63-702: Munja (reigned c. 972-990s CE), also known as Vakpati II , was an Indian ruler from the Paramara dynasty , who ruled the Kingdom of Malwa . He is known for consolidating the Malwa kingdom, for patronising poets and scholars and for achieving the military success against almost all of the neighbouring kingdoms. Munja achieved military successes against the Chahamanas , the Guhilas , the Hunas ,
126-577: A princely state of Rathore Clan of Rajputs in the Rajputana Agency of British India . The state was bounded on the north by Bikaner state, on the northeast by Jaipur state, on the west by the British province of Ajmer , on the southeast by Mewar (Udaipur) state, on the south by Sirohi state and the Banas Kantha Agency of Bombay Presidency , on the southwest by Sind Province, and on
189-452: A challenge to sustained human habitation in the Thar. The area is prone to devastating droughts. The Thar Desert is one of the most inhospitable landscapes on earth. Apart from the huge distances between hamlets and settlements here, the landscape is constantly shifting with the sand, as wind and sandstorms re-arrange the landscape. This, added to the lack of water in such an arid region, means that
252-599: A district administrative centre, was founded in 1459 by Rao Chanda's successor Rao Jodha . In 1561 the kingdom was invaded by the Mughal Emperor Akbar . Parganas of Jaitaran and Merta were captured by Mughals. After a war for almost two decades and the death of Rao Chandrasen Rathore in 1581, Marwar was brought under direct Mughal administration and remained so till its administration was handed over to Raja Udai Singh in 1583. In 1679 CE, when Maharaja Jaswant Singh whom Emperor Aurangzeb had posted at Jamrud at
315-647: A kingdom in Marwar in the 6th century, with a capital at Mandore , 9 km from present-day Jodhpur . The ruined city of Osian or Ossian, 65 km from Jodhpur, was an important religious centre of the Pratihara period. The royal Rathore family of Jodhpur are the descent from the famous Rashtrakuta dynasty . On the fall of the Rashtrakuta dynasty they migrated north to Kannauj in Uttar Pradesh . The Jodhpur state
378-662: A new small princedom in southern Odisha at Gudari in modern Rayagada district after he was toppled from power by his general Kapilendra Deva. Prince of Chikiti Zamindars of Parlakhemundi Marwar Marwar (also called Jodhpur region ) is a region of western Rajasthan state in North Western India . It lies partly in the Thar Desert . The word 'maru' is Sanskrit for desert. The word "wad" literally means fence in Rajasthani languages . English translation of
441-453: A part of the sign manual of the king. It also shows the Paramara emblem Garuda in human form, about to strike a snake held in its left hand. The inscription begins with a siddham symbol, followed by two mangala-shlokas (auspicious verses). The first verse praises the manly throat of Srikantha ("the one with auspicious throat" or Shiva ), seeking more happiness. The second verse praises
504-513: A philosopher from Ahichchhatra, is recorded in his Dharampuri inscription. His Gaonri inscriptions record the names of several Brahmins who had migrated to his kingdom from the present-day Bengal, Bihar and Assam in eastern India. Munja also composed poetry himself. Although no complete work composed by him is now available, the Kashmiri poet Kshemendra quotes three stanzas composed by him. The 12th century Jain writer Hemachandra describes Munja among
567-467: A result, Tailapa humiliated Munja by forcing him to beg door-to-door, and then had him executed. While Merutunga's account may not be entirely accurate from a historical point of view, there is little doubt that Munja died in Deccan , as a result of his war against Tailapa. Ballala claims that Munja died a peaceful death after appointing Bhoja as his successor. However, this is not historically accurate. Munja
630-427: Is Sangam Literature dated from 300s BCE. Time period of ancient Indian rulers is speculative, or at least uncertain. List of monarchs of Magadha List of monarchs of Kashmir Kings of Gandhara List of Kuru kings Haiheyas Pradyota dynasty Kings of Videha Kings of Kalinga Kings of Kosala: Kings of Panchala: Kings of Anga: Kings of Kamboja: Rulers of Shakya: Later Shakya Republic
693-461: Is also known as "Vakpati" (Master of speech), Vakpati- raja , Vakpati-raja-deva , and Utpala-raja . In addition, he assumed the titles Amoghavarsha , Sri-vallabha and Prithvi-vallabha , which were used by the Rashtrakuta kings. This was probably meant to commemorate his predecessor Siyaka's victory over the Rashtrakuta king Khottiga . At the time of Munja's ascension, the Paramara kingdom
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#1732863290444756-826: Is believed to have excavated the Munja-sagara (Munj Sagar) lake in Dhara and the Munja-talao tank in Mandu . Munja also built temples and ghats (embankments) in Dharmapuri , Maheshvara , Omkara - Mandhata and Ujjayani . Munjapura, a former town in present-day Gujarat, was named after him. Munja was renowned as a great patron of art and literature. His royal patronage attracted scholars from many parts of India. The poets patronized by him included Dhananjaya , Bhatta Halayudha , Shobhana Dhanika, Padmagupta and Amitagati . His grant to Vasantacharya,
819-672: Is considered as the first month of the year. The date can alternatively be interpreted as 23 August 975 CE, if Kartika is considered the first month, as was common in some regions. The inscription is inscribed on two copper plates that were found by a farmer in Dharampuri of Dhar district . It was sent to the Central India Agency 's Archives Office in Indore , and first translated into English by Fitzedward Hall in 1861. The two plates contain 18 and 16 lines respectively. The second plate has
882-759: Is corroborated by the Kauthem grant inscription of Vikramaditya V , which states that "Utpala destroyed the power of the Chaidyas, the king of Chedis". However, this victory did not result in any territorial gains for the Paramaras. The Udaipur Prashasti further claims that he subdued the Cholas and the Keralas . However, this seems to be hyperbolic praise, as the Chola and the Kerala kingdoms lay to
945-547: Is not certain. Subhashita-Ratna-Sandoha by the Jain writer Amitagati states that it was completed in 994 CE (1050 VS), when Munja was reigning at Dhara. Tailapa died in 998 CE. Therefore, Munja must have died between 994 and 998 CE. As a result of his victory against Munja, Tailapa conquered the southern part of the Paramara kingdom, possibly up to the Narmada River . According to Merutunga's Prabandha-Chintamani , Munja's successor
1008-614: The Hunas . The Gaonri plate issued by him in 981 CE records the grant of Vanika village in Huna- mandala to Brahmins. Vakpati's victory over Hunas does not appear to be decisive, because his successor Sindhuraja also had to fight against the Hunas. According to the Udaipur Prashasti inscription of his descendant Udayaditya, Munja also defeated Yuvaraja II, the Kalachuri ruler of Tripuri. This claim
1071-509: The Kalachuris , and the ruler of Gurjara region (possibly a Chaulukya or Pratihara ruler). He also achieved some early successes against the Western Chalukya king Tailapa II , but was ultimately defeated and killed by Tailapa some time between 994 CE and 998 CE. Munja succeeded Siyaka as the Paramara king, ascending the throne around 972 CE. According to Prabandha-Chintamani by
1134-564: The Marwar region, resulting in a conflict between the two kingdoms. Three Chahamana rulers Shobhita , Baliraja and Vigrahapala died within a period of 14 years, while Munja remained the Paramara king. K. C. Jain speculates that these deaths might have resulted from the Chahamana-Paramara conflict. The Paramara court poet Padmagupta states that the Munja "caused the pearls in the necklaces worn by
1197-472: The dapaka as Rudraditya, and ends with the royal sign-manual. This inscription, issued in 986 CE (1943 VS), records the grant of a village to a Brahmin. It begins with shlokas dedicated to Srikantha ( Shiva ) and Mura-ripu ( Krishna ), followed by the usual royal genealogy. It then states that while residing in Purna-pathaka, the king donated the village of Kadahichchhaka to a Brahmin named Sarvananda, who
1260-574: The dynasty , at the time. These Punch-marked coins were issued around 600s BCE and are found in abundance from the Maurya Empire in 300s BCE. There are also stone inscriptions and documentary records from foreign cultures from around this time. The main imperial or quasi-imperial rulers of North India are fairly clear from this point on, but many local rulers, and the situation in the Deccan and South India has less clear stone inscriptions from early centuries. Main sources of South Indian history
1323-543: The 14th century writer Merutunga , Munja was an adopted child of the king Simhadantabhatta (Siyaka). The king discovered him in a munja grassland. Since the king did not have any children of his own at that time, he adopted the child and named him Munja. Although the king later had a biological son named Sindhuraja , he appointed Munja as his successor. Historians doubt the authenticity of this legend, in absence of any supporting evidence. Another later poet Ballala states that Munja and Sindhuraja were biological brothers. Munja
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#17328632904441386-558: The British during the Revolt of 1857 , died in 1873. His successor, Maharaja Jaswant Singh II , who died in 1896, was a very enlightened ruler. His brother, Sir Pratap Singh , conducted the administration until his nephew, Sardar Singh, came of age in 1898. Maharaja Sardar Singh ruled until 1911. The imperial service cavalry formed part of the reserve brigade during the Tirah campaign. Marwar suffered more severely than any other part of Rajputana from
1449-842: The Chalukya ruler of that area. According to one theory, the defeated ruler was Tailapa's Lata Chalukya vassal Barappa or his son Goggiraja. According to another theory, "Chalukya" here refers to the Chaulukyas of present-day Gujarat, and Munja fought with their king Mularaja . The war between Munja and Tailapa has been described by Merutunga, whose account is based on a now-lost Apabhramsa poem called Munja-rasa . According to Merutunga, Tailapa harassed Munja by carrying out several raids into his kingdom, and Munja defeated Tailapa six times (sixteen times, according to some manuscripts). The Udaipur Prashasti also states that he defeated Tailapa. Despite these early successes, he could not subdue Tailapa. Against
1512-612: The Guhilas. The Bijapur inscription of Dhavala states that the armies of the defeated ruler were left without a leader, and sought asylum with him. Kshemendra's Auchitya-vichara-charcha alludes to the miserable condition of the Gurjara king. According to historians D C Ganguly and Dasharatha Sharma , the defeated king was Mularaja , the Chaulukya king of Gujarat. On the other hand, historians Pratipal Bhatia, K. N. Seth and K. C. Jain believe that he
1575-627: The Kauthem inscription of the family of Munja's arch-rival Tailapa II mentions his bravery in wars against the Hunas, the Maravas (people of Marwar), and the Chedis (the Kalachuris). Early during his reign, Munja defeated the elephant forces of the Guhilas, and plundered their capital Aghata (present-day Ahar in Udaipur). The defeated Guhila ruler (either Naravahana or his son Shaktikumara) took shelter with Dhavala,
1638-615: The Rajput clans united due to the aggressive behaviour of the Mughal emperor. A triple alliance was formed by the states of Jodhpur kingdom, Udaipur ( Mewar ) and Jaipur Kingdom to become independent from the Mughal Empire . Internecine disputes and succession wars disturbed the peace of the early years of the century, until in January 1818 Jodhpur was brought under British control. Jodhpur became
1701-728: The Rashtrakuta capital Manyakheta . The plates are inscribed on one side only, and contain 23, 20 and 10 lines respectively. Like other Paramara inscriptions, the third plate shows a Garuda in human form, about to strike a snake. As with other inscriptions, it begins with shlokas and the royal genealogy. Next, the inscription records the grant of the Vanika village in the Avaraka bhoga (subdivision) of Huna - mandala . S. K. Dikshit identifies Vanika and Avaraka as present-day villages of Benka and Awar near Agar . H. V. Trivedi identifies them as Bani and Avra villages near Shamgarh . The donees mentioned in
1764-499: The Rashtrakuta ruler of Hastikundi. Munja's success is corroborated by the Bijapur inscription of Dhavala, which states that Munja "destroyed" Aghata, forcing the Guhila king to flee the battlefield and seek Dhavala's protection. As a result of this victory, the Paramaras gained control of the eastern part of Mewar, including Chittorgarh . Munja also defeated the ruler of Gurjara , an ally of
1827-533: The administrators of Abu and Jalor . A Paramara branch at Jalor is known to have been founded by one Vakpati-raja. According to K. N. Seth, this person is same as the Vakpati Munja. Seth speculates that Munja had only one son, Chandana, whom he appointed as the ruler of Jalor. Pratipala Bhatia rejects these theories, stating that Aranyaraja lived two generations before Munja, and there is no concrete evidence about Chandana being Munja's son either. The fact that Munja
1890-589: The advice of his prime minister Rudraditya, Munja decided to adopt a more aggressive policy and crossed the Godavari River in a campaign against Tailapa. Merutunga states that the minister foresaw Munja's defeat and committed suicide by jumping into a fire. In the ensuing conflict, Tailapa defeated Munja's army by force and fraud, and imprisoned him. In his victory against Munja, Tailapa appears to have been aided by his Yadava vassal Bhillama II . Bhillama's 1000 Sangamner inscription poetically boasts that he thrashed
1953-431: The areas governed by the erstwhile princely state of Jodhpur State , which includes the present-day districts of Barmer , Jalore , Jodhpur , Nagaur , Pali and parts of Sikar . Jodhpur State was bounded on the north by Jangladesh region, on the northeast by Dhundhar , on the east by Ajmer , on the southeast by Mewar , on the south by Godwar , on the southwest by Sindh , and on the west by Jaisalmer . In 1901,
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2016-571: The body of Mura-ripu ("slayer of the Mura demon" or Krishna ), requesting him to protect the world. Next, the inscription mentions the following genealogy of the issuer, stating that each king meditated at the feet of his predecessor: The inscription records the grant of a taḍāra (meaning unknown) called Pipparika, which was located on the banks of the Narmada River . K. N. Seth identifies Pipparika with Pipri village near Manawar in Dhar district. The king made
2079-543: The famine of 1899–1900. In February 1900 more than 110,000 people were in receipt of famine relief. The kingdom had a population of 1,935,565 in 1901, a 23% decline from the 1891, largely due to the results of the famine. Its ruler, the Maharaja of Jodhpur, expressed a wish to join the Dominion of Pakistan but Lord Mountbatten warned him that his subjects were mostly Hindus and his accession to Pakistan would create problems. As
2142-461: The four learned kings; the other three being the legendary Vikramaditya and Shalivahana , and Munja's nephew Bhoja . The following inscriptions of Munja, all written in Sanskrit language and Nagari script , have been discovered. This inscription records a grant, and is the first known Paramara inscription to be issued from outside Gujarat . It is dated 3 September 974 CE (1031 VS ), if Chaitra
2205-542: The goddess of prosperity Lakshmi on the battlefield because she had sided with Munja, and forced her to become an obedient housewife in the palace of Tailapa. According to Merutunga, during his imprisonment, Munja and Tailapa's widowed sister Mrinalavati fell in love. Meanwhile, Munja's ministers entered Tailapa's kingdom in disguise, and managed to get in touch with Munja. They made a rescue plan, which Munja divulged to Mrinalavati, because he wanted to take her to Malwa. Mrinalavati told her brother about Munja's escape plan. As
2268-509: The grant of a village to Brahmins . It is recorded on three copper plates, which were discovered on 20 June 1931 in Gaonri (or Gaowdi) village near Ujjain. A palimpsest containing a record of the Rashtrakuta king Suvarnavansha ( Govinda IV ) was found on the outer side of the first copper plate. This record is dated 929-930 CE (851 Saka ). S. K. Dikshit speculated that it might have been brought to Malwa by Munja's father Siyaka II , who had sacked
2331-506: The grant while staying at Ujjayani (Ujjain), to increase the merit of his family. The donee was Vasantacharya, a Brahmin philosopher from Ahichchhatra . The inscription mentions Kaṇhapaika, who is also mentioned in the 969 Ahmedabad copper plate of Munja's predecessor Siyaka, as the dapaka (the officer-in-charge of registering the grants). This inscription, discovered in Ujjain , was issued in 980 CE (1036 VS). The inscription states that it
2394-539: The historians. Munja's court poet Dhanapala states that the king had great love for Bhoja. Merutunga and Ballala are later writers, and their accounts are not historically reliable. Moreover, historical evidence indicates that Munja's successor was Sindhuraja, not Bhoja. The contemporary writers Padmagupta and Dhanapala state that Munja died childless. Merutunga states that the king had one son. Ballala states that he had multiple sons. D. C. Ganguly theorized that Munja had two sons, Aranyaraja and Chandana; he appointed these as
2457-410: The king. According to Ballala's account, Munja did not want Bhoja to surpass his glory. Both accounts state that the person ordered to carry out the execution faked the killing. Before his faked death, Bhoja wrote a message for Munja, upon reading which Munja felt great remorse. When he came learned that Bhoja was still alive, Munja appointed him as his heir. This legend is considered of spurious nature by
2520-459: The literary sources like Sanskrit literature , Jain literature and Buddhist literature in context of literary sources . Archaeological sources include archeological remains in Indian subcontinent which give many details about earlier kingdoms, monarchs, and their interactions with each other. Early types of historic documentation include metal coins with an indication of the ruler, or at least
2583-522: The mouth of the Khyber Pass , died at that place, leaving no son to succeed him; his widowed Ranis (Queens) at Lahore gave birth to two sons. One died and the other survived to secure the throne of Marwar and to stir up the sentiments of his co-religionists against the Muslim Monarch. The family of the late Raja had left Jamrud without the permission of the emperor and killed an officer at Attock when
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2646-608: The officer had asked them about their identity. This was a sufficient ground for incorporating Marwar in the Mughal Empire, or reducing it to a state of dependency under a capable ruler. So the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb invaded Marwar in 1679. Durgadas Rathore led a rebellion against the Mughals which lasted for 31 years. After the death of Aurangzeb, Durgadas captured Jodhpur and evicted the Mughal garrison from Marwar. All
2709-536: The official charter is given as 31 December 986 CE. List of Indian monarchs This article is a list of the various dynasties and monarchs that have ruled in the Indian subcontinent and it is one of several lists of incumbents . The earliest Indian rulers are known from epigraphical sources found in archeological inscriptions on Ashokan edicts written in Pali language and using brahmi script. They are also known from
2772-502: The plates include Brahmins from a variety of gotras and shakha . Apart from Malwa, the Brahmins the came from distant regions such as Magadha , Dakshina (southern) Raḍha , Uttara-Kula, Savathika (possibly Savatthi or Bogra - Dinajpur region), Lata and Madhyadesha. The grant was made on 16 October 981 CE, on the occasion of a lunar eclipse . The official charter was issued nine months later, on 3 July 982 CE. The inscription mentions
2835-461: The region (Jodhpur state) had an area of 93,424 km2. Marwar is a sandy plain lying northwest of the Aravalli Range , which runs southwest-northeast through Rajasthan state. The Aravallis wring much of the moisture from the southwest monsoon , which provides most of India's rainfall. Annual rainfall is low, ranging from 10 cm to 40 cm. Temperatures range from 48 to 50 degrees Celsius in
2898-580: The seasonal wetland of the Rann of Kutch in Gujarat. It is fed by tributaries that flow from the Aravallis. Irrigation from the river, and from wells near the river, support crops of wheat and barley. The sandy tracts of Thar Desert in western Marwar ( Maru Pradesh ) are characterised by a harsh physical geography and a fragile ecology. High wind velocity, shifting sand dunes and very deep and saline water sources pose
2961-471: The sign-manual of the king. The inscription states that the king was at Bhagavatpura (identified with Bhagor village), when he made a gift to provide for the worship of the goddess, on 26 October 980, during a lunar eclipse . The charter of the gift was officially issued four months later, on when the king was staying at Gunapura (possibly the modern Gunavad village), after having achieved a great victory. This inscription, issued in 981-982 CE (1038 VS), records
3024-726: The south of the Western Chalukya (Karnata) kingdom. According to K. C. Jain, it is possible that the Cholas and the Keralas sought his help against mutual enemies. Munja was a staunch rival of the Western Chalukya king Tailapa II , whose Karnata kingdom lay to the south of the Paramara kingdom. Tailapa considered himself as the successor of the Rashtrakutas , and therefore, wanted to control Malwa. The Udaipur Prashasti inscription states that Munja attacked Lata (present-day Gujarat), and defeated
3087-508: The summer, to below freezing point in winter. The northwestern thorn scrub forests lie next to the Aravalli Range, while the rest of the region lies in the Thar Desert . The Luni River is the principal feature of the Marwar plains. It originates from the Pushkar valley of Ajmer district , and the main river flows through Marwar in a south-westerly direction until it finally disappears into
3150-614: The town of Pali he and his followers settled there to protect the Brahmin community from the raids of marauding bands. The brahmans of Pali requested Siyaji to settle in Pali and become their King. Rao (king) Chunda , tenth in succession from Siyaji, finally wrested control of Mandore and much of Marwar from the Turks with help of the Partiharas. The city of Jodhpur, capital of the Rathore state and now
3213-402: The villagers often find themselves migrating on foot across hundreds of miles towards neighbouring states in search of water. Hieun Tsang described a kingdom in Rajasthan which he calls Ku-cha-lo (or Gurjara ) largely because the whole of the Marwar area of Rajasthan was more or less identified with the Gurjara , as early as the 6th or 7th century. The Gurjara Pratihara , established
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#17328632904443276-483: The west by Jaisalmer State . The Rathore Maharaja was the head of state, with an aristocracy of Jagirdars , Zamindars and Thakurs. There were 22 parganas and 4500 villages in the state. In 1843, when Maharaja Man Singh (ruled 1803–1843) died without a son and without having adopted an heir. The nobles and state officials were left to select a successor from the nearest of kin. Their choice fell upon Raja Takht Singh of Ahmednagar . Maharaja Takht Singh, who supported
3339-426: The women of Marwar to dance". At the same time, the Sevadi copper plates of the later Chahamana ruler Ratnapala call Shobhita as the Lord of Dhara (the Paramara capital). Baliraja's records also claim that he defeated Munja's army. K. C. Jain theorizes that the Chahamanas achieved successes in early part of the struggle, but were ultimately pushed back by Munja. Like his father Siyaka II, Vakpati also fought against
3402-461: The word 'Marwar' is the region protected by desert. Historically, the term 'Marwar' referred to a geographical entity spanning a cultural area across nearly all of Rajasthan . More specifically, it designates the western region of the present-day state of Rajasthan, spanning the districts of Jaisalmer , Barmer , Jalore , Jodhpur , Nagaur , Pali , Bikaner , Sikar , Churu , and Jhunjhunu . In its most contracted definition, Marwar comprises
3465-1257: Was conquered by Virudhaka of Kosala . During the 15th century, the Pandyans lost their traditional capital city Madurai because of the Islamic and Nayaks invasion, and were forced to move their capital to Tirunelveli in southern Tamilakam and existed there as vassals. Ancient Chera kings Kongu Cheras (c. 400–844 CE) Makotai Cheras Venadu Cheras (Kulasekharas) (c. 1090–1530 CE): Major dynasties of Velir are- Banavasi branch rulers- Triparvatha branch rulers- List of rulers of Banavasi List of rulers of Denduluru Satavahana kings List of Manipuri kings The only known ruler of Kuninda Kingdom is: List of Indo-Greek Kings List of Indo-Scythian dynasties and rulers List of Kushan emperors List of Indo-Parthian kings List of Indo-Sasanian kings List of Alchon Hun Kings Kings of Banavasi List of Nagvanshi chiefs Kings of Padmavati Prince of Samatata Prince of Khoh Vakataka family tree List of monarchs of Malwa (Aulikara dynasty) Kings of Kamarupa Prince of Talakad Kings of Kalinga (Eastern Gangas) According to Gangavansucharitam written in sixteenth or seventeenth century, Bhanu Deva IV also known as Kajjala Bhanu founded
3528-405: Was founded in the 13th century by the Rathore clan of Rajputs . After the sacking of Kannauj by Muhammad of Ghor in 1194, and its capture by the Delhi Sultanate in the early 13th century, the Rathores fled west. The Rathore family chronicles relate that Siyaji, grandson of Jai Chandra , the last Gahadvala king of Kannauj, came to Marwar on a pilgrimage to Dwarka in Gujarat. On halting at
3591-454: Was his nephew Bhoja . However, according to Nava-sahasanka-charita and epigraphic evidence, Munja was succeeded by his brother (and Bhoja's father) Sindhuraja . Merutunga mentions a legend about Munja's attempt to kill a young Bhoja. The legend is also repeated by Ballala with some variations. It states that an astrologer predicted the future greatness of Bhoja as a king. According to Merutunga's version, Munja wanted his own son to become
3654-427: Was issued by Vakpati-raja-deva alias Amoghavarsha, whose title it gives as Parama-bhattaraka Maharajadhiraja Parameshvara . Like the Dharampuri grant, this inscription also begins with shlokas , followed by Munja's genealogy. The main objective of the inscription is to record the repairs to a temple of the goddess Bhatteshvari (identified with Harsidhhi ). The name of the dapaka is given as Rudraditya, followed by
3717-488: Was succeeded by his brother Sindhuraja also indicates that he died without any heir. Another possibility is that Munja did not expect to die in his expedition against the Chalukyas. Therefore, he left the administration in hands of his brother Sindhuraja temporarily. His unexpected death left Sindhuraja as the king, and then the throne passed on to Sindhuraja's son Bhoja. Munja dug several tanks and erected many temples. He commissioned several buildings in his capital Dhara . He
3780-448: Was succeeded by his brother Sindhuraja. Moreover, his defeat and death at the hands of Tailapa is supported by the inscriptions of Tailapa's descendants. The Kauthem grant inscription of Vikramaditya V states that Tailapa imprisoned Utpala (another name for Munja). The Gadag inscription of Vikramaditya VI states that Munja was killed by Tailapa. The Ain-i-Akbari also states that Munja died in Deccan. The exact year of Munja's death
3843-445: Was surrounded by Chahamanas of Shakambari , the Chahamanas of Naddula and the Guhilas of Medapata in the north; the Kalachuris of Chedi and the Chandelas in the east; the Chalukyas of Kalyani in the south; and the Chaulukyas of Gujarat in the west. Except the Chalukyas of Kalyani, Munja successfully dealt with his neighbours. Tilaka-Manjari , a work composed by Munja's court poet Dhanapala eulogizes him as an archer hero. Even
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#17328632904443906-411: Was the Pratihara ruler Vijayapala (r. 954-989 CE). According to Bhatia, Munja conquered Ujjain from the Pratiharas. Jain, however, states that Ujjain must have been conquered by his father Siyaka II since Munja issued land grants from Ujjain in 973 CE, just one year after his ascension. The Paramara conquest of eastern Mewar brought them closer to the Chahamanas of Naddula (Chauhans of Nadol), who ruled
3969-417: Was the son of Dikshita Lokananda. This donee is also one of the Brahmins mentioned in the earlier Gaonri inscription. The location of Kadahichchhaka is given as Maddhuka- bhukti (province) in Ujjayani vishaya (subdivision) of the Avanti mandala . It is identified with the present-day Kadchha village near Gaonri. The grant was made on the occasion of winter solstice on 22 December 986 CE. The date of
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