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101-582: The name Javořina/Javorina is derived from the Slavic word javor (' maple '). In Slovakia, there is another peak with the name Veľká Javorina, located in the Čergov mountains in eastern Slovakia, hence sometimes the distinguishing name Veľká Javorina Bielokarpatská is used. The massif of Velká Javořina is located in the southwest part of the White Carpathians and is built of flysch rocks with significant thickness, in which layers of sandstone (dating from

202-418: A forest dynamics perspective, old-growth forest is in a stage that follows understory reinitiation stage. Those stages are: Of importance is that while the stand switches from one tree community to another, the stand will not necessarily go through old-growth stage between those stages. Some tree species have a relatively open canopy. That allows more shade-tolerant tree species to establish below even before

303-452: A wayside cross was erected at the accident site, and then in 1971, a stone chapel with a bronze relief was built. However, the implementation of the chapel project on the summit became impossible after the full takeover of power by the communists in the 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état and the resignation of President Edvard Beneš due to the resistance of the totalitarian regime. Mountains often have their own folk legends. One tells of

404-478: A "nutlet" attached to a flattened wing of fibrous, papery tissue. They are shaped to spin as they fall and to carry the seeds a considerable distance on the wind. People often call them "helicopters" due to the way that they spin as they fall. During World War II, the US Army developed a special airdrop supply carrier that could carry up to 65 pounds (29 kg) of supplies and was based on the maple seed. Seed maturation

505-465: A Slovákov , Czech : Slavnosti bratrství Čechů a Slováků ) with a rich program (including performances by folk groups from both countries, majorettes , meetings of mountain bikers ). In addition, it has become a tradition to hike along the green trail from Květné to the "Vavrouška's Tomb" (a stone dedicated to Josef Vavrouška) on every New Year's Eve, located on the opposite peak of Velká Javořina. The first meeting took place on New Year's Eve 1992 and

606-432: A biodiversity that is different from other forest stages. The characteristic topography of much old-growth forest consists of pits and mounds. Mounds are caused by decaying fallen trees, and pits ( tree throws ) by the roots pulled out of the ground when trees fall due to natural causes, including being pushed over by animals. Pits expose humus -poor, mineral-rich soil and often collect moisture and fallen leaves, forming

707-485: A dead rooster that came back to life and crowed to drive the Turks out of the country. Another story is about the bandit Jano Žuchli, who abducted the beautiful Anička from the Čachtice Castle (known for the infamous Elizabeth Báthory ) and made her the queen of the mountains on Velká Javořina, endowing her with his wealth. Maple See either species grouped by sections alphabetical list of species Acer

808-562: A different potential to store carbon. For example, this potential is particularly high in the Pacific Northwest where forests are relatively productive, trees live a long time, decomposition is relatively slow, and fires are infrequent. The differences between forests must, therefore, be taken into consideration when determining how they should be managed to store carbon. A 2019 study projected that old-growth forests in Southeast Asia ,

909-767: A different spatial location relative to the main canopy, hence each one receives a different amount of light. The mixed age of the forest is an important criterion in ensuring that the forest is a relatively stable ecosystem in the long term. A climax stand that is uniformly aged becomes senescent and degrades within a relatively short time to result in a new cycle of forest succession . Thus, uniformly aged stands are less stable ecosystems. Boreal forests are more uniformly aged, as they are normally subject to frequent stand-replacing wildfires. Forest canopy gaps are essential in creating and maintaining mixed-age stands. Also, some herbaceous plants only become established in canopy openings, but persist beneath an understory. Openings are

1010-563: A healthy fungal ecosystem, and presence of indicator species. Old-growth forests are often biologically diverse , and home to many rare species , threatened species , and endangered species of plants and animals, such as the northern spotted owl , marbled murrelet and fisher , making them ecologically significant. Levels of biodiversity may be higher or lower in old-growth forests compared to that in second-growth forests, depending on specific circumstances, environmental variables, and geographic variables. Logging in old-growth forests

1111-630: A literary supplement (biweekly) to the first Slovak-language periodical, Slovenskje národňje novini , edited by Ľudovít Štúr . The following year, another Slovak national leader, Jozef Miloslav Hurban , administered the oath to volunteers fighting during the Slovak Uprising against the Hungarians, who refused to recognize Slovak aspirations during the Spring of Nations . Patriotic meetings of Czechs , Slovaks , and Moravians also took place there, which

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1212-1035: A lobe, one of which is central or apical. A small number of species differ in having palmate compound, pinnate compound, pinnate veined or unlobed leaves. Several species, including Acer griseum (paperbark maple), Acer mandshuricum (Manchurian maple), Acer maximowiczianum (Nikko maple) and Acer triflorum (three-flowered maple), have trifoliate leaves. One species, Acer negundo (box-elder or Manitoba maple), has pinnately compound leaves that may be simply trifoliate or may have five, seven, or rarely nine leaflets. A few, such as Acer laevigatum (Nepal maple) and Acer carpinifolium (hornbeam maple), have pinnately veined simple leaves. Maple species, such as Acer rubrum , may be monoecious , dioecious or polygamodioecious . The flowers are regular, pentamerous , and borne in racemes , corymbs , or umbels . They have four or five sepals , four or five petals about 1–6 mm long (absent in some species), four to ten stamens about 6–10 mm long, and two pistils or

1313-410: A moist, relatively mild climate, some old-growth trees have attained notable height and girth (DBH: diameter at breast height), accompanied by notable biodiversity in terms of the species supported. Therefore, for most people, the physical size of the trees is the most recognized hallmark of old-growth forests, even though the ecologically productive areas that support such large trees often comprise only

1414-470: A number of small trunks originating at about ground level. Most species are deciduous , and many are renowned for their autumn leaf colours , but a few in southern Asia and the Mediterranean region are mostly evergreen . Most are shade-tolerant when young and are often riparian, understory, or pioneer species rather than climax overstory trees. There are a few exceptions such as sugar maple . Many of

1515-724: A pistil with two styles. The ovary is superior and has two carpels , whose wings elongate the flowers, making it easy to tell which flowers are female. Maples flower in late winter or early spring , in most species with or just after the appearance of the leaves, but in some before the trees leaf out. Maple flowers are green, yellow, orange or red. Though individually small, the effect of an entire tree in flower can be striking in several species. Some maples are an early spring source of pollen and nectar for bees . The distinctive fruits are called samaras , "maple keys", "helicopters", "whirlybirds" or "polynoses". These seeds occur in distinctive pairs each containing one seed enclosed in

1616-546: A preserved ecosystem of old-growth forest and mountain meadow , totaling 165.87 hectares since 2007, and in Slovakia, the Veľká Javorina Nature Reserve was established in 1988, covering 82.98 hectares. Both reserves are under strict protection, without interference in natural processes; the forest undergoes only natural renaturalisation . The summit is covered with the only Nardetalia  [ pl ] in

1717-781: A problem for mowing lawns. Particularly popular are Norway maple (although it is considered invasive in North America), silver maple , Japanese maple , and red maple . The vine maple is also occasionally used as an ornamental tree. Other maples, especially smaller or more unusual species, are popular as specimen trees. Numerous maple cultivars that have been selected for particular characteristics can be propagated only by asexual reproduction such as cuttings, tissue culture , budding or grafting . Acer palmatum (Japanese maple) alone has over 1,000 cultivars, most selected in Japan, and many of them no longer propagated or not in cultivation in

1818-689: A result of industrial logging operations. In 2006, about 61,000 hectares of tall-eucalypt RFA old-growth forests remained unprotected. Recent logging attempts in the Upper Florentine Valley have sparked a series of protests and media attention over the arrests that have taken place in this area. Additionally, Gunns Limited , the primary forestry contractor in Tasmania, has been under recent criticism by political and environmental groups over its practice of woodchipping timber harvested from old-growth forests. Increased understanding of forest dynamics in

1919-550: A result of tree death due to small impact disturbances such as wind, low-intensity fires, and tree diseases. Old-growth forests are unique, usually having multiple horizontal layers of vegetation representing a variety of tree species , age classes, and sizes, as well as "pit and mound" soil shape with well-established fungal nets . As old-growth forest is structurally diverse, it provides higher-diversity habitat than forests in other stages. Thus, sometimes higher biological diversity can be sustained in old-growth forests, or at least

2020-432: A severe disturbance, such as wildfire, insect infestation, or harvesting, is often called second-growth or 'regeneration' until enough time passes for the effects of the disturbance to be no longer evident. Depending on the forest, this may take from a century to several millennia. Hardwood forests of the eastern United States can develop old-growth characteristics in 150–500 years. In British Columbia , Canada, old growth

2121-486: A source of raw materials. These services include making breathable air, making pure water, carbon storage, regeneration of nutrients, maintenance of soils, pest control by insectivorous bats and insects, micro- and macro-climate control, and the storage of a wide variety of genes. The effects of old-growth forests in relation to global warming have been addressed in various studies and journals. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change said in its 2007 report : "In

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2222-412: A substrate for seedling trees. Intact soils harbor many life forms that rely on them. Intact soils generally have very well-defined horizons, or soil profiles . Different organisms may need certain well-defined soil horizons to live, while many trees need well-structured soils free of disturbance to thrive. Some herbaceous plants in northern hardwood forests must have thick duff layers (which are part of

2323-400: A thick organic layer that is able to nurture certain types of organisms. Mounds provide a place free of leaf inundation and saturation, where other types of organisms thrive. Standing snags provide food sources and habitat for many types of organisms. In particular, many species of dead-wood predators, such as woodpeckers , must have standing snags available for feeding. In North America,

2424-417: A useful number to measure. So, some forests may be excluded from being categorized as old-growth even if they have old-growth attributes just because they are too young. Also, older forests can lack some old-growth attributes and be categorized as old-growth just because they are so old. The idea of using age is also problematic, because human activities can influence the forest in varied ways. For example, after

2525-584: A very small portion of the total area that has been mapped as old-growth forest. (In high-altitude, harsh climates, trees grow very slowly and thus remain at a small size. Such trees also qualify as old growth in terms of how they are mapped, but are rarely recognized by the general public as such.) The debate over old-growth definitions has been inextricably linked with a complex range of social perceptions about wilderness preservation, biodiversity, aesthetics, and spirituality, as well as economic or industrial values. In logging terms, old-growth stands are past

2626-504: Is a forest that has developed over a long period of time without disturbance . Due to this, old-growth forests exhibit unique ecological features. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations defines primary forests as naturally regenerated forests of native tree species where there are no clearly visible indications of human activity and the ecological processes are not significantly disturbed. One-third (34 percent) of

2727-556: Is a genus of trees and shrubs commonly known as maples . The genus is placed in the soapberry family Sapindaceae . There are approximately 132 species , most of which are native to Asia , with a number also appearing in Europe , northern Africa , and North America . Only one species, Acer laurinum , extends to the Southern Hemisphere . The type species of the genus is the sycamore maple Acer pseudoplatanus , one of

2828-414: Is a contentious issue in many parts of the world. Excessive logging reduces biodiversity, affecting not only the old-growth forest itself, but also indigenous species that rely upon old-growth forest habitat. Some forests in the old-growth stage have a mix of tree ages, due to a distinct regeneration pattern for this stage. New trees regenerate at different times from each other, because each of them has

2929-688: Is a major producer of maple syrup, an industry worth about 500 million Canadian dollars annually. Also, as these trees are a major source of pollen in early spring before many other plants have flowered, maple flowers are a source of foraging for honeybees that play a commercially important role in general agriculture and in natural habitats. Maple is used as pulpwood . The fibers have relatively thick walls that prevent collapsing upon drying. This gives good bulk and opacity in paper . Maple also gives paper good printing properties. Many maples have bright autumn foliage , and many countries have leaf-watching traditions. The sugar maple ( Acer saccharum )

3030-654: Is affected. Climate change showed an impact on the mortality of some dominant tree species, as observed in the Korean pine . Climate change also showed an effect on the composition of species when forests were surveyed over a 10- and 20-year period, which may disrupt the overall productivity of the forest. According to the World Resources Institute , as of January 2009, only 21% of the original old-growth forests that once existed on Earth are remaining. An estimated one-half of Western Europe's forests were cleared before

3131-615: Is defined as 120 to 140 years of age in the interior of the province where fire is a frequent and natural occurrence. In British Columbia's coastal rainforests , old growth is defined as trees more than 250 years, with some trees reaching more than 1,000 years of age. In Australia, eucalypt trees rarely exceed 350 years of age due to frequent fire disturbance. Forest types have very different development patterns, natural disturbances and appearances. A Douglas-fir stand may grow for centuries without disturbance while an old-growth ponderosa pine forest requires frequent surface fires to reduce

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3232-620: Is from 15 to 16 °C, in January from -3 to -4 °C, the number of summer days ranges from 10 to 30, the number of frost days from 140 to 160, and the average annual precipitation totals 850–1000 mm. The average annual atmospheric temperature is below 6 °C. This area is one of the oldest protected areas in the Czech Republic; as early as 1909 its owners, the Liechtensteins , declared a protection regime similar to today's. The massif of Velká Javořina

3333-659: Is located within the protected landscape areas of Bílé Karpaty on the Czech side and Biele Karpaty on the Slovak side. Additionally, both on the Czech and Slovak sides, small-scale protected areas have been designated ( national nature reserve in the Czech Republic and nature reserve in Slovakia). In the Czech Republic the Javořina National Nature Reserve was established in 1951, with the highest category of protection, covering

3434-503: Is made from the sap of some maple species. It is one of the most common genera of trees in Asia. Many maple species are grown in gardens where they are valued for their autumn colour and often decorative foliage, some also for their attractive flowers, fruit, or bark. The closest relative of Acer is Dipteronia , which only has two living species in China, but has a fossil record extending back to

3535-433: Is more accurate in forests where the species that constitute old-growth have long lifespans and succession is slow. Common cultural definitions and common denominators regarding what comprises old-growth forest, and the variables that define, constitute and embody old-growth forests include: Additionally, in mountainous, temperate landscapes (such as Western North America), and specifically in areas of high-quality soil and

3636-907: Is not the most commercially viable timber—in British Columbia, Canada, harvesting in the coastal region is moving to younger second-growth stands. A 2001 scientific symposium in Canada found that defining old growth in a scientifically meaningful, yet policy-relevant, manner presents some basic difficulties, especially if a simple, unambiguous, and rigorous scientific definition is sought. Symposium participants identified some attributes of late-successional, temperate-zone, old-growth forest types that could be considered in developing an index of "old-growthness" and for defining old-growth forests: Structural features: Compositional features: Process features: Old-growth forests provide ecosystem services that may be far more important to society than their use as

3737-595: Is often used for the smoking of food. Charcoal from maples is an integral part of the Lincoln County Process used to make Tennessee whiskey . They are also cultivated as ornamental plants and have benefits for tourism and agriculture . Some of the larger maple species have valuable timber , particularly Sugar maple in North America and Sycamore maple in Europe. Sugar maple wood—often known as "hard maple"—is

3838-400: Is placed in the subfamily Hippocastanoideae . The genus is subdivided by its morphology into a multitude of sections and subsections. Molecular studies incorporating DNA sequence data from both chloroplast and nuclear genomes, aiming to resolve the internal relationships and reconstruct the evolutionairy history of the group, suggest a Late Paleocene origin for the group, appearing first in

3939-552: Is seen as extremely economically unproductive, as timber can only be collected from falling trees, and also potentially damaging to nearby managed groves by creating environments conducive to root rot. It may be more productive to cut the old growth down and replace the forest with a younger one. The island of Tasmania , just off the southeast coast of Australia, has the largest amount of temperate old-growth rainforest reserves in Australia with around 1,239,000 hectares in total. While

4040-458: Is sought for fine woodworking. Some maple wood has a highly decorative wood grain , known as flame maple , quilt maple , birdseye maple and burl wood . This condition occurs randomly in individual trees of several species and often cannot be detected until the wood has been sawn, though it is sometimes visible in the standing tree as a rippled pattern in the bark. These select decorative wood pieces also have subcategories that further filter

4141-568: Is the primary contributor to fall " foliage season " in north-eastern North America . In Japan , the custom of viewing the changing colour of maples in the autumn is called momijigari . Nikkō and Kyoto are particularly favoured destinations for this activity. In Korea, the same viewing activity is called danpung-nori and the Seoraksan and Naejang-san mountains are among the best-known destinations. Old-growth forest An old-growth forest (also referred to as primary forest )

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4242-481: Is the standard maple bat most in use by professional baseball. Maple is also commonly used in archery as the core material in the limbs of a recurve bow due to its stiffness and strength. Maple wood is often graded based on physical and aesthetic characteristics. The most common terminology includes the grading scale from common #2; which is unselected and often used for craft woods; common #1, used for commercial and residential buildings; clear; and select grade, which

4343-645: Is used in numerous musical instruments . Maple is harder and has a brighter sound than mahogany , which is another major tonewood used in instrument manufacturing. The back, sides, and neck of most violins , violas , cellos , and double basses are made from maple. Electric guitar necks are commonly made from maple, having good dimensional stability. The necks of the Fender Stratocaster and Telecaster were originally an entirely maple one piece neck, but later were also available with rosewood fingerboards. Les Paul desired an all maple guitar, but due to

4444-425: Is usually in a few weeks to six months after flowering, with seed dispersal shortly after maturity. However, one tree can release hundreds of thousands of seeds at a time. Depending on the species, the seeds can be small and green to orange and big with thicker seed pods. The green seeds are released in pairs, sometimes with the stems still connected. The yellow seeds are released individually and almost always without

4545-462: Is why Velká Javořina is considered one of the symbols of good relations between these nations. Evidence of this is a stone at the summit with a quote from J.M. Hurban: Tu bratia vždy sa stretať budú (Slovak) (English: Here brothers will always meet ). On 1 September 1945, 25,000 Czechs and Slovaks gathered at the summit. Every year in July, joint events are organized ( Slovak : Slávnosti bratstva Čechov

4646-560: The Kingdom of Bohemia ) and the Hungarian part (including Slovakia ). A remnant of those times is one of the trails under Velká Javořina, called Maďarská cesta ( Hungarian path ). Using mountain trails, during World War II , about 2,500 people fleeing from the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia , occupied by Nazi Germany , were smuggled through the massif. Popular ski resorts are located on

4747-476: The Liechtenstein family in the nearby village of Květné, which has been in operation since 1797. A mining settlement called Vápenky (now part of the municipality of Nová Lhota ) was established at this location. Today, the former miners' cottages, built in a folk style, have been protected by the creation of a village monument zone . Several hiking trails lead to the summit, including periodically running along

4848-480: The Middle Ages , and 90% of the old-growth forests that existed in the contiguous United States in the 1600s have been cleared. The large trees in old-growth forests are economically valuable, and have been subject to aggressive logging throughout the world. This has led to many conflicts between logging companies and environmental groups . From certain forestry perspectives, fully maintaining an old-growth forest

4949-674: The Regional Forest Agreement (RFA) attempted to prevent the clearfelling of defined "old-growth forests". This led to struggles over what constitutes "old growth". For example, in Western Australia, the timber industry tried to limit the area of old growth in the karri forests of the Southern Forests Region; this led to the creation of the Western Australian Forests Alliance , the splitting of

5050-593: The Upper Cretaceous to the Lower Paleocene ) and fine-grained marine sediments ( shales and marls ) rhythmically repeat. The massif has the character of a mountainous erosional - denudational landscape. Its main feature is a significant surface area with large differences in elevation and steep terrain slopes. Convex landforms dominate over concave ones. The highest parts of the mountain are characterized by steep slopes facing north and northeast, descending to

5151-642: The Western world . Some delicate cultivars are usually grown in pots and rarely reach heights of more than 50–100 cm. Maples are a popular choice for the art of bonsai . Japanese maple ( Acer palmatum ), trident maple ( A. buergerianum ), Amur maple ( A. ginnala ), field maple ( A. campestre ) and Montpellier maple ( A. monspessulanum ) are popular choices and respond well to techniques that encourage leaf reduction and ramification , but most species can be used. Maple collections, sometimes called aceretums , occupy space in many gardens and arboreta around

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5252-623: The alpine sow-thistle ( Cicerbita alpina , the only occurrence in the White Carpathians). Also growing there are snowdrops , perennial honesty , and Corydalis . In the forests of Velká Javořina, one can find red deers , roe deers , and wild boars . Sometimes brown bears also wander there. Among the rarer species that inhabit this area are beetles such as the alpine longhorn beetle and Cerambyx scopolii , which feed on dead parts of trees. Rare spiders include tangle-web spiders , Tenuiphantes zimmermanni , Saloca kulczynskii from

5353-597: The ecosystem services they provide. This can be a point of contention when some in the logging industry desire to harvest valuable timber from the forests, destroying the forests in the process, to generate short-term profits, while environmentalists seek to preserve the forests in their pristine state for benefits such as water purification , flood control , weather stability, maintenance of biodiversity, and nutrient cycling . Moreover, old-growth forests are more efficient at sequestering carbon than newly planted forests and fast-growing timber plantations , thus preserving

5454-401: The root systems are typically dense and fibrous, inhibiting the growth of other vegetation underneath them. A few species, notably Acer cappadocicum , frequently produce root sprouts , which can develop into clonal colonies . Maples are distinguished by opposite leaf arrangement. The leaves in most species are palmate veined and lobed, with 3 to 9 (rarely to 13) veins each leading to

5555-422: The sheet weaver family, as well as the fly Phaonia czernyi . Among the birds reported are the white-backed woodpecker and the collared flycatcher . Around the springs and forest streams , one can find the fire salamander and the yellow-bellied toad . Since the 18th century, limestone has been mined at the northwest foot of Velká Javořina. After grinding, it was supplied to the glassworks owned by

5656-525: The spotted owl is well known for needing standing snags for nesting habitat. Fallen timber, or coarse woody debris , contributes carbon -rich organic matter directly to the soil , providing a substrate for mosses , fungi, and seedlings , and creating microhabitats by creating relief on the forest floor. In some ecosystems such as the temperate rain forest of the North American Pacific coast , fallen timber may become nurse logs , providing

5757-437: The 1970s to the 1990s, maple drum kits were a vast majority of all drum kits made, but in recent years, birch has become popular for drums once again. Some of the best drum-building companies use maple extensively throughout their mid-pro range. Maple drums are favored for their bright resonant sound. Certain types of drum sticks are also made from maple. During late winter to early spring in northeastern North America , when

5858-809: The Canadian ice hockey team, the Toronto Maple Leafs . The first attested use of the word was in 1260 as "mapole", and it also appears a century later in Geoffrey Chaucer 's Canterbury Tales , spelled as "mapul". The maple is also a symbol of Hiroshima , ubiquitous in the local meibutsu . The maple leaf appears in the coat of arms of Sammatti , a former municipality of Uusimaa , Finland . Some species of maple are extensively planted as ornamental trees by homeowners, businesses, and municipalities due to their fall colour, relatively fast growth, ease of transplanting, and lack of hard seeds that would pose

5959-625: The Liberal Government of Western Australia and the election of the Gallop Labor Government. Old-growth forests in this region have now been placed inside national parks . A small proportion of old-growth forests also exist in South-West Australia and are protected by federal laws from logging, which has not occurred there for more than 20 years. In British Columbia , Canada , old-growth forests must be maintained in each of

6060-546: The Strání Valley with an average elevation of 479 meters above sea level. The summit itself has the shape of a broad, flat ridge covered with meadows, and the peak is located on the Slovak side. A characteristic and very common phenomenon in areas with softer ( clay ) ground is landslides , causing significant damage to the forest stand . On stony-clay slopes with alluvial deposits, medium-heavy cambisols have developed (a type of rendzina ). A characteristic feature of

6161-705: The United States and Ontario, Canada. Maples are affected by a number of fungal diseases. Several are susceptible to Verticillium wilt caused by Verticillium species, which can cause significant local mortality. Sooty bark disease , caused by Cryptostroma species, can kill trees that are under stress due to drought . Death of maples can rarely be caused by Phytophthora root rot and Ganoderma root decay. Maple leaves in late summer and autumn are commonly disfigured by "tar spot" caused by Rhytisma species and mildew caused by Uncinula species, though these diseases do not usually have an adverse effect on

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6262-704: The Velička stream emerges from a spring , which is a left tributary of the Morava river. The drainage divide between Velička and Sviniarský potok (a tributary of the Váh river) runs across the mountain. The massif lies in the zone of temperate climates . The climate of the central and northeastern parts of the White Carpathians is quite warm, cooler at higher altitudes, but much warmer than at comparable heights in northern and western Moravia. Although dry southeast winds prevail in

6363-409: The White Carpathians, dominated by Nardus stricta . Before the use of mineral fertilizers in the early 1990s, the elder-flowered orchid and Gentianella lutescens  [ pl ] were abundant there. Currently, the meadow is returning to its natural state, as evidenced by findings of round headed orchid and willowherbs . At the edge of the reserve grows the giant bellflower , which has

6464-409: The White Carpathians, especially in summer, on the highest peaks such as Velká Javořina, northeast winds prevail, more frequent also in the summer. Winds are the cause of strong wind erosion . Precipitation is usually more abundant than in southern Moravia. The summit areas of the White Carpathians around Velká Javořina have characteristics of a alpine climate . The average temperature in July there

6565-409: The aesthetic looks. Crotch wood, bees wing, cats paw, old growth and mottled are some terms used to describe the look of these decorative woods. Maples have a long history of use for furniture production in the United States. The Cherokee people would produce a purple dye from maple bark, which they used to dye cloth. Maple is considered a tonewood , or a wood that carries sound waves well, and

6666-446: The atmosphere. Proponents of harvesting the forest argue the carbon stored in wood is available for use as biomass energy (displacing fossil fuel use), although using biomass as a fuel produces air pollution in the form of carbon monoxide , nitrogen oxides , volatile organic compounds , particulates, and other pollutants, in some cases at levels above those from traditional fuel sources such as coal or natural gas. Each forest has

6767-409: The country, with at least one in each province. Although the idea of the tree as a national symbol originally hailed from the province of Quebec where the sugar maple is significant, today's arboreal emblem of Canada rather refers to a generic maple. The design on the flag is an eleven-point stylization modeled after a sugar maple leaf (which normally bears 23 points). It is also in the name of

6868-421: The economic optimum for harvesting—usually between 80 and 150 years, depending on the species. Old-growth forests were often given harvesting priority because they had the most commercially valuable timber, they were considered to be at greater risk of deterioration through root rot or insect infestation, and they occupied land that could be used for more productive second-growth stands. In some regions, old growth

6969-436: The forest will switch back to understory reinitiation stage. Using the stand dynamics definition, old-growth can be easily evaluated using structural attributes. However, in some forest ecosystems, this can lead to decisions regarding the preservation of unique stands or attributes that will disappear over the next few decades because of natural succession processes. Consequently, using stand dynamics to define old-growth forests

7070-472: The forests is vital to climate change mitigation . Old-growth forests tend to have large trees and standing dead trees, multilayered canopies with gaps that result from the deaths of individual trees, and coarse woody debris on the forest floor. The trees of old-growth forests develop distinctive attributes not seen in younger trees, such as more complex structures and deeply fissured bark that can harbor rare lichens and mosses. A forest regenerated after

7171-582: The greenstriped mapleworm ( Dryocampa rubicunda ), can feed on the leaves so much that they cause temporary defoliation of host maple trees. Aphids are also very common sap-feeders on maples. In horticultural applications a dimethoate spray will solve this. Infestations of the Asian long-horned beetle ( Anoplophora glabripennis ) have resulted in the destruction of thousands of maples and other tree species in Illinois, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York, and Ohio in

7272-427: The landscape patterns and habitat conditions normally maintained in nature . This coarse filter approach to biodiversity conservation recognizes ecological processes and provides for a dynamic distribution of old growth across the landscape. And all seral stages—young, medium, and old—support forest biodiversity. Plants and animals rely on different forest ecosystem stages to meet their habitat needs. In Australia ,

7373-525: The late 20th century led the scientific community to identify a need to inventory, understand, manage, and conserve representative examples of old-growth forests with their associated characteristics and values. Literature around old growth and its management is inconclusive about the best way to characterize the true essence of an old-growth stand. A better understanding of natural systems has resulted in new ideas about forest management, such as managed natural disturbances, which should be designed to achieve

7474-617: The local Regional Forest Agreement (RFA) was originally designed to protect much of this natural wealth, many of the RFA old-growth forests protected in Tasmania consist of trees of little use to the timber industry. RFA old-growth and high conservation value forests that contain species highly desirable to the forestry industry have been poorly preserved. Only 22% of Tasmania's original tall-eucalypt forests managed by Forestry Tasmania have been reserved. Ten thousand hectares of tall-eucalypt RFA old-growth forest have been lost since 1996, predominantly as

7575-408: The logging of 30% of the trees, less time is needed for old-growth to come back than after removal of 80% of the trees. Although depending on the species logged, the forest that comes back after a 30% harvest may consist of proportionately fewer hardwood trees than a forest logged at 80% in which the light competition by less important tree species does not inhibit the regrowth of vital hardwoods. From

7676-413: The long term, a sustainable forest management strategy aimed at maintaining or increasing forest carbon stocks, while producing an annual sustained yield of timber, fibre, or energy from the forest, will generate the largest sustained mitigation benefit." Old-growth forests are often perceived to be in equilibrium or in a state of decay. However, evidence from analysis of carbon stored above ground and in

7777-476: The majority of which are in Indonesia and Malaysia , are able to sequester carbon or be a net emitter of greenhouse gases based on deforestation scenarios over the subsequent decades. Old-growth forests have the potential to impact climate change, but climate change is also impacting old-growth forests. As the effects of global warming grow more substantial, the ability of old-growth forests to sequester carbon

7878-460: The massif is the rapid, stream -like flow of watercourses, which is typical of areas with significant elevation differences. The predominance of water erosion processes on the slopes over aggradation is significant. Abundant mineral springs are found here, whose therapeutic properties are utilized in the Luhačovice spa town. On the northwest slope, at an altitude of 856 meters above sea level,

7979-450: The middle Paleocene in North America. The oldest known fossils of Acer are from the late Paleocene of Northeast Asia and northern North America, around 60 million years old. The oldest fossils of Acer in Europe are from Svalbard , dating to the late Eocene ( Priabonian ~38–34 million years ago). Most maples or acers are trees growing to a height of 10–45 m (33–148 ft). Others are shrubs less than 10 meters tall with

8080-421: The most common maple species in Europe. Most maples usually have easily identifiable palmate leaves (with a few exceptions, such as Acer carpinifolium , Acer laurinum , and Acer negundo ) and all share distinctive winged fruits . The closest relative of the maples is the small east Asian genus Dipteronia , followed by the more widespread genus Aesculus (buckeyes and horse-chestnuts). Maple syrup

8181-599: The night-to-day temperatures change from freezing to thawing, maple trees may be tapped for sap to manufacture maple syrup . The sap is sent via tubing to a sugar house where it is boiled to produce syrup or made into maple sugar or maple taffy . It takes about 40 litres (42 US qt) of sugar maple sap to make 1 litre (1.1 US qt) of syrup. While any Acer species may be tapped for syrup, many do not have sufficient quantities of sugar to be commercially useful, whereas sugar maples ( A. saccharum ) are most commonly used to produce maple syrup. Québec, Canada

8282-605: The northeastern Palearctic. Rapid lineage divergence was followed by several independent dispersals to the Nearctic and Western Palearctic regions. Fifty-four species of maples meet the International Union for Conservation of Nature criteria for being under threat of extinction in their native habitat. The leaves are used as a food plant for the larvae of a number of the order Lepidoptera (see List of Lepidoptera that feed on maples). In high concentrations, caterpillars, like

8383-400: The only known occurrence in the White Carpathians. The forests of the massif mainly consist of native species: sycamore maple (from which the mountain takes its name), common beech , and ash . The trees are of similar age. Due to the harsh microclimate of the mountain's summit, there are trees with original, twisted crown shapes in the highest parts. Among the rare plants found here are

8484-517: The province's ecological units to meet biodiversity needs. In the United States , from 2001, around a quarter of the federal forests are protected from logging. In December 2023, Biden's administration introduced a rule, according to which, logging is strongly limited in old growth forests, but permitted in "mature forests", representing a compromise between the logging industry and environmental activists. In 2006, Greenpeace identified that

8585-557: The same route the E8 European long distance path and Slovakian trails: the red trail (0701h) and the Cesta hrdinov SNP  [ pl ] , as well as a yellow cycling route from Lubina  [ pl ] (9 km long, with an elevation gain of 600 m). There are also Czech trails. During Austria-Hungary , the ridge served as the border between the Austrian part of the monarchy (including

8686-607: The shade-tolerant species and regenerate the canopy species. In the boreal forest of Canada , catastrophic disturbances like wildfires minimize opportunities for major accumulations of dead and downed woody material and other structural legacies associated with old growth conditions. Typical characteristics of old-growth forest include the presence of older trees, minimal signs of human disturbance, mixed-age stands, presence of canopy openings due to tree falls, pit-and-mound topography , down wood in various stages of decay, standing snags (dead trees), multilayered canopies, intact soils ,

8787-475: The slopes, especially on the Slovak side, with the longest ski lift measuring 730 m. The mountain hut Holubyho chata , located at an altitude of 920 m above sea level, serves as a summer and winter accommodation base and a starting point for hikes. It is named after Jozef Ľudovít Holuby. At the summit, there is a tower with a height of 134.5 m serving as a radio mast , television tower , and base transceiver station for cellular network . In an adit near

8888-462: The soil has shown old-growth forests are more productive at storing carbon than younger forests. Forest harvesting has little or no effect on the amount of carbon stored in the soil, but other research suggests older forests that have trees of many ages, multiple layers, and little disturbance have the highest capacities for carbon storage. As trees grow, they remove carbon from the atmosphere, and protecting these pools of carbon prevents emissions into

8989-516: The soil profile). Fungal ecosystems are essential for efficient in-situ recycling of nutrients back into the entire ecosystem. Stand age can also be used to categorize a forest as old-growth. For any given geographical area, the average time since disturbance until a forest reaches the old growth stage can be determined. This method is useful, because it allows quick and objective determination of forest stage. However, this definition does not provide an explanation of forest function. It just gives

9090-686: The stems. Most species require stratification in order to germinate , and some seeds can remain dormant in the soil for several years before germinating. The genus Acer , together with genus Dipteronia , were formerly often classified in a family of their own, the Aceraceae , but recent botanical consensus, including the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group system, includes them in the family Sapindaceae ; their exclusion from Sapindaceae would leave that family paraphyletic . Within Sapindaceae, Acer

9191-613: The summit, a seismic station was established in 1995 by scientists from the Department of Earth Physics at Masaryk University in Brno in cooperation with the Central Institute for Meteorology and Geodynamics in Vienna . In July 1847, a group of Slovak students gathered on Velká Javořina to celebrate the publication of the first issue (3rd year) of the magazine Orol tatránski ( Tatra Eagle ),

9292-461: The support of Archbishop Leopold Prečan of Olomouc . During the period of seeking approval and support from the Ministry of Agriculture and local government offices, the first ecumenical service for Slovaks, Czechs, and Moravians was held on the summit on 27 July 1947. During the descent from it, Marie Málková from Nivnice was killed by a tree falling during a storm. At the urging of Father Šuránek,

9393-478: The trees' long-term health. A maple leaf is on the coat of arms of Canada , and is on the Canadian flag . The maple is a common symbol of strength and endurance and has been chosen as the national tree of Canada. Maple leaves are traditionally an important part of Canadian Forces military regalia, for example, the military rank insignia for generals use maple leaf symbols. There are 10 species naturally growing in

9494-549: The understory reinitiation stage. The shade-tolerant trees eventually outcompete the main canopy trees in stem-exclusion stage. Therefore, the dominant tree species will change, but the forest will still be in stem-exclusion stage until the shade-tolerant species reach old-growth stage. Tree species succession may change tree species' composition once the old-growth stage has been achieved. For example, an old boreal forest may contain some large aspen trees, which may die and be replaced by smaller balsam fir or black spruce. Consequently,

9595-422: The weight of maple, only the tops of Gibson 's Les Paul guitars are made from carved maple, often using quilted or flamed maple tops. Due to its weight, very few solid body guitars are made entirely from maple, but many guitars have maple necks, tops or veneers. Maple is also often used to make bassoons and sometimes for other woodwind instruments like maple recorders. Many drums are made from maple. From

9696-406: The wood of choice for bowling pins, bowling alley lanes, pool and snooker cue shafts , and butcher's blocks . Maple wood is also used for the manufacture of wooden baseball bats , though less often than ash or hickory due to the tendency of maple bats to shatter if they do break. The maple bat was introduced to Major League Baseball (MLB) in 1998 by Sam Bat founder Sam Holman. Today it

9797-471: The world has 1.11  billion   ha (2.7 billion acres) of primary forest remaining. Combined, three countries (Brazil, Canada, and Russia) host more than half (61 percent) of the world's primary forest. The area of primary forest has decreased by 81 million ha (200 million acres) since 1990, but the rate of loss more than halved in 2010–2020 compared with the previous decade. Old-growth forests are valuable for economic reasons and for

9898-718: The world including the "five great W's" in England : Wakehurst Place Garden , Westonbirt Arboretum , Windsor Great Park , Winkworth Arboretum and Wisley Garden . In the United States , the aceretum at the Harvard -owned Arnold Arboretum in Boston is especially notable. In the number of species and cultivars, the Esveld Aceretum in Boskoop, Netherlands , is the largest in the world. Maples are important as sources of syrup and wood. Dried wood

9999-500: The world's forests are primary forests. Old-growth features include diverse tree-related structures that provide diverse wildlife habitats that increases the biodiversity of the forested ecosystem . Virgin or first-growth forests are old-growth forests that have never been logged. The concept of diverse tree structure includes multi-layered canopies and canopy gaps, greatly varying tree heights and diameters, and diverse tree species and classes and sizes of woody debris. As of 2020 ,

10100-413: The world's remaining intact forest landscapes are distributed among the continents as follows: [REDACTED]  This article incorporates text from a free content work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 ( license statement/permission ). Text taken from Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020 Key findings​ , FAO, FAO. [REDACTED]  This article incorporates text from

10201-485: Was a spontaneous, social protest against the dissolution of Czechoslovakia , which took place the next day – 1 January 1993, against the significant part of public opinion . The idea of supporting the brotherhood of these nations was to be dedicated to the chapel of Our Lady, Mother of Unity, which the Servant of God , Father Antonín Šuránek, wanted to build on the summit directly after World War II. For this idea, he obtained

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