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34-844: Coordinates : 42°24′21″N 19°48′55″E / 42.40583°N 19.81528°E / 42.40583; 19.81528 Valley in Albania See also: Valbonë Valley National Park and Theth National Park Valbona Pass Albanian : Qafa e Buallit [REDACTED] Valbona Pass Elevation 1,795 m (5,889 ft) Location Albania Range Albanian Alps Coordinates 42°24′21″N 19°48′55″E / 42.40583°N 19.81528°E / 42.40583; 19.81528 [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Valbona Pass Location in Albania [REDACTED] The Valbona Pass ( Albanian : Qafa e Valbonës )
68-502: A tan ϕ {\displaystyle \textstyle {\tan \beta ={\frac {b}{a}}\tan \phi }\,\!} ; for the GRS 80 and WGS 84 spheroids, b a = 0.99664719 {\textstyle {\tfrac {b}{a}}=0.99664719} . ( β {\displaystyle \textstyle {\beta }\,\!} is known as the reduced (or parametric) latitude ). Aside from rounding, this
102-456: A datum transformation such as a Helmert transformation , although in certain situations a simple translation may be sufficient. Datums may be global, meaning that they represent the whole Earth, or they may be local, meaning that they represent an ellipsoid best-fit to only a portion of the Earth. Examples of global datums include World Geodetic System (WGS 84, also known as EPSG:4326 ),
136-593: A market-oriented system. The Albanian capital, Tirana , is home to 350,000 of the country's 3.6 million population. As a result of the opening of the country in the post-communist era, Albania is now undergoing a development boom as its telecommunications, transport and utilities infrastructure is being revamped. The country has been a member of NATO since 2009. Geography of Albania Environment of Albania Regions of Albania List of ecoregions in Albania Administrative divisions of Albania Albania
170-588: A point on Earth's surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses (often called great circles ), which converge at the North and South Poles. The meridian of the British Royal Observatory in Greenwich , in southeast London, England, is the international prime meridian , although some organizations—such as
204-473: A region of the surface of the Earth. Some newer datums are bound to the center of mass of the Earth. This combination of mathematical model and physical binding mean that anyone using the same datum will obtain the same location measurement for the same physical location. However, two different datums will usually yield different location measurements for the same physical location, which may appear to differ by as much as several hundred meters; this not because
238-411: Is 6,367,449 m . Since the Earth is an oblate spheroid , not spherical, that result can be off by several tenths of a percent; a better approximation of a longitudinal degree at latitude ϕ {\displaystyle \phi } is where Earth's equatorial radius a {\displaystyle a} equals 6,378,137 m and tan β = b
272-475: Is 110.6 km. The circles of longitude, meridians, meet at the geographical poles, with the west–east width of a second naturally decreasing as latitude increases. On the Equator at sea level, one longitudinal second measures 30.92 m, a longitudinal minute is 1855 m and a longitudinal degree is 111.3 km. At 30° a longitudinal second is 26.76 m, at Greenwich (51°28′38″N) 19.22 m, and at 60° it
306-519: Is 15.42 m. On the WGS 84 spheroid, the length in meters of a degree of latitude at latitude ϕ (that is, the number of meters you would have to travel along a north–south line to move 1 degree in latitude, when at latitude ϕ ), is about The returned measure of meters per degree latitude varies continuously with latitude. Similarly, the length in meters of a degree of longitude can be calculated as (Those coefficients can be improved, but as they stand
340-845: Is a high mountain pass within the Albanian Alps in northern Albania . [REDACTED] Valbona Valley [REDACTED] Theth [REDACTED] Albanian Alps See also [ edit ] [REDACTED] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Valbona Pass . Valbonë Valley National Park Theth National Park Geography of Albania Mountain passes of Albania References [ edit ] ^ "Wanderung über den Valbona-Pass nach Teth" . alfred-jaeger.de (in German). ^ "RRJETI I ZONAVE TË MBROJTURA NË SHQIPËRI" (PDF) . mjedisi.gov.al (in Albanian). p. 1. Archived from
374-542: Is different from Wikidata Articles containing Albanian-language text Coordinates on Wikidata Infobox mapframe without OSM relation ID on Wikidata Commons category link from Wikidata Pages using the Kartographer extension Geographic coordinate system A geographic coordinate system ( GCS ) is a spherical or geodetic coordinate system for measuring and communicating positions directly on Earth as latitude and longitude . It
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#1733086130835408-465: Is divided into twelve counties ( Albanian : qarku , sing. qark (official term); but often prefektura , sing. prefekturë , sometimes translated as prefecture ). Each contains several municipalities : Municipalities of Albania Since the 2015 local administration reform, there are 61 municipalities in Albania. Politics of Albania Government of Albania Judicial system of Albania Foreign relations of Albania The Republic of Albania
442-452: Is known as a graticule . The origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km (390 mi) south of Tema , Ghana , a location often facetiously called Null Island . In order to use the theoretical definitions of latitude, longitude, and height to precisely measure actual locations on the physical earth, a geodetic datum must be used. A horizonal datum
476-705: Is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Albania: The Republic of Albania – a sovereign state located on the Balkan Peninsula in South-eastern Europe . It has a coast on the Adriatic Sea to the west, and on the Ionian Sea to the southwest. It is less than 100 km (62 mi) from Italy , across the Strait of Otranto . Albania is a parliamentary democracy that is transforming its economy into
510-640: Is the exact distance along a parallel of latitude; getting the distance along the shortest route will be more work, but those two distances are always within 0.6 m of each other if the two points are one degree of longitude apart. Like any series of multiple-digit numbers, latitude-longitude pairs can be challenging to communicate and remember. Therefore, alternative schemes have been developed for encoding GCS coordinates into alphanumeric strings or words: These are not distinct coordinate systems, only alternative methods for expressing latitude and longitude measurements. Outline of Albania The following outline
544-409: Is the simplest, oldest and most widely used of the various spatial reference systems that are in use, and forms the basis for most others. Although latitude and longitude form a coordinate tuple like a cartesian coordinate system , the geographic coordinate system is not cartesian because the measurements are angles and are not on a planar surface. A full GCS specification, such as those listed in
578-465: Is used to precisely measure latitude and longitude, while a vertical datum is used to measure elevation or altitude. Both types of datum bind a mathematical model of the shape of the earth (usually a reference ellipsoid for a horizontal datum, and a more precise geoid for a vertical datum) to the earth. Traditionally, this binding was created by a network of control points , surveyed locations at which monuments are installed, and were only accurate for
612-741: The EPSG and ISO 19111 standards, also includes a choice of geodetic datum (including an Earth ellipsoid ), as different datums will yield different latitude and longitude values for the same location. The invention of a geographic coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene , who composed his now-lost Geography at the Library of Alexandria in the 3rd century BC. A century later, Hipparchus of Nicaea improved on this system by determining latitude from stellar measurements rather than solar altitude and determining longitude by timings of lunar eclipses , rather than dead reckoning . In
646-471: The International Date Line , which diverges from it in several places for political and convenience reasons, including between far eastern Russia and the far western Aleutian Islands . The combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The visual grid on a map formed by lines of latitude and longitude
680-515: The 1st or 2nd century, Marinus of Tyre compiled an extensive gazetteer and mathematically plotted world map using coordinates measured east from a prime meridian at the westernmost known land, designated the Fortunate Isles , off the coast of western Africa around the Canary or Cape Verde Islands , and measured north or south of the island of Rhodes off Asia Minor . Ptolemy credited him with
714-477: The Albanian Beys Revolts of 1833–1839 Uprising of Dervish Cara Albanian National Awakening League of Prizren Congress of Manastir Revolt of 1910 Malissori uprising Taksim meeting Revolt of 1912 Kimza Government Independence (1912–present) Declaration of Independence Anthem Provisional Government of Albania Albania during
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#1733086130835748-4871: The Balkan Wars Republic of Central Albania Principality of Albania (1914–25) World War I in Albania Autonomous Province of Korçë Italian protectorate Vlora War Republic of Mirdita Albanian Republic (1925–1928) Albanian Kingdom (1928–1939) Union with Italian kingdom Italian invasion of Albania German Nazi occupation The Holocaust in Albania Albanian resistance during World War II Communist Albania (1946–91) Orthography Congress (1972) Post-Communist Albania 1997 Civil Unrest NATO membership EU Accession See also Origins Timeline Archives [REDACTED] Geography Landscape Mountains Rivers Lakes Islands Environment Climate Biodiversity [REDACTED] Habitat Protected areas Politics Executive Government ( agencies ) Head of state ( list ) Prime Minister Foreign relations Political parties [REDACTED] Treaties Visa policy Judiciary Vetting Institutions KPA IKP ONM KPK Constitution Corruption EURALIUS SPAK Prosecutor General Subdivisions NUTS Counties Municipalities Cities and towns Communes Villages Maps Legislature Elections Assembly ( speakers ) Members Opposition Human rights Abortion Capital punishment Assassinations LGBT Ombudsman Security Military Police Organized crime Prisons Border crossings Economy Finance Banking Lek (currency) Taxation Trade unions State Supreme Audit Retail Shopping centers Supermarkets Industry Agriculture Healthcare Companies Energy Operators KESH OST OSHEE ERE Hydropower plants Natural resources Oil and gas [REDACTED] Mining Infrastructure Highways Aviation Ports Railways Bridges Tunnels Highrises ( structures ) Telecommunications Posta Shqiptare Squatting Tourism Monuments Archaeological sites Castles Mosques Tekkes Churches Lighthouses Adriatic Sea Coast Ionian Sea Coast ( riviera ) Beaches [REDACTED] Images of Albania Society People Demographics Census Tribes Noble families Diaspora Women Culture Art (galleries) Architecture Photography Museums Theatres Education Alphabet scripts Abetare Language Literature Research institutes Libraries Universities Publishers [REDACTED] Proverbs Albanology Tradition Folk beliefs Besa Oda Secularism Religion Nevruz Sworn virgins Costumes Qeleshe Fustanella Xhubleta Brez Opinga Xhamadan Cuisine [REDACTED] Gjellë Tavë kosi Kabuni Raki Beer Wine Cognac Skënderbeu Sports Football National team Clubs Players Stadiums Other sports Weightlifting Athletics Cycling Basketball Volleyball Swimming Olympics Indoor arenas Entertainment Music Television Radio Cinema Symbols Heraldry Flag ( list ) Coat of arms ( armorial ) Epitaph of Gllavenica Sign language Orders, decorations and medals Passport .al Other Public holidays Smoking Copyright law Outline Index Bibliography Category Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Valbona_Pass&oldid=1256721436 " Categories : Mountain passes of Albania Geography of Kukës County Valbonë Valley National Park Hidden categories: Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas CS1 German-language sources (de) CS1 Albanian-language sources (sq) Articles with short description Short description
782-499: The Earth's surface move relative to each other due to continental plate motion, subsidence, and diurnal Earth tidal movement caused by the Moon and the Sun. This daily movement can be as much as a meter. Continental movement can be up to 10 cm a year, or 10 m in a century. A weather system high-pressure area can cause a sinking of 5 mm . Scandinavia is rising by 1 cm a year as a result of
816-708: The European ED50 , and the British OSGB36 . Given a location, the datum provides the latitude ϕ {\displaystyle \phi } and longitude λ {\displaystyle \lambda } . In the United Kingdom there are three common latitude, longitude, and height systems in use. WGS 84 differs at Greenwich from the one used on published maps OSGB36 by approximately 112 m. The military system ED50 , used by NATO , differs from about 120 m to 180 m. Points on
850-524: The French Institut national de l'information géographique et forestière —continue to use other meridians for internal purposes. The prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres , although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E. This is not to be conflated with
884-566: The center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels , as they are parallel to the Equator and to each other. The North Pole is 90° N; the South Pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the Equator , the fundamental plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The Equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres . The longitude λ of
918-613: The default datum used for the Global Positioning System , and the International Terrestrial Reference System and Frame (ITRF), used for estimating continental drift and crustal deformation . The distance to Earth's center can be used both for very deep positions and for positions in space. Local datums chosen by a national cartographical organization include the North American Datum ,
952-490: The distance they give is correct within a centimeter.) The formulae both return units of meters per degree. An alternative method to estimate the length of a longitudinal degree at latitude ϕ {\displaystyle \phi } is to assume a spherical Earth (to get the width per minute and second, divide by 60 and 3600, respectively): where Earth's average meridional radius M r {\displaystyle \textstyle {M_{r}}\,\!}
986-468: The full adoption of longitude and latitude, rather than measuring latitude in terms of the length of the midsummer day. Ptolemy's 2nd-century Geography used the same prime meridian but measured latitude from the Equator instead. After their work was translated into Arabic in the 9th century, Al-Khwārizmī 's Book of the Description of the Earth corrected Marinus' and Ptolemy's errors regarding
1020-749: The length of the Mediterranean Sea , causing medieval Arabic cartography to use a prime meridian around 10° east of Ptolemy's line. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes ' recovery of Ptolemy's text a little before 1300; the text was translated into Latin at Florence by Jacopo d'Angelo around 1407. In 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference , attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt
1054-461: The location has moved, but because the reference system used to measure it has shifted. Because any spatial reference system or map projection is ultimately calculated from latitude and longitude, it is crucial that they clearly state the datum on which they are based. For example, a UTM coordinate based on WGS84 will be different than a UTM coordinate based on NAD27 for the same location. Converting coordinates from one datum to another requires
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1088-579: The longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich , England as the zero-reference line. The Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911. The latitude ϕ of a point on Earth's surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through (or close to)
1122-460: The melting of the ice sheets of the last ice age , but neighboring Scotland is rising by only 0.2 cm . These changes are insignificant if a local datum is used, but are statistically significant if a global datum is used. On the GRS 80 or WGS 84 spheroid at sea level at the Equator, one latitudinal second measures 30.715 m , one latitudinal minute is 1843 m and one latitudinal degree
1156-827: The original (PDF) on 2017-09-05 . Retrieved 2016-01-12 . [REDACTED] Topics related to the Valbona Pass v t e Albania articles History Illyrians Ardiaei Albanoi Amantes Amantini Balaites Bylliones Dassaretii Enchele Labeatae Parthini Taulantii Middle Ages (1190–1385) Principality of Arbanon Kingdom of Albania Despotate of Arta House of Kastrioti Ottoman period (1385–1912) Skanderbeg's rebellion League of Lezhë Kanun of Lekë Dukagjini Arbëni Council Islamization of Albania Albanian Pashaliks Massacre of
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