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79-594: Van Asch Deaf Education Centre was located in Truro Street, Sumner , Christchurch , New Zealand. It was a special school for deaf children, accepting both day and residential pupils, as well being as a resource centre providing services and support for parents, mainstream students and their teachers in the South Island and the Lower North Island (south of Taupō ). The school was founded in 1880. Formerly called

158-530: A borough . Mayoral elections were held on 27 June, and the last chairman was elected the first Mayor of Sumner . In 1885 the Harbour Board granted the concession to build a bath at the East end of Sumner beach. S.L. Bell enclosed some of the sea, built dressing sheds and a tea shop. The bathing pool was a great attraction but every year terrific storms would batter the bath and gradually dump fine sand. Eventually

237-583: A Deaf Studies curriculum. After the Christchurch earthquakes in February and June 2011 made the old Redcliffs School site unsafe, the van Asch Deaf Education Centre hosted the 400 pupils and staff for nine years pending a decision to close or rebuild that school. Eventually a new site was found and the school building were rebuilt in Redcliffs Park on Beachville Road, across the road from the original site, and

316-600: A Royal Commission into the Education of Deaf-Mutes, in London. The School Attendance Act 1901, which was enacted on 7 November 1901, required children who were deaf or blind be given " efficient and suitable " education between the ages of seven and sixteen. Parents who could not do so were obliged to send their children to an " Institution " that the Minister of Education directed the child attend. The requirements were carried forward into

395-658: A contrary opinion. In 1980, the 15th International Congress on the Education of the Deaf (ICED) held in Hamburg, West Germany, repudiated 1880 resolutions. Oral education persisted up until the late 1970s, the philosophy of the school was to prevent the students from using sign language (now New Zealand's third official language). Children were taught exclusively via oral methods, forcing them to learn to lipread and speak, with punishments being given for use of sign language. Nevertheless, school student also acquired sign language from some of

474-629: A convenient route between the Port at Lyttelton and the plains settlement of Christchurch was quickly recognised by Captain Thomas, Chief Surveyor for the Canterbury Association. Settlement of flat land at Sumner was also planned at an early stage. The Sumner Bar is a notable navigation hazard, though it can be crossed safely in the right wind, tide and sea conditions. However, with an exposed coast and no safe anchorage immediately off-shore, good seamanship

553-778: A fire with which to cook cockles in preparation for a journey ". Andersen places this name on the beach at the mouth of the estuary, near Shag Rock ( Rapanui ). James Cowan , retelling Sir Maui Pomare , indicates this name applies to the estuary shallows and means " fall in the mud ". Sumner was surveyed in 1849 by Edward Jollie for Captain Joseph Thomas , the advanced agent of the Canterbury Association . Jollie's November 1849 map showed 527 sections and numerous reserved and provisions for churches, schools, cemeteries, town hall, emigration barracks and other town amenities. However, his plans were abandoned through lack of funds and

632-489: A flood filled the bath with clay and silt from the hills causing its closure. In 1912 Sumner established its own gasworks and electricity was connected in 1918. The Anglican evangelical leader William Orange was vicar of Sumner from 1930–1945. On 22 February 2011, Sumner was hit by the Christchurch earthquake , which destroyed or made uninhabitable a large number of the local houses and commercial buildings. On 13 June

711-542: A formal apology was made by the board at the 21st International Congress on Education of the Deaf in Vancouver, BC , Canada , acknowledging the detrimental effects of such a ban as an act of discrimination and violation of both human and constitutional rights. In the 1870s, Alexander Graham Bell and Edward Miner Gallaudet , both prominent US figures in deaf education, had been debating the effectiveness of oral-only education versus an education that utilises sign language as

790-489: A means of visual communication, culminating in the 1880 Milan Conference that passed eight resolutions on deaf education. The Second International Congress on Education of the Deaf was an international meeting of deaf educators from at least seven countries. There were large delegations from Italy (87) and France (56), eight delegates from the UK, five Americans, three Swedes and 1 representative each of Belgium and Germany. The Congress

869-524: A necessary transport alternative. Construction of a road from Lyttelton to Christchurch via Evans Pass and Sumner began in 1849. However, progress was slow due to steep hillsides and hard volcanic rock being encountered. In 1850, a Bridle Path was cut directly over the saddle between Lyttelton and the Heathcote Valley so that the early settlers could travel to Ferrymead by foot and pack horse, while their heavy goods still needed to be transported across

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948-451: A new survey on which Sumner is based was carried out in 1860. The first European to carry out work in Sumner is believed to be Charles Crawford, a whaleboat owner, who transported materials from Port Cooper, now Lyttelton, under contract to build the headquarters and storeroom for Captain Thomas. Sumner was settled in late 1849 or early 1850 by work crews building the road to Lyttelton, Sumner

1027-761: A population density of 1,364 people per km . Sumner had a population of 3,519 at the 2018 New Zealand census , an increase of 36 people (1.0%) since the 2013 census , and a decrease of 249 people (−6.6%) since the 2006 census . There were 1,338 households, comprising 1,752 males and 1,764 females, giving a sex ratio of 0.99 males per female. The median age was 42.6 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 714 people (20.3%) aged under 15 years, 483 (13.7%) aged 15 to 29, 1,806 (51.3%) aged 30 to 64, and 516 (14.7%) aged 65 or older. Ethnicities were 95.6% European/ Pākehā , 4.9% Māori , 0.6% Pasifika , 2.1% Asian , and 2.5% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity. The percentage of people born overseas

1106-454: A second parent body, the Selwyn County added to the continuing road board. In 1883, Sumner was constituted as a town district and was run by a board of five elected commissioners. The board elected its own chairmen, and the two people who filled that role were C. L. Wiggins (March 1883 – September 1884) and J. M. Wheeler (September 1884 – June 1891). On 1 June 1891, Sumner was proclaimed

1185-438: A separate borough, it was amalgamated with the city of Christchurch as communications improved and the economies of scale made small town boroughs uneconomic to operate. Captain Thomas named the settlement for Bishop John Bird Sumner , one of the leading members of the Canterbury Association. The Ngāi Tahu name for the beach between Cave Rock ( Tuawera ) and Scarborough is Matuku Tako Tako . This name has been used by both

1264-438: A teacher from England) supported the use of sign language. 1. The convention, considering the incontestable superiority of articulation over signs in restoring the deaf-mute to society and giving him a fuller knowledge of language, declares that the oral method should be preferred to that of signs in education and the instruction of deaf-mutes. 2. The convention, considering that the simultaneous use of articulation and signs has

1343-422: Is also required. There is a small boat harbour, protected by a substantial breakwater, at the south-eastern end of Sumner Bay, below Scarborough. There is a slipway for launching small boats from a trailer, as well as the lifeboat station. However, the area has a tendency to silt up, as it is still exposed to wind and sea. In 1849, this area was known as Sumner Nook and was the only comparatively safe place in

1422-519: Is these days a full primary school, teaching children from years 1 to 8. The school has a roll of 367 students as of August 2024. Our Lady Star of the Sea Catholic School is a full primary school, teaching children from years 1 to 8. The school has a roll of 82 students. It opened in 1928. The former van Asch College , which took hearing-impaired children from all over the South Island and

1501-526: Is thus one of the oldest European settlements in the Christchurch area. The Day family was the first to settle permanently in Sumner followed by Edward Dobson and his family. Sumner had its first shop early in 1870, and its proprietor, S.E. Horneman, was postmaster from 1873 until 1876. In 1872, it came under the control of the Heathcote Road District . When provincial councils were disestablished in 1876 and replaced with counties, Sumner had

1580-612: The Avon electorate in 1878, proposed a school for deaf children in Parliament. The motion was agreed and the Government agreed to add funds to the supplementary estimates to establish an Institution for the deaf in Christchurch. This was the first time in the world a government had funded a residential school for educating people who were deaf, so could not speak. In November 1878, Sir George Grey , Colonial Secretary, wrote to Julius Vogel , then

1659-517: The Pure Oral method, before moving to England in 1859 to establish private schools for educating deaf mutes by spoken language and lip-reading only. The commissioners reported he was the only applicant, of seventeen, who was trained in the German system system, teaching lip-reading, speech, writing and reading concurrently. They also noted he also spoke English " without an accent ". Of the other applicants,

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1738-596: The Société Générale du Crédit Mobilier ). The Society was a strong proponent of oralism and sought to have this ratified by an international conference. They secured this outcome by carefully selecting who was invited to the Milan Conference, inviting the delegates to see the self-declared oralist success in a local school, and by encouraging negative reactions to those giving speeches supporting sign language and cheering those supporting oralism . The Milan Conference

1817-600: The Sumner Deaf and Dumb Institution , Sumner Institution for Deaf-Mutes and Sumner School for the Deaf , the school was renamed in its centenary year as van Asch College in honour of its first Principal, Gerrit van Asch . In 2019, the New Zealand government decided to merge the school with Kelston Deaf Education Centre in Auckland to form one national school. This national school was named Ko Taku Reo . Prior to 1877, there

1896-584: The 1880 resolutions in practical and moral terms in deciding that the 1880 resolutions had no longer any appropriate standing. As explained by Richard G. Brill: "At the International Congress in Hamburg in 1980, [however,] the Milan resolutions were challenged head-on in major professional addresses at the opening of the congresses. It was recognized and accepted that resolutions concerning methodology were not appropriate at such international congresses because of

1975-493: The 1904 consolidation and reprint of the Education Act. In practice, this required parents to enrol their deaf children at the Sumner institution, or else educate them privately and at their own expense. Director van Asch retired at the end of March 1906. Miss van Asch, his daughter, who had taught at the school for 17 years also retired. At the end of his report for the 1907 year, the new director, J. E. Stephens, observed that

2054-670: The Agent-General for New Zealand, in London, to recruit a suitable teacher from England. Upon seeing news of this correspondence in the Lyttelton Times , Dorcas Mitchell wrote to Grey seeking appointment and indicating she had intended to establish her own school for deaf-mutes. The Secretary of Education, John Hislop, visited Miss Mitchell in Lyttelton in March 1879 to see her proposed school, which he thought unsuitable. It soon became apparent that

2133-628: The Akaroa public school, and served there for three years, before founding a private boarding school. He was also a church organist, Sunday school teacher, a founding member of the Sumner Lawn Tennis Club, and involved in local body politics. He died on 18 August 1927, aged 84. Second International Congress on Education of the Deaf After deliberations from 6 to 11 September 1880, the Milan Conference declared that oral education (oralism)

2212-570: The Gallaudets and others permitting and encouraging high school students in deaf institutes to use sign language and maintaining Gallaudet College (now Gallaudet University) as an institution of higher education that permitted the full usage of sign language . In August 1880, one month before the Milan Conference, the National Association of the Deaf (NAD) was formed in the US and was dedicated from

2291-695: The Government School for the Deaf in the mid 1880s. From 1896, Wiggans was the Assistant Master in the Lower School of Christ's College. He subsequently founded a preparatory school in Durham Street, where he taught until he was 80 years old. Clement Lester Wiggins was born in England in 1843, and educated at various schools before arriving in Lyttelton in 1861, aged 18. By 1870, he had become headmaster of

2370-526: The New Zealand House of Representatives enacted the Education Act 1877 , which provided for free primary education for all children aged between 5 and 15 in New Zealand from 1 January 1878. Education was compulsory for non-Māori children between 7 and 13 but exceptions could be made for sickness or infirmity and children could be expelled for disruptive behaviour. William Rolleston , when he represented

2449-502: The Sumner Bar by boat. Road construction on the western side of the Sumner valley ceased in 1851 when construction encountered steep volcanic bluffs and funds ran out. The original road line, now known as Captain Thomas' Track , was abandoned and a new way down the eastern side of the valley between Evans Pass and Sumner was subsequently found and constructed. In 1952, the suburb was linked by several bus routes to its neighbouring suburbs and

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2528-452: The Sumner Bar occurred in May 1845 when a whaleboat capsized, without loss of life. The earliest recorded loss of life was in 1851 when a dinghy capsizes and two men aboard drowned. The cutter Hawk broke up crossing the Sumner Bar in rough weather at the end of June 1851 and wrecked on the beach, though the crew survived, the cargo was plundered. Fifteen more vessels were recorded as stranding on

2607-411: The Sumner Bar, but a land option was chosen instead. A convenient land route between Lyttelton to Christchurch has been a requirement from the beginning of Canterbury settlement. While rail and road tunnels between Lyttelton to Christchurch have been constructed, there remains the need to transport goods that are too dangerous or too large to travel through one of the tunnel. The route via Sumner remains

2686-470: The adult support staff, who were also deaf, as well as older pupils and their peers in various social settings away from the classroom and not supervised by their teachers. From 1966, some deaf students were educated in a deaf classroom at Sumner School, the nearby state primary school with the intent of socializing deaf student into a hearing school and familiarising students of the two schools with each other. The inter-change of students and teachers between

2765-649: The area can be a danger to swimmers. In December 1854, Commander Byron Drury , in HMS Pandora , surveyed the Sumner Bay, including the bar and mouth of the Avon-Heathcote Estuary for the Canterbury Provincial Council . Drury wrote a report and produced a detailed chart of the area, with soundings. Commander Drury's 1854 chart locates several buildings on shore, including a store at the foot of

2844-472: The auxiliary staff used to communicate with each other, despite disapproval from teaching staff. In 1992 the Board of Trustees had its first deaf chairperson. In 1993 the first Sign Language tutor was employed. In 1997 the first deaf teacher was employed. Notable people associated with the college include rugby player Patrick Harvey , who taught at the school, and Deaf community advocate Hilary McCormack , who

2923-559: The bar between 1851 and 1867, with 7 being total losses. One regular vessel crossing the bar in the early days was the Mullogh , New Zealand's first iron hulled steamer. On 25 August 1865 the Mullogh ran onto Cave Rock, Sumner, in violent surf. Her cargo of liquor created keen interest on the beach. George Holmes of Pigeon Bay, the contractor for the Lyttelton Rail Tunnel , then bought

3002-514: The bay for landing from a boat, because of a lagoon formed by a small stream running into the sea in this area. But, with Sumner Bay open to the Pacific Ocean, there was no nearby safe anchorage for larger ships, short of Lyttelton Harbour, about 8 nautical miles away by sea. An early proposal, by Captain Thomas, was to builds a jetty here to unload ships and transport the cargo by tramway to the estuary beyond Shag Rock, to avoid ships having to cross

3081-524: The beginning of the third term and become one national school to support more than 2700 deaf or hard of hearing children and students up to the age of 21 in the New Zealand Education system. In 2020, van Asch became a residential campus and support centre for Ko Taku Reo. The employment of deaf gardeners, cooks and cleaners has been credited with having a significant effect on the transmission of signs between generations, with children picking up signs

3160-452: The central city. Today, Southshore's public transportation is served by the frequent Airport (or Sheffield Crescent)—Sumner (route 3) bus service operated under the Metro brand. It serves the suburb to its neighbouring suburbs and the final destination of the route being Christchurch International Airport. A tramway opened to Sumner on 1 November 1888. Sumner School was founded in 1876 and

3239-526: The commissioners reported that 12 men were trained to teach with sign, and 3 men had no special training. (No mention was made of the abilities or gender of the remaining applicant.) He emigrated to New Zealand in October 1879 and selected the Sumner site temporarily, with intentions to move to a larger population center in the future. The Institution for the Deaf and Dumb opened for " training and instruction of deaf-mutes " in Sumner on 10 March 1880. By June 1880,

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3318-476: The deaf and dumb by speech has peculiar requirements; considering also that the experienced of teachers of deaf-mutes is almost unanimous, declares 8. Considering that the application of the Pure Oral method in institutions where it is not yet in active operation, should be to avoid the certainty of failure prudent, gradual, progressive, recommends The American and British delegations were the only ones who opposed

3397-474: The deaf and dumb may be educated. 4. Considering that the teaching of the speaking deaf by the Pure Oral method should resemble as much as possible that of those who hear and speak, declares 5. Considering the want of books sufficiently elementary to help the gradual and progressive development of language, recommends that the teachers of the Oral system should apply themselves to the publication of special works on

3476-403: The disadvantage of injuring articulation and lip-reading and the precision of ideas, declares that the pure oral method should be preferred. 3. Considering that a great number of the deaf and dumb are not receiving the benefit of instruction, and that this condition is owing to the impotence of families and of institutions , recommends that governments should take the necessary steps that all

3555-401: The head of the valley has been a problem in the past due to the reverse slope caused by the sand dunes filling the front of the valley. This has been addressed by a flood drain. A sea wall and wide esplanade have been built along the length of the beach to prevent coastal erosion. The rocky volcanic outcrop of Cave Rock , or Tuawera dominates the beach. Until the mid-1860s, this feature

3634-579: The hill in Clifton Bay, Day's house, which is set well back from the foreshore on a bend in the road, as it turns away from the foot of Clifton hill, and Dobson's house, which is shown at end of the spur at the foot of Richmond Hill. Compared to a modern-day map, the Day's house would have been near the corner at the top end of Nayland Street while Dobson's house would be near the intersection of Nayland Street and Wakefield Avenue. The earliest recorded accident crossing

3713-610: The mostly undeveloped land between Scarborough and Godley Head, including Taylors Mistake. By the 1940s, small town boroughs were becoming uneconomic and Sumner was merged with Christchurch city. The Pascoe House in Colenso Street is a category II historic place and an early example of a two story private dwelling in the Post War Modern Domestic style of the 1940–1960. It was designed by architect Paul Pascoe and constructed in 1948 as his own private home. The need for

3792-517: The oral method, such as "Considering the incontestable superiority of speech over signs in restoring the deaf-mute to society, and in giving him a more perfect knowledge of language,/Declares –/That the Oral method ought to be preferred that of signs for the education and instruction of the deaf and dumb". The Pereire Society was an organization formed by the French family of Jacob Rodrigues Pereira and financed by their railroad and bank holdings (including

3871-503: The outset to preserving American Sign Language and assisting the Deaf community in surviving an upswing of oralism that lasted several decades in the late 19th and early-to-mid 20th centuries. At the 15th International Congress on the Education of the Deaf (ICED) held in Hamburg , in then- West Germany in 1980, the first major step in repudiating the 1880 resolutions was set by a large group of attendees who, in an informal consensus, rejected

3950-537: The right to flexible communication in the mode or combination of modes which best meets their individual needs." Sharkey and Hikins deemed this Recommendation, along with the others, as essentially constituting a repudiation of the 1880 Milan Congress' resolutions. Thirty years later, in July 2010 in Vancouver, Canada, the board of the 21st International Congress on the Education of the Deaf (ICED) formally voted to reject all of

4029-460: The road between Christchurch and Lyttelton, by an accommodation road against the hillside in the East and another accommodation road across the valley in the South. The street names on the 1850 settlement plan were not used and Wakefield subdivided and leased or sold off parts of this rural section in smaller lots to create a settlement he called Wakefield Township . After the Canterbury Association

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4108-417: The same year, Sumner was hit by another earthquake of almost the same magnitude as the February event. These two earthquakes caused many of Sumner's iconic cliffs to collapse, and many areas to be cordoned off with both traditional fences and shipping containers. Sumner is nestled in a coastal valley separated from the adjacent city suburbs by rugged volcanic hill ridges that end in cliffs that descend to

4187-456: The school had 10 students and grew to have 37 students, including one from Australia, as well as 4 teachers, by the end of 1885. From January 1886, the Institution for Deaf-Mutes , as it was by then known as, leased " Sumner College ", a large five-year-old building that had been erected as a boarding school by Mr. C. L. Wiggins, in order to accommodate its growing roll. From the beginning Van Asch

4266-526: The school moved to its new site on 22 June 2020. In 2012 the Boards of Trustees of the van Asch Deaf Education Centre and Kelston Deaf Education Centre combined to become a single board running both schools. On 9 April 2019, as a result of a request by the Combined Board of both schools, the Minister of Education announced that van Asch Deaf Education Centre and Kelston Deaf Education Centre would merge in 2020 at

4345-580: The school would be also be associated with an orphanage, which Rolleston felt was not what Parliament intended. Nevertheless, in June 1879, the Government assisted Miss Mitchell investigate other possibilities in Dunedin and Oamaru. In June 1879, Vogel informed Grey that Gerrit van Asch had been selected as the institution's first director. Van Asch, who was born in 1836 and had been specially trained in Holland and Germany in

4424-511: The school's official title was misleading and requested that " The School for the Deaf " be used instead. In 1958, the Boys' House was burnt down in the early hours of the morning. The old main building was centred near the hills and Evans Pass. The Milan Congress of September 1880 resolved it was best to use Oral education for the deaf. Although this method of deaf education was not universally supported, with some British and American educators of

4503-511: The sea shore in places. Sumner Bay is the first bay on the northern side of Banks Peninsula and faces Pegasus Bay and the Pacific Ocean . Because of its ocean exposure, a high surf can form in some swell conditions. The beach is gently sloping, with fine grey sand. It is a popular surf beach for these reasons. Sand dunes have filled the river valley behind the beach. This has made housing construction relatively easy, although flooding at

4582-485: The ship, refitted and used her until 1869. The NZ Trawler Muriel was stranded on Sumner Beach in 1937 and was a total loss and had to be dismantled where she lay. Sumner is a focal point for the adjacent suburbs of Clifton , Richmond Hill and Scarborough . In earlier times, residents of those suburbs would often have been considered to be living in Sumner, because these suburbs have road access via Sumner or depend on services available in Sumner. Before 1945, Sumner

4661-499: The southern North Island, is now a residential campus for Ko Taku Reo. It opened in 1880 as Sumner School for the Deaf. Variously known as " Sumner College ", " Beach Glen Boarding School " or " Chelford ", existed in Sumner between about 1877 and 1895. Schoolmaster C. L. Wiggins, as he was almost invariably known, appears to have moved his boarding school for young gentlemen to Sumner in August 1877, according to newspaper advertisements of

4740-543: The state primary school and the city libraries. A. W. Reed gives the Māori name for the area is Ohikaparuparu ("o" means place of; "hika" means rubbing, kindling, or planting; "paruparu" means dirt, deeply laden, or a preparation of fermented cockles). However, J. F Menzies indicates this name is associated with a settlement on the shores of the estuary between Redcliffs and Mt Pleasant and prefers an alternative translation of " The place where sticks were rubbed together to make

4819-408: The subject. 6. Considering the results obtained by the numerous inquiries made concerning the deaf and dumb of every age and every condition long after they had quit school, who, when interrogated upon various subjects, have answered correctly, with sufficient clearness of articulation, and read the lips of their questioners with the greatest facility, declares: 7. Considering that the education of

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4898-423: The time. Wiggins has previously operated his boarding school at Akaroa and Fernside, before moving to Sumner. The school taught "the usual branches of a sound English education, together with Latin and French" and provided recreations including sea bathing, cricket, and "pedestrian excursions". Wiggins expanded his school at Sumner and built the dormitories and school rooms that were later leased and then sold to

4977-531: The two schools continued in the 1970s and 1980s and was considered a positive experience by teachers but extremely challenging for students, both deaf and hearing. In the late 1970s, the school switched to bilingual teaching and currently, in addition to presenting the curriculum in NZSL, Sign Supported English and oral (aural) modes, the college now offers the facility for deaf and hard of hearing students being educated in mainstream settings to learn about NZSL as part of

5056-507: The unlikelihood that the delegates fully represented the practices and philosophies of their home countries." Rather than seek to directly overturn the 1880 resolutions, the Congress put forward "recommendations" for informational purposes, including the following: "Recommended that this International Congress on Education of the Deaf, in convocation gathered at Hamburg, West Germany, in August 1980, affirms and declares that all deaf children have

5135-510: The use of oralism as a sole method of instruction, but were unsuccessful in their efforts to overturn the Milan resolutions. Reverend Thomas Gallaudet and his son Edward Miner Gallaudet, were among the protesters who railed against the oralist method being used in deaf education. Despite failing to have their positions ratified at the Congress, the Gallaudets ensured that deaf education in the US would not be completely converted to oralist methods. Manualism in deaf education survived oralism in part by

5214-555: The valley being surveyed by Edward Jollie in 1849 and he drew up a street plan in November of that year. However, the planned settlement was rejected by Godley and the land was not subdivided. When the first allocation of rural sections was made public in February 1851, rural section No.2 was allocated to Felix Wakefield . This section was bounded in the North by a road along the coast, in the West by

5293-468: Was $ 43,600, compared with $ 31,800 nationally. 879 people (31.3%) earned over $ 70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 1,419 (50.6%) people were employed full-time, 501 (17.9%) were part-time, and 66 (2.4%) were unemployed. Sumner is administered by the Christchurch City Council . The Canterbury Association initially administered Sumner, with

5372-448: Was 29.5, compared with 27.1% nationally. Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 57.6% had no religion, 33.5% were Christian , 0.1% had Māori religious beliefs , 0.2% were Hindu , 0.5% were Buddhist and 1.8% had other religions. Of those at least 15 years old, 1,113 (39.7%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 216 (7.7%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income

5451-436: Was a boarder for a year, and later was chair of the Board of Trustees. van Asch, Cynthia, Gerrit van Asch: Pioneer of oral education of the deaf (1989) Sumner, New Zealand Sumner is a coastal seaside suburb of Christchurch , New Zealand, and was surveyed and named in 1849 in honour of John Bird Sumner , the then newly appointed Archbishop of Canterbury and president of the Canterbury Association . Originally

5530-470: Was a separate borough from Christchurch City. Also, before seven-digit landline telephone numbering was implemented in Christchurch (late 1980s or early 1990s), telephone subscribers in these suburbs would have had a four-digit Sumner telephone exchange number. The statistical area of Sumner, which includes Scarborough and Te Onepoto / Taylors Mistake , covers 2.64 km (1.02 sq mi). It had an estimated population of 3,600 as of June 2024, with

5609-433: Was attended by 164 delegates of various countries. Out of these 164 delegates only three were deaf, James Denison (USA), Claudius Forestier and T. Theobald (France). The conference president was Abbe Giulio Tarra. The remaining delegates' nationalities are unknown. The five US delegates present were James Denison, Edward Miner Gallaudet , Reverend Thomas Gallaudet , Isaac Lewis Peet and Charles A Stoddard. The Conference

5688-593: Was disestablished, Sumner came under the control of the Canterbury Provincial Council . This lasted until the provinces were disestablished in 1876 and county councils were established instead. Sumner came under the jurisdiction of the Selwyn County Council initially. A Town Board was established during the 1870s. By the end of the 1880s Sumner had become a borough and administered the still mostly rural suburbs east of Ferrymead, including Mount Pleasant, Redcliffs, Moncks Bay, Clifton and Richmond Hill as well as

5767-465: Was enthusiastic to demonstrate his teaching methods to the many visitors to the school and they were amazed by the results. In his response to the 1886 report, the Minister of Education observed that the " deaf are seldom dumb ". In 1888, an assistant teacher from the Sumner Institution, who was visiting schools for the deaf in other countries to see their teaching methods, was giving evidence before

5846-592: Was held in the Regio Instituto Tenico di Santa Martha in Milan from 6 to 11 September 1880. The conference was essentially an attempt by the oralist camp to legitimize an official ban of sign language from deaf education. Furthering the goal of the oralists, during the conference twelve speakers spoke on the contemporary issues connected with deaf education. Nine of the twelve speakers gave an oralist perspective, and three (the Gallaudet brothers, and Richard Elliot,

5925-514: Was known by Europeans as Cass Rock, after the surveyor Thomas Cass . There are other rocky outcrops in the area and the volcanic nature of the geology is readily apparent from several of the exposed cliffs around the valley. Shag Rock , or Rapanui , is another large volcanic outcrop at the western end of the beach and sits at the mouth of the Estuary formed by the Avon and Heathcote rivers. This landmark

6004-600: Was no state assistance for educating deaf children in New Zealand. Wealthy parents could send their deaf children to schools for the deaf either in Australia or England or else privately hire a teacher to come out to New Zealand. Dorcas Mitchell was one such teacher who had trained in England to teach in sign language and then come to New Zealand to teach the four deaf children of Rev. Bradley, at Charteris Bay , in Lyttelton Harbour , certainly before 1870. On 29 November 1877,

6083-457: Was planned and organized by a committee created by the Pereire Society, an oralist organization. More than half of the people invited were known oralists; therefore, the Congress was heavily inclined to the oralist camp and most, if not all, of the resolutions that were voted on by the delegates gave results in favour of the oral method. Many of the resolutions were worded in ways that supported

6162-506: Was shattered by the Christchurch earthquakes in 2011, which reduced the iconic rock to a pile of boulders. The Sumner Bar is a sand bar where the estuary meets the sea and is notoriously dangerous to cross. The outlet of the Avon Heathcote Estuary , at the western end of the beach, forms the Sumner bar off shore of Cave Rock. The Sumner bar presents a major hazard to shipping, while the fast currents, strong rips and undertows in

6241-408: Was superior to manual education (sign language) and passed a resolution banning the use of sign language in school. After its passage, various European and American schools largely switched to using speech therapy without sign language as a method of deaf education until the late 1960s and early 1970s, when sign language started to be recognised as the ideal method of deaf education. In 2010,

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