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52-533: The first piece in the series is dedicated to David Tudor and was a belated birthday present. The score consists of six transparent squares: one with 27 points of four different sizes, five with five lines each. The squares are to be combined in any way, with points representing sounds, and lines used as axes of various characteristics of these sounds: lowest frequency, simplest overtone structure, etc. Said characteristics are obtained by dropping perpendiculars from points and measuring these perpendiculars. The piece

104-467: A 1948 essay, Boulez wrote of his desire for "a rhythmic element... of perfect 'atonality'".) From Webern (via Leibowitz), he inherited not only the mechanics of twelve-tone methodology, but a taste for "a certain texture of intervals" as well as a kind of writing in which he attempted to unify the vertical and horizontal aspects of music. (Along with the Sonatine for flute and piano and Le Visage nuptial ,

156-422: A definite breaking point... the moment I became aware another kind of musical continuity was possible, and from then on I began to see all other music in those terms". He recalled: I recall how my mind had to change in order to be able to do it... All of a sudden I saw that there was a different way of looking at musical continuity, having to deal with what Artaud called the affective athleticism. It has to do with

208-553: A form of composition. One piece, Reunion (1968), written jointly with Lowell Cross features a chess game, where each move triggers a lighting effect or projection. At the premiere, the game was played between John Cage and Marcel Duchamp . Reunion is erroneously attributed to Cage in James Pritchett 's book The Music Of John Cage . Rain Forest is a sound installation created from constructed sculpture and everyday objects such as

260-607: A given composition is shared across multiple subjectivities". The conception and meaning of the work for Cage is always created with Tudor in mind, and thus shared across the subjectivities of these two actors. Similarly, the output 'sound-world' is shared in that Tudor's function in realising the score is decision making based on Cage's stimuli (score), and Cage's stimuli does not present a coherent sound-world on its own. Piekut goes on to align this creative-distribution with Cage's Buddhist anti-ego worldview. Piano sonatas (Boulez) Pierre Boulez composed three piano sonatas:

312-469: A given interior space. In that regard the recording completely misrepresents the basis of the work. This work has a score which is simply a description of the first performance, which included electronics, dancers, and other elements. Part of the setup for the work included light beams which triggered sounds from the electronics when interrupted by the motions of the dancers. David Tudor David Eugene Tudor (January 20, 1926 – August 13, 1996)

364-517: A leader of the avant-garde music scene. A number of writers later compared the monumental profile of the work to Beethoven's Hammerklavier Sonata. The Sonata also had a dramatic impact on both Cage and Tudor. According to Tudor, Cage "had a profound change when he went to Europe and met Pierre Boulez" and "was very struck by the disorder and chaos of the music". Concerning the Sonata, Cage reported having been "stupefied by its activism" and reduced "to

416-478: A major influence. Boulez's First Piano Sonata was written in 1946, and was completed on the eve of his twenty-first birthday. Boulez had originally dedicated the piece to Leibowitz, but their relationship ended when Leibowitz tried to make "corrections" to the score. According to biographer Dominique Jameux , by this point, Boulez had become disenchanted with Leibowitz's approach to twelve-tone composition (he later stated that Leibowitz "could see no further than

468-613: A metal barrel, a vintage computer disk, and plastic tubing which served as a musical accompaniment. (David Tudor and Composers Inside Electronics Inc.: Rain forest V (variation 1)) In 1969, Tudor set up India's first electronic music studio at the National Institute of Design in Ahmedabad. Upon Cage's death in 1992, Tudor took over as music director of the Merce Cunningham Dance Company . Among many works created for

520-523: A nearly total absence of comprehension", and that while turning pages for Tudor, he experienced "an exaltation". Tudor initially struggled with the piece, finding it devoid of conventional hierarchies and modes of continuity. After reading Boulez's article titled "Proposals", Tudor began studying the writings of Antonin Artaud , especially The Theatre and Its Double . This led him to a breakthrough, what he later described as "a change in musical perception...

572-458: A regular sense of meter is usually obscured. The Second Sonata was first performed by Yvette Grimaud at a concert in Paris on 29 April, 1950, and was published by Heugel the same year. The United States premiere was arranged by John Cage, who had brought copies of the score with him when he returned from Paris in 1949. Cage originally intended for William Masselos to give the premiere, but after it

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624-721: A relationship that would last until Cage's death. The Third Piano Sonata was first performed by the composer in Cologne and at the Darmstädter Ferienkurse in 1958, in a "preliminary version" of its five-movement form. A subsequent Darmstadt performance by the composer, on 30 August 1959 in the Kongresssaal Mathildenhöhe , was recorded and has been released commercially on CD2 of the seven-disc boxed set, Neos 11360, Darmstadt Aural Documents, Box 4: Pianists ([Germany]: Neos, 2016). One motivating force for its composition

676-533: A scattered way but soon settles into a low-register fugue -like statement. This gradually builds to a frenzied, loud climax, in which the performer is asked to "pulverize the sound", followed by a calm, slow, quiet coda. Concerning serial technique, Boulez stated that, in the Second Sonata, he "broke with the 'concept' of the Schoenbergian note-row", and that what attracted him with regard to "the manipulation of

728-538: A single realisation and then to use that version of the piece in all subsequent recordings". Despite the significant role Tudor had in the creative act, "during his years as a pianist, Tudor never considered himself as a composer, or even a co-composer, of the music he played". However, Benjamin Piekut argues differently, drawing from the work of Bruno Latour . These fixed realisations are examples of 'distributed authorship' where "the conception, meaning and sound-world of

780-408: Is different: frequency, amplitude, timbre, etc. The third in the series is intended "for one or any number of people performing any actions". It is the first entry in the series that does not make any references to music , musical instruments or sounds. The score consists of two sheets of transparent plastic, one blank, the other marked with 42 identical circles. Cage instructs the performers to cut

832-426: Is early evidence that his approach was personal and idiosyncratic in that large sections are built around a conflict between passages built on strictly ordered pitch material and those in which a series is treated as a reservoir of malleable cells. (Rosen wrote that Boulez treated the series as "a nucleus to be exploded, its elements projected outwards".) The Sonata, which has a total duration of roughly nine minutes,

884-412: Is intended for any number of players producing any sounds by any means, "with or without other activities." It is dedicated to Peter Pesic. The score consists of seven points and two circles on a transparent sheet. The sheet is cut into nine small sheets. One of the circles is then placed anywhere on a map of the area where the performance is to take place. Then the rest of the sheets are dropped anywhere on

936-465: Is made by great composers is not a history of conservation but of destruction - even while cherishing what is destroyed" ) and he stated that, following the work's completion, he never again composed in a way that referred to forms belonging to music of the past. He recalled that this was a reaction against the use of such forms in the music of the Viennese school; with regard to each of the four movements of

988-420: Is no clear hierarchy between original and derived appearances, forming what Gerald Bennett called "a three-dimensional space where all the related forms are equidistant from an imaginary centre". The work consists of two movements: The first movement is characterized by the juxtaposition of slow, pulseless passages interrupted by wild flurries of notes ( Paul Griffiths suggested that this type of writing showed

1040-499: Is particularly associated is John Cage ; he gave the premiere of Cage's Music of Changes , Concert For Piano and Orchestra and the notorious 4' 33" . Cage said that many of his pieces were written either specifically for Tudor to perform or with him in mind, once stating "what you had to do was to make a situation that would interest him . That was the role he played." The two worked closely together on many of Cage's pieces, both works for piano and electronic pieces, including for

1092-478: Is to be performed by any number of performers on any kind and number of instruments. This work is intended "for any number of players and any sound producing means." The score consists of eleven transparent sheets: six with lines and five with points. The mechanism is the same as in Variations I : perpendiculars are dropped from points to lines to determine sound characteristics, except that the list of characteristics

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1144-710: The First Piano Sonata in 1946, the Second Piano Sonata in 1947–48, and the Third Piano Sonata in 1955–57 with further elaborations up to at least 1963, though only two of its movements (and a fragment of another) have been published. In early 1945, Boulez, who had been studying with Olivier Messiaen at the Paris Conservatoire , attended a performance of Arnold Schoenberg 's Wind Quintet , conducted by René Leibowitz . Boulez later reflected: "It

1196-591: The Smithsonian Folkways album: Indeterminacy: New Aspect of Form in Instrumental and Electronic Music (1959) . Tudor also performs on several recordings of Cage's music, including the Mainstream record of Cartridge Music , the recording on Columbia Records of Variations II , and the two Everest records of Variations IV . Tudor selected the works to be performed for the 25th Anniversary Retrospective Concert of

1248-454: The Second Sonata, he commented: I tried to destroy the first-movement sonata form, to disintegrate slow movement form by the use of the trope, and repetitive scherzo form by the use of variation form, and finally, in the fourth movement, to demolish fugal and canonic form. Perhaps I am using too many negative terms, but the Second Sonata does have this explosive, disintegrating and dispersive character, and in spite of it own very restricting form

1300-437: The Sonata was one of Boulez's first serial works.) From Schoenberg, he inherited an affinity for piano writing that exhibits "considerable density of texture and a violence of expression", in which the instrument is treated as "a percussive piano which is at the same time remarkably prone to frenzy". (In this context, Boulez had expressed admiration for the third piece of Schoenberg's Three Piano Pieces, Opus 11 , as well as for

1352-461: The Third Piano Sonata ) and varied by a process in which it is embedded in successively more complex music. The third movement is the most backward-looking (Boulez referred to it as "one of the last vestiges of classicism that still meant anything to me as far as form was concerned" ) and consists of four "scherzo" sections alternating with three "trios". The fourth and final movement begins in

1404-481: The company, Tudor composed Soundings: Ocean Diary (1994), the electronic component of Ocean , which was conceived by John Cage and Merce Cunningham, with choreography by Merce Cunningham, orchestral music by Andrew Culver and design by Marsha Skinner . Tudor died after a series of strokes in Tomkins Cove, New York at the age of 70. From 1951 until the late 1960s, Tudor (mainly as pianist) regularly performed

1456-424: The composer's satisfaction. Of the unpublished movements (or "formants", as Boulez calls them), the one titled "Antiphonie" is the most fully developed. It has been analysed by Pascal Decroupet. The formant titled "Strophe" is the one least developed since the preliminary form but: a 1958 radio tape of the composer's Cologne performance of the Third Piano Sonata shows that the wealth of cross-reference introduced by

1508-415: The destruction of all these classical moulds was quite deliberate. The first movement begins with the presentation of several clearly-defined motifs, in what Dominique Jameux called "an outburst that seems to seize hold of the keyboard, changing its very nature, thrashing it in every direction and dominating it with a passionate intensity", setting the tone for the entire work. According to Charles Rosen ,

1560-400: The disciplines that an actor goes through. It was a real breakthrough for me, because my musical consciousness in the meantime changed completely... I had to put my mind in a state of non-continuity – not remembering – so that each moment is alive. The U.S. premiere of the Sonata, and the events leading up to it, came to be seen as the initial link between Cage and Tudor, and the beginning of

1612-404: The fact that, in the interim, Boulez wrote a piece, later lost, titled Symphonie concertante , that he considered very important in terms of his development. ) The Second Sonata, roughly a half hour in duration, frequently features complex, dense three- and four-part counterpoint. It is extremely demanding of the performer (pianist Yvonne Loriod "is said to have burst into tears when faced with

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1664-403: The factors of a performance may be planned in advance, the performers should "leave room for unforeseen eventualities"; and that "any other activities are going on at the same time" as the work is performed. This last is not an instruction, but simply an observation. This piece is the second in a group that included Atlas Eclipticalis as the first piece and 0'00" as the third. Variations IV

1716-555: The first public performance of the Sonata in Paris later that year. In 1949, John Cage recommended Boulez to Amphion music publishers. Boulez subsequently revised the piece prior to its publication in 1951. In relation to the First Sonata, the Second Piano Sonata, written in 1947–48, marked a major step forward in terms of both expressivity and sophistication of compositional technique. (This gap can, in part, be explained by

1768-424: The indeterminate work of John Cage. Throughout this time, "all of the music [Cage] composed", John Holzaepfel contends, "was written with one person in mind", and this person was Tudor. The culmination of this period were works that required a significant imprint of Tudor in performance. Winter Music (1957), for example, comprises a score of twenty pages, that each contain from one to 61 cluster-chords per page, with

1820-441: The influence of music from India and Indonesia) with faster material that moves in a jumpy, stilted way. The second movement alternates fast, toccata-like music of even note values (Griffiths noted that this music, with its percussive, evenly-emphasized rhythms, has a static feel that can also be associated with music of Asia) with sections featuring widely-spaced single notes and lyrical, polyrhythmic two-part counterpoint in which

1872-488: The movement features an exposition (with first and second themes), development , recapitulation , and coda ; despite this, due to the dismantling, interlocking, and superimposition of the initial motivic material, the identity of that material is obscured, resulting in a texture in which rhythmic elaboration comes to the fore, and in which, as Griffiths put it, "one grasps at sporadic half-memories". Boulez commented: "The very strong, sharply-outlined thematic structures of

1924-661: The music of John Cage (May 16, 1958), and performed in the premiere of the Concert For Piano and Orchestra given as the closing work for that concert. Moreover, Tudor received a Foundation for Contemporary Arts John Cage Award (1992). After a stint teaching at Darmstadt from 1956 to 1961, Tudor began to wind up his activities as a pianist to concentrate on composing. He wrote mostly electronic works, many commissioned by Cage's partner, choreographer Merce Cunningham . His homemade musical circuits are considered landmarks in live electronic music and electrical instrument building as

1976-413: The numbers in a tone row") and had already absorbed what he needed in terms of musical influences. Thanks to his work with Messiaen (under whose guidance he had analyzed a wide range of music, from plainchant to that of Stravinsky, as well as music of non-western cultures), Boulez inherited a rhythmic grammar involving the manipulation of rhythmic cells via augmentation, diminution, and interpolation. (In

2028-423: The opening gradually dissolve in a development that is completely amorphous... until they gradually return". Writer Edward Campbell, however, questioned whether the recurrence of the motives is audible due to their dissolutive treatment. The second, slow movement is based on the principle of the trope , with initial material that is both commented upon by interjections (these musical "parentheses" look forward to

2080-525: The performer deciding which of these to play. In his realisations of these scores, Tudor "pin[ned] them down like butterflies", making the indeterminate determined, such that each performance of these works was consistent with the last. He chose to 'fix' his interpretation, such that he never improvised from the score, and rather each performance of Winter Music by Tudor was consistent across time. As Martin Iddon explains: "Tudor's practice was, broadly, to create

2132-475: The piano part in the "Die Kreuze" movement of Pierrot lunaire . ) All of these influences are evident in the First Piano Sonata. With the Sonata, Boulez took a step away, not only from a reliance on traditional forms, but also from the kind of thematic writing found in the Sonatine, and toward a music in which clearly identifiable gestures and collections of intervals are mutated in such a way that there

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2184-402: The premiere (issued by Everest Records ) of this work is generally misunderstood as a sound collage of classical music, sound-effects, and ambient noises, etc. While this is what the work sounds like the concept behind the work has nothing to do with the recordings and sounds that were employed in the performance as such. What the work actually embodies is the positioning of sound sources within

2236-457: The prospect" of performing it ) and much of the piece is characterized by aggressive, violent, highly energetic writing that some writers have seen as a reflection of the composer's desire for a music that "should be collective hysteria and spells, violently of the present time". The Second Sonata consists of four movements: According to Boulez, the work can be seen as an effort to destroy traditional forms (he later declared that "history as it

2288-407: The pulse is obscured. ( Charles Rosen described the contrapuntal music as turning the piano "into an immense vibraphone".) Overall, the work is illustrative of Boulez's employment of what he referred to as a principle of "constant renewal" in its rejection of thematic writing, its rhythmic and textural variety, and in the number of different modes of attack. In terms of serial technique, the Sonata

2340-490: The same map, and straight lines are drawn from the first circle to the seven points; if a line intersects or is tangent to another circle, the same procedure is applied to that circle. The explanatory note in the score gives instructions on how to interpret the results. Cage also mentions that performers need not confine themselves to a performance of the piece during the entire performance and are free to engage in any other activities at any time. The popular phonograph records of

2392-532: The sheet with circles so that they end up with 42 small sheets, a full circle on each. These should then be dropped on a sheet of paper. Isolated circles are then removed, and the rest are interpreted according to complex rules explained in the score. The information derived includes the number of actions and the number of variables that characterize an action. Cage does not specify the performers' actions, but notes that these can include noticing or responding to "environmental changes". He also states that although some of

2444-539: The twelve notes... was the idea of giving them a functional significance". As was true in the First Piano Sonata, in the Second Sonata Boulez appears to treat a series as a collection of cells that are allowed to evolve independently in both the melodic and harmonic sense, rather than as a strictly ordered succession of pitches. At the same time, Boulez continued to expand his rhythmic vocabulary in ways that illustrate his debt to Messiaen, resulting in music in which

2496-485: Was Boulez's desire to explore aleatoric music . He published several writings, both criticizing the practice and suggesting its reformation, leading up to the composition of this sonata in 1955–57/63. Other inspirations included the literary work of Stéphane Mallarmé and James Joyce. Boulez has published only two complete movements of this work (in 1963), and a fragment of another, the other movements having been written up to various stages of elaboration but not completed to

2548-449: Was a revelation to me. It obeyed no tonal laws and I found in it a harmonic and contrapuntal richness and a consequent ability to develop, extend, and vary ideas that I had not found anywhere else. I wanted, above all, to know how it was written". Boulez and a group of fellow students sought out Leibowitz and began studying privately with him. Thanks to Leibowitz, Boulez became familiar with the music of Anton Webern , who would prove to be

2600-752: Was an American pianist and composer of experimental music . Tudor was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania . He studied piano with Irma Wolpe and composition with Stefan Wolpe and became known as one of the leading performers of avant garde piano music. He gave the first American performance of the Piano Sonata No. 2 by Pierre Boulez in 1950, and a European tour in 1954 greatly enhanced his reputation. Karlheinz Stockhausen dedicated his Klavierstück VI (1955) to Tudor. Tudor also gave early performances of works by Morton Feldman , Earle Brown , Christian Wolff and La Monte Young . The composer with whom Tudor

2652-519: Was first performed, with Boulez at the piano, in late 1946, at a private event organized by Maurice Martenot , inventor of the ondes Martenot . In the audience were composers Virgil Thomson and Nicolas Nabokov , as well as conductor Roger Désormière . (Thomson later praised Boulez in a review that appeared in the New York Herald Tribune . Désormière would go on to become the first conductor to perform Boulez's music. ) Yvette Grimaud gave

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2704-461: Was found that Masselos had not made any progress with the piece, Cage learned that David Tudor had begun working on it after Morton Feldman passed one of Cage's copies of the score on to him. Tudor went on to give the U.S. premiere on 17 December, 1950 at Carnegie Recital Hall in New York City, with Cage turning pages. The publication of the Second Sonata thrust Boulez into the spotlight as

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