum , with no official recognition, for 16–21 March 2014. According to organisers, turnout
10695-454: The population compared to pensioners who number 24.6%. This compares with the Italian average of 16.5% (minors) and 22% (pensioners). In the four years between 2011 and 2015, the population of Brescia grew by 3.9%, while Italy as a whole grew by 2.1%. The current birth rate of Brescia is 7.9 births per 1,000 inhabitants compared to the Italian average of 8 births. Brescia is one of the most cosmopolitan and multicultural cities in Italy. In 2018,
10810-514: The presence of the Lombard kingdom in northern Italy. Notingus was the first (prince-)bishop (in 844) who bore the title of count (see Bishopric of Brescia ). From 855 to 875, under Louis II the Younger , Brescia became de facto capital of the Holy Roman Empire . Later the power of the bishop as imperial representative was gradually opposed by the local citizens and nobles, resulting in Brescia becoming
10925-501: The region is not granted a form of autonomy comparable to that of neighbouring Friuli-Venezia Giulia and Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol . This is the reason why many municipalities have held referendums in order to be united to these regions. Traditionally a very Catholic region, Veneto was once the heartland of Christian Democracy , which won a record 60.5% of the vote in the 1948 general election , polled above 50% in each and every general and regional election until 1983 and governed
11040-457: The region since its establishment in 1970 to 1994. After that, Veneto has been a stronghold of the centre-right coalition , which has governed the region since 1995, first under President Giancarlo Galan ( Forza Italia / The People of Freedom ) and, since 2010, Luca Zaia ( Liga Veneta – Lega Nord ). In the 2020 regional election Liga Veneta–Lega Nord won a combined 61.5% of the vote (sum of party list and Zaia's personal list), followed by
11155-515: The regions and districts and established provinciae . Thus, Region X ( Venetia et Histria ) became Province VIII ( Venetia et Histria ), being enlarged in the west up to the Adda River governed by a corrector until 363 and from 368 to 373 by a consularius seated at Aquileia. Venetia et Histria remained one of the 16 Provinces of Italy in the 5th century when both Alaric the Goth and then Attila and
11270-466: The territory. The plain itself is subdivided into the higher plain (gravel-strewn and not very fertile) and the lower plain (rich in water sources and arable terrain). The lower plain is both a mainstay of agricultural production and the most populated part of the region. Several rivers flow through the region: the Po , Adige , Brenta , Bacchiglione , Livenza , Piave , and Tagliamento . The eastern shore of
11385-475: The three main Italian parties of the time, the Democratic Party (11.9%), the Brothers of Italy (9.6%) and Forza Italia (3.6%). According to Robert D. Putnam , the "institutional performance" of Veneto's regional government is higher than average in Italy and Veneto belongs to the "civic North". Venetian nationalism is a regionalist/nationalist political movement which gained prominence in Veneto during
11500-405: The total regional population. Veneto converted to Christianity during Roman rule. The region venerates as its patrons the 2nd-century bishop St. Hermagoras and his deacon St. Fortunatus, both of Aquileia and both martyrs. Aquileia became the metropolitan see of Venetia. Aquileia had its own liturgical rites which were used throughout the dioceses of Veneto until the later Middle Ages when
11615-406: The town. In the arts, it was nicknamed Leonessa d'Italia ("The Lioness of Italy") by Gabriele d'Annunzio , who selected Gardone Riviera (nearby on the shores of Garda Lake ) as his final residence. The estate he built (largely thanks to state-sponsored funding), il Vittoriale , is now a public institution devoted to the arts; a museum dedicated to him is hosted in his former residence. Brescia
11730-460: The wars ended, the Treaty of Vienna ceded the region to neutral France, but left the fortresses under Austrian control for a time. Following protests, the Austrians left and the French ceded it to Italy on 20 October. A referendum – where only 30% of the adult population voted as was custom in the period, and did so under government pressure – was held on 21–22 October and ratified the handover. There
11845-620: The word violin appeared in Brescian documents and spread in later decades throughout north of Italy, reaching Venezia and Cremona. Early in the 16th century, Brescia was one of the wealthiest cities of Lombardy, but it never recovered from its sack by the French in 1512. The "Sack of Brescia" took place on 18 February 1512, during the War of the League of Cambrai . The city of Brescia had revolted against French control, garrisoning itself with Venetian troops. Gaston de Foix , recently arrived to command
11960-702: The world. Many settled down in South America, especially in Brazil ; others in Australia , Canada , and the United States of America . After the Second World War , many Venetians emigrated to Western European countries. In many of these places, their descendants have maintained the use of their ancestral Venetian dialects. Those who remained in Veneto would experience the turmoil of two World Wars . In 1915, Italy entered
12075-525: The year, especially in winter when it causes fog, mainly from dusk until late morning, although the phenomenon has become increasingly less frequent in recent years. Precipitation is spread evenly throughout the year. The driest month is December, with precipitation of 54.6 mm (2.15 in), while the wettest month is May, with 104.9 mm (4.13 in) of rain. In 2015, there were 196,480 people residing in Brescia, of whom 47.1% were male and 52.9% were female. Minors (children aged 0–17) totalled 16% of
12190-577: Was elected king of Italy. Under his tumultuous reign, the March of Friuli was absorbed into the March of Verona so that Verona's territory contained a large portion of Roman Venetia. In the 10th century, the mainland of Veneto, after suffering raids from the Magyars and the Slavs , was incorporated into the Holy Roman Empire . Gradually, the communes of the mainland grew in power and wealth. In 1167 an alliance (called
12305-473: Was 63.2% (2.36 million voters) and 89.1% of participants (56.6 of all eligible voters) voted yes. Several news sources, however, contested these results, saying that participants were at most 135,000 (3.6% of eligible voters) based on public independent web traffic statistics. On 22 October 2017 an official autonomy referendum took place in Veneto: 57.2% of Venetians participated and 98.1% voted "yes". Veneto
12420-415: Was a 99.99% majority for Italy. During the fascist era , due to the nationalist policy the Venetian language, as other local languages, was banned in public spaces. Due to uneven economic development reducing many to poverty, the 19th century and the first half of the 20th became a period of emigration. Millions of Venetians left their homes and their native land to seek opportunities in other parts of
12535-635: Was born. During the mid-6th century, Justinian reconquered Venetia for the Eastern Roman Empire . An Exarch was established at Ravenna while a military tribune was set up in Oderzo. Greek-Byzantine rule did not last long. Starting in 568 AD, the Lombards crossed the Julian Alps . These invaders subdivided the territory of Venetia into numerous feuds ruled by Germanic dukes and counts, essentially creating
12650-516: Was dissolved at the death of Emperor Frederick II in 1250. This period also witnessed the founding of the second oldest university in Italy, the University of Padua founded in 1222. Around this time, Padua also served as home to St. Anthony , the beloved Saint called simply "il Santo" ("the Saint") by the inhabitants of the town. As the barbarians were interested in the wealth of the mainland, part of
12765-533: Was found in Brazil, with 57,052 Venetians, followed by Switzerland , with 38,320, and Argentina , with 31,823. There are several million people of Venetian descent around the world, particularly in Brazil, in the states of Rio Grande do Sul , Santa Catarina and Paraná . Local names in Southern Brazil such as Nova Schio, Nova Bassano , Nova Bréscia , Nova Treviso, Nova Veneza , Nova Pádua and Monteberico indicate
12880-597: Was no revolt against the Austrian rule. Venetia remained under Austrian control until the Austro-Prussian War in 1866, when the Kingdom of Italy joined on the Prussian side and was promised Venetia in exchange for its assistance. Austria offered to sell Venetia to Italy, but the Italians refused, seeing it as a dishonourable act. This caused another southern front for Austria, the Third Italian War of Independence . Once
12995-489: Was recognized as civitas ("city"), and in 41 BC, 58 years later, its inhabitants finally received Roman citizenship. Augustus founded a civil (not military) colony there in 27 BC, and he and Tiberius constructed an aqueduct to supply it. Roman Brixia had at least three temples, an aqueduct, a theatre, a forum with another temple built under Vespasianus , and some baths. When Constantine advanced against Maxentius in AD 312, an engagement took place at Brixia in which
13110-476: Was the cradle of a magnificent school of string players and makers, all styled "maestro", of all the different kinds of stringed instruments of the Renaissance: viola da gamba (viols); violone ; lyra ; lyrone ; violetta ; and viola da brazzo . So you can find from 1495 "maestro delle viole" or "maestro delle lire" and later, at least from 1558, "maestro di far violini" that is master of violin making. From 1530
13225-538: Was therefore forced to return to Rome and was likely witness to the Second Council of the Lateran in 1139, after which he obtained Pope Innocent's support and had Arnold exiled from Italy. Arnold's home was Brescia, but he would never return to the city; instead he developed his reform ideology while in exile and continued to dissent against the Church. He worked with intellectual Peter Abelard (who he potentially studied under in
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