Misplaced Pages

#743256

39-581: Valeria Borisovna Larina was born on 10 April 1926 in Leningrad, USSR. In 1946, Valeria Larina entered the first course of the Leningrad Institute of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture named after Ilya Repin. There she studied under Piotr Belousov , Ivan Stepashkin, and Alexander Zaytsev . In 1953, Valeria Larina graduated from the Leningrad Institute of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture as

78-581: A center for three major movements in avant garde art and architecture: constructivism , rationalism , and suprematism . In the workshops, the faculty and students transformed attitudes to art and reality with the use of precise geometry with an emphasis on space , in one of the great revolutions in the history of art. In 1926, the school was reorganized under a new rector and its name was changed from "Studios" to "Institute" ( Вхутеин, Высший художественно-технический институт , Vkhutein, Vysshiy Khudozhestvenno-Tekhnicheskii Institut ), or Vkhutein. The school

117-694: A fine arts college and a craft school. A further contributor to this was the generality of the basic course, which continued after students had specialised and was complemented by a versatile faculty. Vkhutemas cultivated polymath masters in the Renaissance mold, many with achievements in graphics, sculpture, product design, and architecture. Painters and sculptors often made projects related to architecture; examples include Tatlin's Tower , Malevich's Architektons , and Rodchenko's Spatial Constructions . Artists moved from department to department, such as Rodchenko from painting to metalworking. Gustav Klutsis , who

156-571: A painter in Boris Ioganson's workshop. Her peers included Mark Klionsky, Leonid Kabachek, Izzat Klychev , Konstantin Molteninov, Vladimir Seleznev , Nikolai Galakhov , and other young artists. One of Larina's final works prior to her graduation was a genre painting named "Young Shipbuilders". Following her graduation, Larina participated in art exhibitions. She painted portraits, genre scenes, landscapes, still lifes, and sketches from daily life. In

195-670: A report in LEF which foretold of Vkhutemas's closure. It was in response to students' failure to gain a foothold in industry and was entitled, The Breakdown of VKhUTEMAS: Report on the Condition of the Higher Artistic and Technical Workshops , which stated that the school was "disconnected from the ideological and practical tasks of today". In 1927, the school's name was modified: "Institute" replaced "Studios" ( Вхутеин, Высший художественно-технический институт ), or Vkhutein. Under this reorganisation,

234-699: A series of transformations in the building of the Academy of Arts, the Institute of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture was established in 1932 (the modern St. Petersburg Academy of Arts named after Ilya Repin). On March 14, 1917, the Commissioner of the Provisional Government for the institutions of the former Ministry of the Imperial Court , Fyodor Aleksandrovich Golovin , notified the meeting of members of

273-471: A statement that students have an "obligatory education in political literacy and the fundamentals of the communist world view on all courses". These examples help justify the school's projects in terms of the early political requirements but others would arise throughout the school's existence. Vkhutemas was a close parallel to the German Bauhaus in its intent, organization and scope. The two schools were

312-518: A training period of 3 to 5 years. The auxiliary courses were intended to cover a number of artistic subjects and art history. However, neither by the beginning of the academic year, nor in the first months after the October Revolution, the reform of the academy took a practical course. On April 12, 1918, by decree of the Council of People's Commissars , the Academy of Arts was abolished, the funds of

351-540: A worker's club, and the furniture that the Wood and Metal Working Faculty ( Дерметфак ) contributed was an international success. The student work won several prizes, and Melnikov's pavilion won the Grand Prix . As a new generation of artist/designers, the students and faculty at Vkhutemas paved the way for designer furniture by architects such as Marcel Breuer , and Alvar Aalto later in the century. The dean of this department

390-508: The Communist Party , that in 1926, 1927, and 1928, required a student body composition "of worker and peasant origins", and several demands for "working class" elements. This push for design economy resulted in a tendency towards working, functional designs with minimised luxuries. Tables designed by Rodchenko were equipped with mechanical moving parts, and were standardised and multi-functional. The products designed at Vkhutemas never bridged

429-502: The Higher Art and Technical Institute (VKHUTEIN, LVKhTI). In 1930, VKHUTEIN was reorganized into the Institute of Proletarian Fine Arts (INPII). The Faculty of Architecture was abolished, its students were transferred to the Leningrad Institute of Municipal Construction Engineers (LIICS, formerly the Institute of Civil Engineers). In 1932, INPII was transformed into the Leningrad Institute of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture, which in 1944

SECTION 10

#1732876870744

468-454: The Vitebsk art college that included El Lissitzky —exhibited at Vkhutemas as early as 1921. While constructivism was ostensibly developed as an art form in graphics and sculpture, it had architecture and construction as its underlying subject matter. This influence pervaded the school. The artistic education at Vkhutemas tended to be multidisciplinary, which stemmed from its origins as a merger of

507-448: The 'artistic' content of the basic course was reduced to one term, when at one point it was two years. The school appointed a new rector, Pavel Novitsky , who took over from the painter Vladimir Favorsky in 1926. It was under Novitsky's tenure that external political pressures increased, including the "working class" decree, and a series of external reviews by industry, and commercial organisations of student works' viability. The school

546-565: The 1925 Exposition Internationale des Arts Décoratifs et Industriels Modernes in Paris, the Soviet pavilion by Konstantin Melnikov and its contents attracted both criticism and praise for its economic and working class architecture. One focus of criticism was the "nakedness" of the structure, in comparison to other luxurious pavilions such as that by Émile-Jacques Ruhlmann . Alexander Rodchenko designed

585-774: The 1950s she was most famous for her series of expressive portraits of steel-makers and workers from the Kirov plant in Leningrad. Later, she painted mainly portraits of females and etudes of nature. Starting in 1954, Valeria Larina was a member of the Leningrad Union of Artists (now the Saint Petersburg Union of Artists). Valeria Borisovna Larina died in Saint Petersburg in 2008. Her paintings are located in museums and private collections in Russia, England, Germany, France, Italy,

624-539: The Third International was built by students and displayed at their workshop in Saint Petersburg. Furthermore, Lenin's Mausoleum was designed by faculty member Aleksey Shchusev . Alexei Gan 's book Constructivism , published in 1922, provided a theoretical link between the new emerging art and contemporary politics, connecting constructivism with the revolution, and Marxism. The founding decree included

663-611: The U.S., and other nations. Repin Institute of Arts Saint Petersburg Repin Academy of Arts ( Russian : Санкт-Петербургская академия художеств имени Ильи Репина ) is an art academy in Saint Petersburg, Russia . The academy traces its history to the Imperial Academy of Arts . After the October Revolution , the academy actually stopped working and was abolished by a decree of the RSFSR government on April 12, 1918; after

702-617: The academic museum were to be transferred to the Russian Museum, the Higher Art School at the academy was subject to reorganization; On October 10, 1918, the opening of the reformed School took place, which received the name Petrograd State Free Art and Educational Workshops (PGSKHUM). In 1921, they were renamed the Petrograd State Art and Educational Workshops at the recreated Academy of Arts. In 1922, they were transformed into

741-585: The academy (with the rights of president), and by the summer, a commission elected by the academy prepared a project for its reform. It was planned to divide the Academy of Arts into three parts: the academy itself (in the status of a scientific and artistic institution), the Higher Art School and provincial art schools. According to the project, the School's classes were eliminated, and instead, main (major) and auxiliary workshops were introduced. The main workshops were to be led by professor-supervisors and were designed for

780-577: The academy and the Council of Professors of the Higher Art School that he was leading. Princess Maria Pavlovna , as a person belonging to the dynasty, cannot be the president of the Academy of Arts, but "under the new system, the useful activities of the Academy will continue." Instead of Imperial, it began to be called Petersburg. At the end of April, the commissioner of the Provisional Government, architect Alexander Tamanian , became vice-president of

819-457: The basic course, students had to learn the language of plastic forms , and chromatics . Drawing was considered a foundation of the plastic arts, and students investigated relationships between color and form, and the principles of spatial composition. Akin to the Bauhaus 's basic course, which all first-year students were required to attend, it gave a more abstract foundation to the technical work in

SECTION 20

#1732876870744

858-501: The connection between the student's art and politics. After the discussion, Lenin was accepting and stated, "Well, tastes differ" and "I am an old man". Although Lenin was not an enthusiast for avant garde art, the Vkhutemas faculty and students made projects to honor him and further his politics. Ivan Leonidov 's final project at Vkhutemas was his design for a Lenin Institute of Librarianship . A model of Vladimir Tatlin's Monument to

897-507: The first to train artist-designers in a modern manner. Both schools were state-sponsored initiatives to merge the craft tradition with modern technology, with a Basic Course in aesthetic principles, courses in color theory, industrial design, and architecture. Vkhutemas was a larger school than the Bauhaus, but it was less publicised and consequently, is less familiar to the West. Vkhutemas's influence

936-408: The gap between workshops and factory production, although they cultivated a factory aesthetic —Popova, Stepanova , and Tatlin even designed worker's industrial apparel. Furniture pieces constructed at Vkhutemas explored the possibilities of new industrial materials such as plywood and tubular steel. There were many successes for the departments, and they were to influence future design thinking. At

975-475: The human environment such as the articles of daily life, the implements of labor, etc. The industrial department at Vkhutemas endeavored to create products of viability in the economy and functionality found in society. Class-based political requirements steered artists toward crafts, and the designing of household or industrial goods. There was significant pressure in this respect by the Central Committee of

1014-528: The political climate of the first five-year plan . Vladimir Lenin signed a decree to create the school, although its emphasis was on art rather than Marxism . Three months after its founding, on 25 February 1921, Lenin went to Vkhutemas to visit the daughter of Inessa Armand and to converse with the students, where in a discussion about art he found an affinity among them for Futurism . There he first viewed avant garde art, such as suprematist painting. He did not wholly approve of it, expressing concern over

1053-467: The studios. In the early 1920s this basic course consisted of the following: The primary movements in art which influenced education at Vkhutemas were constructivism and suprematism, although individuals were versatile enough to fit into many or no movements—often teaching in multiple departments and working in diverse media. The leader figure of suprematist art, Kazimir Malevich , joined the teaching staff of Vkhutemas in 1925, though his group— Unovis , of

1092-537: The two schools, while Hinnerk Scheper of the Bauhaus collaborated with various Vkhutein members on the use of colour in architecture. In addition, El Lissitzky 's book Russia – an Architecture for World Revolution published in German in 1930 featured several illustrations of Vkhutemas/Vkhutein projects. Both schools flourished in a relatively liberal period, and were closed under pressure from increasingly totalitarian regimes. As early as 1923, Rodchenko and others published

1131-569: Was Alexander Rodchenko, who was appointed in February 1922. Rodchenko's department was more expansive than its name would suggest, concentrating on abstract and concrete examples of product design. In a report to the rector of 1923, Rodchenko listed the following subjects as being offered: higher mathematics, descriptive geometry, theoretical mechanics, physics, the history of art and political literacy. Theoretical tasks included graphic design and "volumetric and spatial discipline"; while practical experience

1170-533: Was also a member of the textile faculty, and in 1922, when hired to design fabrics for the First State Textile Print Factory, Popova and Stepanova were among the first women designers in the Soviet textile industry. Popova designed textiles both with asymmetrical architectonic geometries, and also work that was thematic. Before her death in 1924, Popova produced fabrics with grids of printed hammers and sickles , which would predate work by others in

1209-459: Was dissolved in 1930 following political and internal pressures throughout its ten-year existence. Its faculty, students, and legacy were dispersed into as many as six other schools. A preliminary basic course was an important part of the new teaching method that was developed at Vkhutemas, and was made compulsory for all students, regardless of their future specialization. This was based on a combination of scientific and artistic disciplines. During

Valeria Larina - Misplaced Pages Continue

1248-552: Was dissolved in 1930, and was merged into various other programs. One such merger was with MVTU, forming the Architectural-Construction Institute, which became the Moscow Architectural Institute in 1933. The Modernist movements which Vkhutemas had helped generate were critically considered as abstract formalism, and were succeeded historically by socialist realism , postconstructivism , and

1287-523: Was expansive however—the school exhibited two structures by faculty and award-winning student work at the 1925 Exposition in Paris. Furthermore, Vkhutemas attracted the interest and several visits from the director of the Museum of Modern Art , Alfred Barr . With the internationalism of modern architecture and design, there were many exchanges between the Vkhutemas and the Bauhaus. The second Bauhaus director Hannes Meyer attempted to organise an exchange between

1326-514: Was formed by a merger of two previous schools: the Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture and the Stroganov School of Applied Arts . The workshops had artistic and industrial faculties; the art faculty taught courses in graphics, sculpture and architecture while the industrial faculty taught courses in printing, textiles, ceramics, woodworking, and metalworking. Vkhutemas was

1365-421: Was given in foundry work, minting, engraving and electrotyping . Students were also given internships in factories. Rodchenko's approach effectively combined art and technology, and he was offered the deanship of Vkhutein in 1928, although he refused. El Lissitzky was also a member of the faculty. The textile department was run by the constructivist designer Varvara Stepanova. In common with other departments, it

1404-463: Was head of a workshop on colour theory, also moved from painting and sculptural works to exhibition stands and kiosks. El Lissitzky, who had trained as an architect, also worked in a broad cross section of media such as graphics, print and exhibition design. The industrial faculties had the task of preparing artists of a new type, artists capable of working not only in the traditional pictorial and plastic arts but also capable of creating all objects in

1443-679: Was named after Ilya Efimovich Repin . It retained the name until the 1990s, when it was transformed into the St. Petersburg Repin State Academic Institute of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture named after Vkhutemas 55°45′53″N 37°38′8″E  /  55.76472°N 37.63556°E  / 55.76472; 37.63556 Vkhutemas (Russian: Вхутемас , IPA: [fxʊtʲɪˈmas] , acronym for Высшие художественно-технические мастерские Vysshiye Khudozhestvenno-Tekhnicheskiye Masterskiye "Higher Art and Technical Studios")

1482-433: Was run on utilitarian lines, but Stepanova encouraged her students to take an interest in fashion: they were told to carry notebooks so that they could note the contemporary fabrics and aesthetics of everyday life as seen on the high street. Stepanova wrote in her 1925 course plan that this was done "with the goal of devising methods for a conscious awareness of the demands imposed on us by new social conditions". Lyubov Popova

1521-613: Was the Russian state art and technical school founded in 1920 in Moscow , replacing the Moscow Svomas . The workshops were established by a decree from Vladimir Lenin with the intentions, in the words of the Soviet government, "to prepare master artists of the highest qualifications for industry, and builders and managers for professional-technical education". The school had 100 faculty members and an enrollment of 2,500 students. Vkhutemas

#743256