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67-594: The Stadler Variobahn (formerly sold as the ABB Variotram , Adtranz Variotram and Bombardier Variotram ) is a German-designed model of articulated low-floor tram and light rail vehicle . Since its introduction in 1993, the Variobahn has been manufactured variously by ABB , Adtranz , Bombardier Transportation , and since 2001 by Stadler Rail . As of 2009, 254 trams have been ordered, with an additional 110 on option. A unit costs about €2.5 million. Operators include

134-555: A modular design that is customizable to meet specific operators' demands, including a variety of track gauges and voltages . The modules can also be replaced easily in case of damage. Flexity trams can be built for both bi-directional and uni-directional systems. A low-floor design with multi-purpose areas is standard on most models, allowing easy access to the vehicles for wheelchair users. There are also high-floor configurations for Flexity LRVs, and can be designed for tram-train operations. As Bombardier's premium tram model,

201-407: A payload of 30 tonnes (33.1 short tons ; 29.5 long tons ). On weekdays, trams are planned to make 4 deliveries per hour between 7 a.m. and 11 a.m. and two per hour between 11 a.m. and 11 p.m. With each unloading operation taking on average 10 minutes, this means that each site would be active for 40 minutes out of each hour during the morning rush hour. In early 2009 the scheme

268-680: A 100% low floor, the Flexity Outlook range encompasses two different designs: the Eurotram and Cityrunner. Eurotram was originally conceived by Socimi of Italy as a distinctive, train-like tramcar with large windows and modules with both powered and unpowered bogies . Cityrunner has a more conventional appearance, but highly customizable and is future proof with its easily repairable modules. These vehicles are currently used in Strasbourg , Porto , Brussels , and Marseille , among others. Toronto

335-431: A ballast motor, ballast trailers, blow-down cars, breakdown cars, conductors' or drivers' instruction cars, a laboratory testing car, a line marking car, a pantograph testing car, per way locomotives, a rail hardener locomotive, a scrapper car, scrubbers, sleeper carriers, track cleaners, a welding car, and a wheel transport car. Some were built new for specific purposes, including: rail grinders, scrubbers/track cleaners, and

402-427: A bidirectional pantograph may be used to feed power, eliminating the need for an extra procedure when reversing direction. Two single-ended trams with doors on both sides may be coupled into a (semi-)permanently coupled married pair or twinset , with operator's controls at each end of the combination. Such a setup is operated as if it were a double-ended tram, except that the operator must exit one vehicle and enter

469-576: A brief period in 1911 on the Amsterdam-Zandvoort line. A related type of tram is the pub tram, such as SpåraKoff , which serves alcoholic drinks only. Many systems have retained historical trams which will often run over parts of the system for tourists and tram enthusiasts. In Melbourne, Australia, several iconic W class trams run throughout the city in a set route which circles the Central Business District. They are primarily for

536-719: A comfortable 4 passengers/m . At crush loadings this would be even higher. A double-decker tram is a tram that has two levels . Some double-decker trams have open tops. The earliest double-deck trams were horse drawn. The first electric double-deck trams were those built for the Blackpool Tramway in 1885, one of which survives at the National Tramway Museum . Double decker trams were commonplace in Great Britain and Dublin in Ireland before most tramways were torn up in

603-626: A constant (stepless) level from end to end of the tram. Prior to the introduction of the Škoda ForCity , , that carried the mechanical penalty of requiring bogies to be fixed and unable to pivot (except for less than 5 degrees in some trams) and thus reducing curve negotiation . This creates undue wear on the tracks and wheels. Low-floor trams are now running in many cities around the world, including Adelaide , Amsterdam , Bratislava , Dublin , Gold Coast , Helsinki , Hiroshima , Houston , Istanbul , Melbourne , Milan , Prague , Sydney , Lviv and many others. The Ultra-Low Floor or (ULF) tram

670-583: A cost of £16.3 million with an option for up to eight more. Three of the Croydon trams were diverted from a batch of five which were ordered for the Bybanen line in Bergen , Norway . Stadler built these earlier than the contractual delivery date to make use of free capacity at its factory. Three more trams were built directly for Croydon, plus three trams for Bergen to replace the ones which went to Croydon. Initial testing

737-504: A daily fine to the HKL for every non-operational tram. If more than eight trams are in non-operational condition, HKL has the right to cancel the contract and return the trams to Bombardier, who are obliged to return the €76 million that HKL paid for the trams. In order to cope with the requirements of the agreement, Bombardier established its own maintenance workshop in Helsinki in mid-2008, located in

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804-438: A distribution centre and delivering to a "hub" where special electric trucks delivered the trams' small containers to their final destination. The trial was successful, releasing an intended investment of €100 million in a fleet of fifty-two cargo trams distributing from four peripheral "cross docks" to fifteen inner-city hubs by 2012. These specially built vehicles would be 30 feet (9.14 m) long with twelve axles and

871-737: A mobile library service, a nursery tram, a restaurant tram, a tourist tram , and as mobile offices. Articulated trams, invented and first used by the Boston Elevated Railway in 1912–13 at a total length of about twelve meters long (40 ft) for each pioneering example of twin-section articulated tram car, have two or more body sections, connected by flexible joints and a round platform at their pivoting midsection(s). Like articulated buses , they have increased passenger capacity. In practice, these trams can be up to 56 metres (184 ft) long (such as CAF Urbos 3 in Budapest, Hungary), while

938-490: A modern design that makes it look as much like a train as a tram and has large windows along its entire length. The Alstom Citadis tram, flagship of the French manufacturer Alstom, enjoys an innovative design combining lighter bogies with a modular concept for carriages providing more choices in the types of windows and the number of cars and doors. The recent Citadis-Dualis, intended to run at up to 100 km/h (62 mph),

1005-435: A new undercarriage. The axles had to be replaced by a complicated electronic steering of the traction motors . Auxiliary devices are installed under the car's roof. Most low-floor trams carry the mechanical penalty of requiring bogies to be fixed and unable to pivot. This creates undue wear on the tracks and wheels and reduces the speed at which a tram can drive through a curve. Some manufacturers such as Alstom deal with

1072-458: A regular tram must be much shorter. With this type , the articulation is suspended between carbody sections. In the Škoda ForCity , which is the world's first 100% low floor tram with pivoting bogies, a Jacobs bogie supports the articulation between the two or more carbody sections. An articulated tram may be low-floor variety or high-floor (regular) variety. Newer model trams may be up to 72 metres (236 ft) long and carry 510 passengers at

1139-448: A return trip. In addition, if overhead electrical power is fed from a trolley pole , the direction of the trolley pole must be reversed at the end of the run, to ensure that the pole is "pulled" behind or "trailing" the vehicle, to avoid 'dewiring'. This was achieved by a member of the crew swinging the pole through 180 degrees (if there was only one pole) or lowering one pole and raising the other if there were two. More commonly nowadays,

1206-481: A traditional appearance but with the same design features and technology as other vehicles, the 70% low floor Flexity Classic requires comparatively less maintenance compared to other Flexity tram models. They are primarily focused on providing high-capacity public transport in densely spaced urban areas . These vehicles are currently used in Adelaide , Dresden , Essen , Frankfurt and Kassel , among others. With

1273-529: A workshops locomotive. Munich tram No.24, delivered in 1912, was refurbished as a mobile library in 1928. Known as "Städtische Wanderbücherei München", it was in public service until 1970. It was preserved and is now on public display in a railway museum in Hanover. Edmonton , Alberta , used a streetcar bookmobile from 1941 to 1956. After World War II, in both Warsaw and Wrocław , Poland, so-called "tram-nurseries" were in operation, collecting children from

1340-431: Is 350 millimetres (14 in) over the rail. The seating and standing arrangements are flexible, and the trams feature 1,350 millimetres (53 in) wide doors. The tram has hub motors on all wheels, thus eliminating the need for axles and bogies . These compact motors are the key to the low-floor concept, since they can be placed under the seating. This allows the full length of the tram to be step-free accessible from

1407-641: Is a customized variant of the Flexity Outlook. Designed as a bi-directional low or high-floor light rail vehicle, the Flexity Swift was conceived for use on high-speed interurban railways and light metros , with different body lengths and the ability to form multiple unit sets and be constructed to meet high crashworthiness standards. These vehicles are currently used in Cologne , Frankfurt , Minneapolis , London , and Manchester , among others. The Flexity Link tram-train has dual voltage capabilities and

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1474-514: Is a type of low-floor tram operating in Vienna , Austria , as of 1997 and in Oradea , Romania , with the lowest floor-height of any such vehicle. In contrast to other low-floor trams, the floor in the interior of ULF is at sidewalk height (about 18 cm or 7 inches above the road surface), which makes access to trams easy for passengers in wheelchairs or with baby carriages. This configuration required

1541-609: Is being marketed by Bombardier for future orders within North America. Variants of Bombardier's Flexity trams and streetcars have been specially designed for use in certain cities, such as Berlin, Vienna, and Toronto. The Flexity Berlin was developed for the Berlin tram network , and is based on the older Incentro model developed by Adtranz . With a full 100% low floor interior, both uni-directional and bi-directional versions are used with either five or seven sections. The Flexity Wien

1608-574: Is believed that the design first originated in Christchurch , New Zealand, in 1906 when Boon & Co Ltd. built twenty-six such trams in three series. A number of these trams have been preserved. They were a favored design in Australia and New Zealand , with at least 780 such tramcars being built for use in Melbourne alone. Trams built since the 1970s have had conventional high or low floors. From around

1675-407: Is cheaper than the other competitors. Instead of running on rails, they follow painted lines with rubber tires by using GPS positioning and laser technology — with a centimeter accuracy. Batteries are recharged in stations in 30 seconds. It can move with 70kph speed. The Socimi Eurotram series was developed by Socimi of Italy. It is used by Strasbourg , Milan , and Porto . The Eurotram has

1742-505: Is compatible with mainline railway regulations (e.g. BOStrab ) that permit operation on both urban tram networks and mainline railways , reducing transport infrastructure costs. Although this particular model is only used in Saarbrücken , a recent order has been made for dual-voltage Flexity Swift vehicles in Karlsruhe , where the tram-train concept was pioneered . The Flexity Freedom

1809-516: Is five-section, air-conditioned, built to the TTC's unique track gauge of 4 ft  10 + 7 ⁄ 8  in ( 1,495 mm ) TTC gauge , and fully compatible with the existing network. They are unique in that they are equipped with both a trolley pole and a pantograph, in order to facilitate the gradual adoption of the pantograph for the TTC's overhead wire system Bombardier has also manufactured other models of tram which they do not place in

1876-624: Is suitable for stop spacings ranging from 500 m (1,600 ft) to 5 km (3.1 mi). Dualis is a strictly modular partial low-floor car, with all doors in the low-floor sections. Since the 19th century, goods have been carried on rail vehicles through the streets, often near docks and steelworks, for example the Weymouth Harbour Tramway in Weymouth, Dorset . Belgian vicinal tramway routes were used to haul agricultural produce, timber, and coal from Blégny colliery while several of

1943-661: Is targeted at the North American market . Like the rest of Bombardier's Flexity models, it is locally made out of 100% low-floor modules, and features the same multiple unit capability as the Flexity Swift, with air conditioning and an easily configurable interior layout. Designed for the Transit City network in Toronto , Kitchener-Waterloo and other LRT projects in Ontario , the model has been selected for Edmonton's Valley Line and

2010-554: The Disability Discrimination Act in the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth countries. Various companies have developed low-floor designs, varying from part-low-floor (with internal steps between the low-floor section and the high-floor sections over the bogies), e.g. Citytram and Siemens S70 , to one hundred per cent low-floor, where the floor passes through a corridor between the drive wheels, thus maintaining

2077-512: The European Commission where Bombardier would divest the Variotram division to Stadler Rail of Switzerland. Stadler subsequently renamed the tram as Variobahn and has since secured several contracts, delivering: As of 2009, a total of 254 Variobahn trams have been ordered, with an additional 110 on option. A unit costs about €2.5 million. Stadler builds its trams at their Pankow plant in

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2144-559: The Flexity Link and Regio- Alstom Citadis , which are suited for use on urban tram lines and also meet the necessary indication, power, and strength requirements for operation on main-line railways. It has been primarily developed in Germanic countries, in particular Germany and Switzerland. Karlsruhe is a notable pioneer of the tram-train. Two former passenger cars from the Melbourne system were converted and used as mobile offices within

2211-754: The Graz Holding , the Bergen Light Rail , the Chemnitz Tramway , Verkehrsverbund Rhein-Ruhr , the Rhine Neckar Area Tramway and London Tramlink . The Variotram was first developed by ABB (ASEA Brown Boveri) at Henschel and a prototype was launched in 1993 for the Chemnitz tramway in Germany, operated by Chemnitzer Verkehrs-Aktiengesellschaft (CVAG). The serial delivery, with minor modifications,

2278-1032: The Preston Workshops between 1969 and 1974, by personnel from Commonwealth Engineering and ASEA who were connected with the construction of Melbourne's Z Class cars. Bombardier Flexity Inside Alstom, the Flexity supplements the Citadis range. Third-party competitors include Siemens Mobility 's Combino , Avanto and Avenio , Stadler Rail's Tango and Variobahn , CAF's Urbos , and AnsaldoBreda's Sirio globally, and Siemens USA's S70/S700 , U2 , SD-100, SD-160 , SD-400, SD-460 , and S200 , along with LRVs and streetcars from Kinki Sharyo , Brookville Equipment Corporation and Škoda / Inekon / United Streetcar in North America. Flexity trams and LRVs usually belong to one of six standard models. Manufactured from corrosion-resistant carbon steel and featuring driver's cabs made with glass-reinforced plastic , they have

2345-551: The bogies and vehicle body shells. Before 2009 often less than half of the trams have been in working condition. HKL considered returning the trams to Bombardier as unsatisfactory, but after a long series of negotiations a compromise was reached in May 2007, when the responsibility for maintaining the trams was transferred to Bombardier. The contract agreed in May 2007 states that, from May 2008 onwards, if more than four Variotrams in Helsinki are not in operational condition, Bombardier must pay

2412-424: The 1950s and 1960s. New York City's New York Railways experimented in 1912 with a Brill double deck Hedley-Doyle stepless centre entrance car, nicknamed the "Broadway Battleship", a term that spread to other large streetcars. Hobart , Tasmania, Australia made extensive use of double decker trams. The most unusual double-decker tram used to run between the isolated Western Australian outback town of Leonora and

2479-569: The 1990s, light rail vehicles not made for the occasional high platform light rail system have usually been of partial or fully low-floor design, with the floor 300 to 360 mm (11.8 to 14.2 in) above top of rail, a capability not found in older vehicles. This allows them to load passengers, including those in wheelchairs or with perambulators directly from low-rise platforms that are not much more than raised footpaths/sidewalks. This satisfies requirements to provide access to disabled passengers without using expensive wheelchair lifts , while at

2546-412: The 19th century, and since then, there have been various uses and designs for trams around the world. This article covers the many design types, most notably the articulated , double-decker , drop-centre, low-floor , single ended, double-ended, rubber -tired , and tram-train ; and the various uses of trams, both historical and current, most notably cargo trams, a dog car, hearse tram, maintenance trams,

2613-455: The Flexity 2 tram is a 100% low-floor vehicle with improved corrosion resistance , impact protection, energy efficiency , and a more spacious interior resulting from the reduction of its sidewall widths. It is also compatible with Bombardier's PRIMOVE conductive battery charging system. These vehicles are currently used in Blackpool , Gold Coast , Basel , and Antwerp , among others. Being of

2680-820: The Netherlands; Christchurch in New Zealand; Milan , Rome and Turin in Italy; Moscow, Russia; Almaty , Kazakhstan and Zürich , Switzerland. Restaurant trams are particularly popular in Melbourne where they operate as the Colonial Tramcar Restaurant . Three of the iconic W class trams were converted to restaurant trams in 1983. All three often run in tandem and there are usually multiple meal sittings. Bookings often close months in advance. As from mid-October 2018, Melbourne's restaurant trams were temporarily taken off

2747-551: The US interurbans carried freight. In Australia, three different "Freight Cars" operated in Melbourne between 1927 and 1977 and the city of Kislovodsk in Russia had a freight-only tram system consisting of one line which was used exclusively to deliver bottled Narzan mineral water to the railway station. Until December 2020, the German city of Dresden had a regular CarGoTram service, run by

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2814-428: The end of a run, the tram's operator will walk from one end of the tram to the other, and then commence the tram route in the other direction. The tram is usually switched to another track by use of crossover points or Y-points. This design also allows for crossovers to be placed along the route to allow for direction switching in mid-route. Conversely, a single-ended vehicle needs a method of turning at termini so that

2881-431: The fixed rail when requirements dictate e.g. when journeying to a depot while a Translohr "tram" cannot operate without a guidance rail and are generally not considered buses. This kind of trams are similar to buses , and can move on the roads without having rails. This kind of trams have been in development for almost 20 years from the 2000s. In 2017, Chinese Rail Corporation introduced an autonomously guided tram which

2948-400: The forward direction but is also capable of reverse movement, typically at slower speed, using a small set of controls at the rear. The configuration of the doors is usually asymmetrical, favouring the side expected to be closest to the street kerb and footpath . At the end of a run, the tram must be turned around via a balloon loop or some other method, to face in the opposite direction for

3015-427: The issue by introducing partially high floor trams. Others, such as Škoda , developed pivoting bogies at the ends and with jacobs bogies between the articulations for the Škoda 15 T , but this solution proved expensive. A double-ended tram has an operator's cab and controls at each end of the vehicle, which allows it to easily be driven at full speed in either direction on a continuous segment of track. Typically, at

3082-742: The light rail between Mannheim , Heidelberg and Weinheim , Germany, operated by Oberrheinischen Eisenbahn-Gesellschaft . From 2001 to 2007, it ordered additional 20 trams. These were supplemented in 2002 by eight trams for the Heidelberg Tramway , and in 2001–07 by 16 trams for the Mannheim Tramway . In 1996, the Sydney light rail system , in Australia, took delivery of seven trams, which were built in Dandenong , Australia. All were withdrawn by mid-2015 and

3149-477: The mid-1940s at least one special hearse tram was used in Turin, Italy. It was introduced due to the wartime shortage of automotive fuel. Newcastle , Australia also operated two hearse trams between 1896 and 1948. Most systems had cars that were converted to specific uses on the system, other than simply the carriage of passengers. As just one example of a system, Melbourne used or uses the following "technical" cars:

3216-529: The models built so far, the length has varied from 24.4 to 42.8 metres (80 to 140 ft) (Helsinki and Mannheim, respectively). Similarly, tare weight varies from 35 to 50 tonnes (34 to 49 long tons; 39 to 55 short tons). Seating capacity varies between 38 (Graz) and 100 (Heidelberg), while standing capacity peaks at 193 for the Duisburg version. [REDACTED] Media related to Variobahn at Wikimedia Commons Articulated tram Trams have been used since

3283-455: The nearby settlement of Gwalia . Double decker trams still operate in Alexandria , Blackpool , Hong Kong , Dubai and Oranjestad . Many early 20th century trams used a lowered central section between the bogies (trucks). This made passenger access easier, reducing the number of steps required to reach the inside of the vehicle. These cars were frequently referred to as "drop-centres". It

3350-584: The newer Artic models) in Otanmäki under a technology transfer agreement with Adtranz. During this time the company was acquired by Bombardier, who inherited the design in 2000, making the Helsinki trams the only Variotrams to be produced under the Bombardier name. In service, the Variotrams were found to be ill-suited for Helsinki's tram network, having suffered from numerous technical problems, including cracks in

3417-561: The northern suburbs of Berlin and the Stadler facility at Velten north of Berlin. In December 2014, MVG took seven of its Variobahns out of service due to cracks in vehicle bodies. By January 2015, all Variobahns had to be withdrawn for repairs. MVG chose not to exercise options to buy any more Variobahns, and turned to Siemens to supply its next generation of trams. Six units were ordered for Tramlink by Transport for London in August 2011 at

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3484-477: The operator's cab is in the front of the tram for the reverse journey. This usually necessitates a turning loop or triangle. On the other hand, the single cab and controls and fewer door spaces make the tram lighter, increases passenger accommodation (including many more seats) and effects reductions in equipment, weight, first-cost, maintenance cost, and operating expense. A single-ended tram has operator's controls at only one end, and can safely be driven at speed in

3551-565: The other, when reversing at the end of the run. A rubber-tyred tram is a guided bus which is guided by a fixed rail on the ground and uses overhead cables like a conventional tram. This can allow the vehicles to match the capacity of conventional trams and cope with gradients up to 13% due to the rubber tyres. There are two systems which use this technology: the Guided Light Transit (GLT) and Translohr . The GLT "trams" are legally considered buses as they have steering wheels and can leave

3618-529: The platforms. Several of the configurations of the trams are customizable to fit each tramway. In addition to the four possible widths and choice of gauge, the trams can be custom-built for the necessary length. Trams are built modally, so that they can later be rebuilt or extended. All trams built so far have five modules and twelve wheels. The trams are available with four motor settings: four or six wheels powered with 95-kilowatt (127 hp) motors, or eight or twelve wheels with 45-kilowatt (60 hp) motors. Of

3685-568: The premises of the former VR Group electric locomotive workshop in Pasilan Konepaja. In August 2017 a contract was agreed after long negotiations between HKL and Bombardier to cancel the purchase of the Variotrams. Bombardier will pay HKL 33 million euros in compensation for the shorter than originally contractually agreed 40 year lifetime of the trams. HKL will return the trams to Bombardier from 2018 on. To concentrate on its own Flexity family of vehicles, Bombardier reached an agreement with

3752-566: The remaining six put up for sale. Five were scrapped in early 2018, and the last built, number 2107 was transferred to the Sydney Tramway Museum in October 2018 for preservation. Forty Variotrams were delivered to Helsinki City Transport (HKL), Finland, between 1998 and 2003 for use on the Helsinki tramway , at a cost of € 76 million. These trams were built by Transtech (who later produced

3819-461: The road after failing a Yarra Trams ' safety assessment due to badly weathered underlying structures. Until the trams again meet safety standards, the trams are offering stationary dining. As of October 2019, they are still not running. Bistro trams with buffets operated on ordinary services between 1924 and 2014 on the U76 Rheinbahn route between Krefeld and Düsseldorf in Germany, and for

3886-453: The same time making boarding faster and easier for other passengers. Passengers appreciate the ease of boarding and alighting from low-floor trams and moving about inside one hundred per cent low-floor trams. Passenger satisfaction with low-floor trams is high. In some jurisdictions this has even been made mandatory since the 1990s, for example by Her Majesty's Railway Inspectorate in Britain and

3953-431: The use of tourists, although often also used by regular commuters. A tram-train is a light-rail public transport system where trams run through from an urban tramway network to main-line railway lines which are shared with conventional trains. This allows passengers to travel from suburban areas into city-centre destinations without having to change from a train to a tram. Tram-train operation uses vehicles such as

4020-523: The workplaces of their parents (often tram employees). These mobile nurseries either carried the children around the system or delivered them to the nursery school run by the transport company. A number of systems have introduced restaurant trams, particularly as a tourist attraction. This is specifically a modern trend. Systems which have or have had restaurant trams include Adelaide , Bendigo and Melbourne , in Australia; Brussels in Belgium; The Hague in

4087-550: The world's longest tram trainsets (59.4 metres [194 ft 11 in]), carrying car parts across the city centre to its Volkswagen factory. In addition to this, the cities of Vienna and Zürich have used trams as mobile recycling depots in the past. At the turn of the 21st century, a new interest has arisen in using urban tramway systems to transport goods. The motivation now is to reduce air pollution, traffic congestion and damage to road surfaces in city centres. One recent proposal to bring cargo tramways back into wider use

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4154-624: Was Mexico City , which was already operating twenty-six funeral cars in 1886. In the United States, funeral cars were often given names. At the turn of the century, "almost every major city [in the US] had one or more" such cars in operation. In Milan, Italy, hearse trams were used from the 1880s (initially horse-drawn) to the 1920s. The main cemeteries, Cimitero Monumentale and Cimitero Maggiore, included funeral tram stations. Additional funeral stations were located at Piazza Firenze and at Porta Romana. In

4221-976: Was carried out in Chemnitz , Saxony. The first tram, 2554, was delivered to Croydon on 24 January 2012 and carried its first passengers on 30 March 2012. The Variotram is a low-floor light rail tram designed for city center operation. Since customers consist of both existing and new systems, and their specifications vary, the Variotram has flexibility in specifications. It can be built as uni- or bi-directional, with 70 or 100% low floor. Rail gauge can be 1,435 mm ( 4 ft  8 + 1 ⁄ 2  in ) standard gauge or 1,000 mm ( 3 ft  3 + 3 ⁄ 8  in ) metre gauge . Width options include 2.3 metres (7 ft 6 + 1 ⁄ 2  in), 2.4 metres (7 ft 10 + 1 ⁄ 2  in), 2.5 metres (8 ft 2 + 3 ⁄ 8  in) and 2.65 metres (8 ft 8 + 3 ⁄ 8  in). The length varies with either three, four, five or seven articulated modules. The floor height

4288-537: Was developed for the Vienna tram network . Derived from the Flexity Berlin with elements of the Flexity 2 line, it is a five-section, 100% low-floor, uni-directional tram with a floor height of 215 millimeters, permitting sidewalk-level boarding in line with the Siemens ULF . A derivative of the Flexity Outlook was created for the Toronto streetcar system to replace the aging CLRVs and ALRVs built by UTDC . It

4355-572: Was made between 1998 and 2001—bringing the total number of units for Chemnitz to thirty. Of these, twenty-four were operated by CVAG and six by City-Bahn Chemnitz . In 1995, ABB's train division merged to become Adtranz . One prototype the following year sold to the Duisburg Stadtbahn , but serial production was never initiated for Duisburg. The Duisburg prototype is now privately owned and stored in Norway. In 1996, six trams were delivered to serve on

4422-591: Was suspended owing to the financial crisis impeding fund-raising. In 1937, Melbourne passenger tramcar C class number 30 was converted for transporting dogs and their owners to the Royal Melbourne Showgrounds . It was known as the "dog car" and was scrapped in 1955. Specially appointed hearse trams, or funeral trolley cars, were used for funeral processions in many cities in the late 19th and early 20th century, particularly cities with large tram systems. The earliest known example in North America

4489-412: Was the plan by City Cargo Amsterdam to reintroduce them into the city of Amsterdam . In the spring of 2007 the city piloted this cargo tram operation, which among its aims aimed to reduce particulate pollution in the city by 20% by halving the number of lorries (5,000) unloading in the inner city during the permitted timeframe from 07:00 till 10:30. The pilot involved two cargo trams, operating from

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