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73-977: The VTech Laser 200 is an 8-bit home computer from 1983, also sold as the Salora Fellow (mainly in Fennoscandia , particularly Finland ), the Seltron 200 in Hungary & Italy, the Smart-Alec Jr. by Dynasty Computer Corporation in Dallas, Texas for the USA, the Texet TX8000A ( United Kingdom ), the Dick Smith VZ 200 (in Australia & New Zealand ), and the VTech VZ 200 (in

146-468: A profit warning in March 2001 and launched a broad restructuring plan. By the financial year 2002, the company had turned around the business and returned to profitability . Today, VTech's core businesses remain cordless telephones and electronic learning products. Its contract manufacturing services – which manufactures various electronic products on behalf of medium-sized companies, have also become

219-537: A DC circuit. However, most such circuits have a DC solution. This solution gives the circuit voltages and currents when the circuit is in DC steady state . Such a circuit is represented by a system of differential equations . The solution to these equations usually contain a time varying or transient part as well as constant or steady state part. It is this steady state part that is the DC solution. There are some circuits that do not have

292-407: A DC solution. Two simple examples are a constant current source connected to a capacitor and a constant voltage source connected to an inductor. In electronics, it is common to refer to a circuit that is powered by a DC voltage source such as a battery or the output of a DC power supply as a DC circuit even though what is meant is that the circuit is DC powered. In a DC circuit, a power source (e.g.

365-784: A Zilog Z80A CPU with a slightly updated 16k ROM version, it was driven by a television colour burst (3.54 MHz) crystal. It came with 16k of RAM for programming, along with the same 2k of Video Ram as that of the Laser 200. The VZ300 had a small number of physical upgrades, but is completely compatible with the VZ200. There were three models of keyboard released for the VZ300 - being : 1) Generation 1 : Brown keys with no under-key labels. (1985) 2) Generation 2 : Brown keys with under-key labels. (1986) 3) Generation 3 : Light-grey/cream coloured keys, with under-key labels. (1987) Externally,

438-450: A battery system to ensure power is maintained for subscriber lines during power interruptions. Other devices may be powered from the telecommunications DC system using a DC-DC converter to provide any convenient voltage. Many telephones connect to a twisted pair of wires, and use a bias tee to internally separate the AC component of the voltage between the two wires (the audio signal) from

511-423: A battery, capacitor, etc.) has a positive and negative terminal, and likewise, the load also has a positive and negative terminal. To complete the circuit, positive charges need to flow from the power source to the load. The charges will then return to the negative terminal of the load, which will then flow back to the negative terminal of the battery, completing the circuit. If either the positive or negative terminal

584-645: A black background. Both computers also had the same BASIC in ROM, of which, there are at least three versions: 1.0, 1.1 and 1.2. The Laser 100 was released with 2K RAM + 2K Video RAM, whilst the Laser 110 was released with 4K RAM + 2K Video RAM. Both computers supported colour within the internal language interpreters (BASIC, Assembler), however, the output video from the NTSC and PAL circuitry only supplied black and white signals. VTech VTech Holdings Limited (an abbreviation of Video Technology Limited or simply VTech )

657-503: A different memory map and some commands in BASIC are absent and can only be substituted by significant alterations in program algorithms, so it cannot be considered a true clone. The connections consist of a port for an unregulated DC power supply (the voltage regulator is on the PCB), a stereophonic earphone jack for a cassette recorder , an RF modulated video output, an edge connector which

730-524: A direct current source . The DC solution of an electric circuit is the solution where all voltages and currents are constant. Any stationary voltage or current waveform can be decomposed into a sum of a DC component and a zero-mean time-varying component; the DC component is defined to be the expected value, or the average value of the voltage or current over all time. Although DC stands for "direct current", DC often refers to "constant polarity". Under this definition, DC voltages can vary in time, as seen in

803-584: A dual primary listing with London. In 1993, the company established its American depositary receipt programme. VTech was delisted voluntarily from the London Stock Exchange on 7 October 2008. It also terminated its American Depositary Receipt programme with effect from 21 January 2011. VTech was founded in Hong Kong in October 1976 by two local entrepreneurs, Allan Wong (Chi-Yun) and Stephen Leung. When

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876-636: A major source of revenue. The company has diversified geographically, selling to North America, Europe, Asia, Latin America, the Middle East, and Africa. VTech was among the pioneers of the ELP industry, beginning in 1980 with a unit designed to teach children basic spelling and mathematics . Today VTech makes both individual standalone products and platform products that combine a variety of consoles with different software . Its V.Smile TV Learning System, which

949-414: A series of 8-bit TRS-80 competition computers named the Laser 200, 210, and 310, as well as a series of IBM PC compatibles both beginning in 1983, followed by Apple II compatible computers, beginning in 1985, including a model called Laser 128 . After acquiring PC manufacturer Leading Technology of Oregon in 1992, VTech exited the personal computer market in 1997 due to tight competition. In 1985,

1022-519: A wider portfolio of products. The company was first listed in Hong Kong in June 1986 under the name "Video Technology International (Holdings) Limited". It was privatised and delisted from The Stock Exchange of Hong Kong Limited in 1990. VTech obtained a primary listing on the London Stock Exchange in 1991. In 1992, the company relisted on The Stock Exchange of Hong Kong Limited, establishing

1095-431: Is a Hong Kongese company of children's electronic learning products. It is the world's largest manufacturer of baby monitors and cordless phones . It was founded in October 1976 by Allan Wong (Chi-Yun) and Stephen Leung. The company was originally named "Video Technology Limited" in reference to the company's first product, a home video game console . In 1991, it was renamed "VTech Holdings Limited" to reflect

1168-619: Is a printer and disk drive port, an edge connector that is a joystick port, and a composite monitor output ( NTSC 60 Hz output in North America, PAL 50 Hz output in the British Commonwealth and continental Europe ). The VZ200 uses a copy of a Zilog Z80 processor (made under licence by NEC ) running at 3.58 Mhz (3.54 MHz on VZ300) and was initially sold with either 4 Kb (Europe) or 6 Kb (in North America), which

1241-455: Is accessed), so it can only be used for program data. Video RAM can be increased to access the higher modes of the 6847 since there are video RAM chip select lines on the memory expansion. Remote offset addressing must be used because the video processor cannot address system or internal expansion RAM, externally connected RAM must be used. The VZ200 uses the Motorola 6847 video processor ( like

1314-482: Is an AC device which uses a rectifier to produce DC for battery charging. Most highway passenger vehicles use nominally 12  V systems. Many heavy trucks, farm equipment, or earth moving equipment with Diesel engines use 24 volt systems. In some older vehicles, 6 V was used, such as in the original classic Volkswagen Beetle . At one point a 42 V electrical system was considered for automobiles, but this found little use. To save weight and wire, often

1387-630: Is available in BASIC through the SOUND command. Most of the ~70 known 1-bit music players that are written for the ZX Spectrum will also work on the VZ/Laser computer. These have since been ported to the VZ. Since the latch has two bits driving the internal piezo speaker, there is the ability of a software driven volume control - half-volume and full-volume. Within a year of the Laser 310's release, an 80k disk drive unit

1460-435: Is commonly found in many extra-low voltage applications and some low-voltage applications, especially where these are powered by batteries or solar power systems (since both can produce only DC). Most electronic circuits or devices require a DC power supply . Domestic DC installations usually have different types of sockets , connectors , switches , and fixtures from those suitable for alternating current. This

1533-427: Is disconnected, the circuit will not be complete and the charges will not flow. In some DC circuit applications, polarity does not matter, which means you can connect positive and negative backwards and the circuit will still be complete and the load will still function normally. However, in most DC applications, polarity does matter, and connecting the circuit backwards will result in the load not working properly. DC

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1606-412: Is distributed to a substation, which utilizes a rectifier to convert the power to direct current. The term DC is used to refer to power systems that use only one electrical polarity of voltage or current, and to refer to the constant, zero-frequency, or slowly varying local mean value of a voltage or current. For example, the voltage across a DC voltage source is constant as is the current through

1679-447: Is mostly due to the lower voltages used, resulting in higher currents to produce the same amount of power . It is usually important with a DC appliance to observe polarity, unless the device has a diode bridge to correct for this. Most automotive applications use DC. An automotive battery provides power for engine starting, lighting, the ignition system, the climate controls, and the infotainment system among others. The alternator

1752-447: Is not available. For mode 1, two colour sets are used with each background colour: Text is identical to Mode 0, using either colour set for foreground with each background colour. The difference is that all 2 kB of video memory is used, whereas only 512 bytes of video memory is used for Mode 0, and the text cannot be black, which is unavailable in this mode. The graphics mode has 128×64 addressable points. For each character block,

1825-576: Is shared or sold to third parties and how the company complies with the Children's Online Privacy Protection Act . In February 2016, Hunt publicized the fact that VTech had modified its Terms and Conditions for new customers so that the customer acknowledges and agrees that any information transmitted to VTech may be intercepted or later acquired by unauthorized parties. In January 2018 the US Federal Trade Commission fined VTech $ 650,000 for

1898-442: Is unavailable. The VZ200 has up to ten colours, an eight colour palette plus black and buff. The VZ200 has 256 predefined character blocks. Text is only available in upper case. The character blocks cannot be redefined. The screen can use green mode or black mode, the latter using inverse colours. In mode 0, the background colour can be either dark green or orange. Dark green (COLOR,0) consists of nine individual colours, whilst with

1971-545: The Commodore 64 BASIC . The VZ200 had little impact in the UK where it sold at a similar price to the 16 kB ZX Spectrum . At its UK launch, Texet claimed that the £ 98 (equivalent to £418 in 2023) TX8000-branded version was the cheapest colour home microcomputer on the market. However, this was not enough to ensure its success against the dominant ZX Spectrum and similar machines already on sale. An improved version known as

2044-555: The Institute for Global Labour and Human Rights said the working conditions in the VTech factories in China failed to meet the legal standards and could be described as sweatshops . VTech strongly rejected the allegations in a statement issued on 22 June 2012. In November 2015, Lorenzo Bicchierai, writing for Vice magazine's Motherboard , reported that VTech's servers had been compromised and

2117-497: The TRS-80 Color Computer ), which has a resolution of 256 × 192 pixels made from either 8 × 8 pixel character blocks in a 32 × 24 block screen, or a monochrome bitmapped mode. As the VZ200 is limited to only 2 kB of video memory since only 4 kB of memory in total was initially available, the screen is limited to only 16 lines down, making the total number of pixels in text mode 256 × 128 pixels. The bitmapped mode

2190-867: The United States & Canada ). Video Technology manufactured calculators and LCD pad game toys (similar to Nintendo Game & Watch ) at a rather claustrophobic multi-storey factory in Hong Kong . The Laser 110 was a development of an earlier monochrome TRS-80 copy, and further development introduced the Laser 200/210 which were similar to the EACA Colour Genie and the Mattel Aquarius . The machine ran basic games on cassette such as Hoppy (a version of Frogger ), Cosmic Rescue ( Scramble ), VZ Invaders ( Space Invaders ), Dawn Patrol ( Chopper ) and Moon Patrol . The Laser 200/210 and VZ200 computers were discontinued in 1985 being replaced by

2263-606: The VTech Laser 310 , or the Dick Smith VZ 300 featured a full travel keyboard and 8K ROM software based Floppy Disk Controller, was released in 1985 and continued until 1989. Laser310's were a huge success throughout China. Various Primary schools throughout the country had the Laser310 sitting alongside Apple ][e's during the late 1980's. The VZ200 has three circuit boards , the video board and voltage regulator being separate to

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2336-414: The security vulnerabilities with the journalist and detailed the breach. Bicchierai then reached out to information security researcher Troy Hunt to examine data provided by the attacker to Bicchierai, and to confirm if the leak was indeed authentic and not an internet hoax . Hunt examined the information and confirmed it appeared to be authentic. Hunt then dissected the data in detail and published

2409-581: The 16k and 64k extended RAM cartridges. As numbers of users grew, so did the number of home-made kits which were on offer, which included a Speech synthesizer , Music Synthesiser that used the Texas Instruments SN76489AN chip, a real world relay interface, EEPROM programmer, data logger, 300 baud MODEM, full 101 keyboard, 128 Kb sideways RAM extension and a RTTY Ham radio kit. In 2020 Ben Grimmett from BennVenn Electronics designed and built 50 SD Card readers for enthusiasts, which gives

2482-454: The 1980s and CMS became one of the company's core businesses in the early 2000s. VTech has been identified as one of the world's top 50 electronics manufacturing services providers, providing electronics manufacturing services for medium-sized companies. VTech's CMS has focused on four main product categories: professional audio equipment, switching mode power supplies , wireless products, and solid-state lighting . A June 2012 report from

2555-448: The DC component of the voltage between the two wires (used to power the phone). High-voltage direct current (HVDC) electric power transmission systems use DC for the bulk transmission of electrical power, in contrast with the more common alternating current systems. For long-distance transmission, HVDC systems may be less expensive and suffer lower electrical losses. Applications using fuel cells (mixing hydrogen and oxygen together with

2628-541: The Laser 310 and VZ300 computers. Released in 1983, the VZ200 gained some following in northern America and Europe. However, in the US the Timex TS1000 undercut the VZ200 selling for $ 30. It gained a measurable following in countries, where it was supported by the distributor, where Sinclair Research was too disorganised to have any impact. Due to Dick Smith Electronics extensive advertising throughout Australia and New Zealand,

2701-519: The TRS-80, both memory and I/O locations are mapped. Extended RAM was available above top RAM using the remote offset addressing method available on the Z80 (also known as bank switching ). Banks of system memory can be reassigned using an offset above the top RAM. Those banks are then no longer available, so program algorithms cannot be used in extended memory (as the program would "disappear" when extended memory

2774-577: The US, which were sold under the RadioShack brand. VTech then began to build its own brand. Starting in the early 1980s, a line of electronic games would be manufactured. VTech unveiled its first electronic learning product, called Lesson One, at the New York Toy Fair, in February 1980. It taught children basic spelling and maths. An exclusive version under the name Computron was offered to Sears , with

2847-506: The United States Federal Communications Commission (FCC) allocated the frequency band 900 MHz to ISM (industrial, scientific, and medical) devices. Taking advantage of this, VTech began development on a cordless telephone, using the 900 MHz band, and in 1991 introduced the world's first fully digital 900 MHz cordless telephone. In 2000, to expand its cordless phone business, VTech acquired

2920-505: The VZ200 Five Finger Punch demo '2018AD' and Bushy555's demo '8 colours'. Both of these demos technically should not be possible. An internal latch is used for cassette output, to drive the piezoelectric loudspeaker attached to the casing, and to control two signals for the 6847 video processor. The loudspeaker is driven using a push-pull method, alternating the outputs on bits 0 and 5 of the latch at $ 6800. A 2.5 octave range

2993-409: The background colour can be either light green or buff (white), with the foreground any of the four colours in the set. The colours can be used in any combination on the screen, but only one colour set can be used per screen, so screens are limited to four colours at most. By using intricate video timing in assembly it is possible to split the display to show all eight colours on the screen, as shown in

VTech Laser 200 - Misplaced Pages Continue

3066-552: The breach, around $ 0.09 per victim. Direct current The abbreviations AC and DC are often used to mean simply alternating and direct , as when they modify current or voltage . Direct current may be converted from an alternating current supply by use of a rectifier , which contains electronic elements (usually) or electromechanical elements (historically) that allow current to flow only in one direction. Direct current may be converted into alternating current via an inverter . Direct current has many uses, from

3139-474: The charging of batteries to large power supplies for electronic systems, motors, and more. Very large quantities of electrical energy provided via direct-current are used in smelting of aluminum and other electrochemical processes. It is also used for some railways , especially in urban areas . High-voltage direct current is used to transmit large amounts of power from remote generation sites or to interconnect alternating current power grids. Direct current

3212-407: The circuit voltages and currents are independent of time. A particular circuit voltage or current does not depend on the past value of any circuit voltage or current. This implies that the system of equations that represent a DC circuit do not involve integrals or derivatives with respect to time. If a capacitor or inductor is added to a DC circuit, the resulting circuit is not, strictly speaking,

3285-420: The company created its first home TV game console, a version of Pong . Since only consumers in North America and Europe could afford such items, the company targeted primarily these markets. The United Kingdom was chosen as the first market for Pong, as Hong Kong and the UK used the same standard for television systems . In 1978, the founders introduced LED games they had developed to buyers from RadioShack in

3358-614: The company was the world's largest manufacturer of cordless telephones, according to MZA (as reported by VTech). As of 2014, VTech, in its sale of both AT&T and VTech branded phones and accessories, was the largest player in the industry , in North America, according to MarketWise Consumer Insights (as reported by VTech). Outside North America, as of this date, VTech mainly supplied products to fixed-line telephone operators, brand names, and distributors on an ODM basis. VTech started manufacturing products for other brand names on an original equipment manufacturing (OEM) basis in

3431-535: The company's handling of the incident and called their FAQ "wishy-washy corporate speak". U.S. Senator Edward Markey and Representative Joe Barton , co-founders of the Bi-Partisan Congressional Privacy Caucus, issued an open letter to the company inquiring as to why and what kind of information belonging to children is stored by VTech and how they use this data, security practices employed to protect that data if children's information

3504-461: The computer a total of 128 Kb of banked RAM, and, depending on memory card, typically a minimum of 2 gigabytes of storage space. A VZ FAT32 DOS was also written for this project and is embedded in EEPROM. The Laser 310 was released in 1985 throughout parts of Europe as well as for Mainland China . It was named and sold as the "Dick Smith" VZ 300 throughout Australia and New Zealand. Also based on

3577-513: The computer gained large popularity. The "Dick Smith"-badged VZ 200 was successful in Australia, where it proved popular as a first computer. By 1984, a Dick Smith Electronics catalogue announced that over 30,000 units had sold within the first 12 months. In Australia, it was bought mostly to learn programming; the only other widely available system in the same price bracket being the Commodore 64 . The VZ200 version of BASIC had more features compared to

3650-523: The consumer telephone business of Lucent Technologies . The acquisition also gave VTech the exclusive right for 10 years to use the AT&;T brand in conjunction with the manufacture and sale of wireline telephones and accessories in the United States and Canada. Although the acquisition increased sales of VTech's telecommunication products by 50%, it led to operating losses and write-offs . The company issued

3723-412: The corporation was victim to a data breach which exposed personal data belonging to 6.3 million individuals, including children, who signed up for or utilized services provided by the company related to several products it manufactures. Bicchierai was contacted by the unnamed attacker in late November, during the week before Thanksgiving , at which point the unnamed individual disclosed information about

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3796-415: The findings on his website. According to Hunt, VTech's servers failed to utilize basic SSL encryption to secure the personal data in transit from the devices to VTech's servers; that VTech stored customer information in unencrypted plaintext , failed to securely hash or salt passwords. The attack leveraged an SQL injection to gain privileged root access to VTech servers. Once privileged access

3869-510: The first single-chip microprocessor , the Intel 4004 , became available in the early 1970s, the company saw the potential it offered for portable consumer electronics products. Wong & Leung set up a small factory in To Kwa Wan , with a US$ 40,000 investment and a staff of 40 people. In the first year, turnover was less than $ 1 million. VTech initially focused on developing video games . In 1977,

3942-435: The journalist. Commenting on the leak, the unidentified hacker expressed their disgust with being able to so easily obtain access to such a large trove of data, saying: "Frankly, it makes me sick that I was able to get all this stuff. VTech should have the book thrown at them" and explained their rationale for going to the press was because they felt VTech would have ignored their reports and concerns. VTech corporate security

4015-567: The loops of wire each half turn, it caused the flow of electricity to reverse, generating an alternating current . At Ampère's suggestion, Pixii later added a commutator , a type of "switch" where contacts on the shaft work with "brush" contacts to produce direct current. The late 1870s and early 1880s saw electricity starting to be generated at power stations . These were initially set up to power arc lighting (a popular type of street lighting) running on very high voltage (usually higher than 3,000 volts) direct current or alternating current. This

4088-699: The main board. Externally, the VZ200 resembles a cross between the VIC-20 and the ZX Spectrum . The VZ200 has the one touch command keys of the Spectrum, but unlike the Sinclair machines, their use was not mandatory. Internally, the VZ200 is a workalike of the Tandy TRS-80 Model I. The micro uses the same basic architecture, but TRS-80 programs cannot be loaded and only simple TRS-80 BASIC programs can be entered as it has

4161-512: The metal frame of the vehicle is connected to one pole of the battery and used as the return conductor in a circuit. Often the negative pole is the chassis "ground" connection, but positive ground may be used in some wheeled or marine vehicles. In a battery electric vehicle , there are usually two separate DC systems. The "low voltage" DC system typically operates at 12V, and serves the same purpose as in an internal combustion engine vehicle. The "high voltage" system operates at 300-400V (depending on

4234-471: The orange background (COLOR,1) ten colours are available. In mode 0, text uses a black foreground with either background colour. The first 128 character blocks are 64 alpha-numeric characters and their inverses. Text mode 0 is the only mode in which black is available. The latter 128 character blocks consist of a 2×2 pixel block in each possible combination (8), in every of the 8 colour palette for foreground, together with either background colour chosen. Black

4307-418: The passwords had been encrypted, which is contrary to reports by the independent security researcher contacted by Vice . The company indicated they were working with unspecified "local authorities". VTech subsequently brought in the information security services company FireEye to manage incident response and audit the security of their platform going forward. Mark Nunnikhoven of Trend Micro criticized

4380-513: The product being prominently advertised by Sears, in its catalogue, which was a popular shopping guide. Next, VTech made the video game console CreatiVision . An electronic product with an external projector from French company Ludotronic was adapted by VTech and sold as the VTech ProScreen in 1984, following the release of VTech's Gamate and Variety handheld products the year prior. VTech then branched out into personal computers , including

4453-428: The raw output of a rectifier or the fluctuating voice signal on a telephone line. Some forms of DC (such as that produced by a voltage regulator ) have almost no variations in voltage , but may still have variations in output power and current. A direct current circuit is an electrical circuit that consists of any combination of constant voltage sources, constant current sources, and resistors . In this case,

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4526-520: The rubber keys were replaced with hard plastic capped keys. The case was made with a less brittle type of plastic. Video Technology used higher capacity memory ICs for the VZ-300, having 18 kb of memory (16 kb CPU RAM + 2 kb video RAM). The system RAM capacity was increased to 16 kB, which together with 16 kB of expansion RAM, makes a total of 34 kB RAM for the system. The VZ200 16 kb RAM expansion could be used, but because of

4599-533: The usual 8x 2K memory chips. The Laser 100 and 110 were released just prior to the Laser 210 / VZ200. These computers were very similar to TRS-80 Model 1, from the BASIC ROM's point of view. For video part, instead, it uses a MC6847 (as the TRS-80 Color Computer , which is MC6809 -based, not Z80-based like the Laser). Both computers were released with the same orange coloured keyboard ' chicklet ' style keyboard on

4672-464: The vehicle), and provides the power for the traction motors . Increasing the voltage for the traction motors reduces the current flowing through them, increasing efficiency. Telephone exchange communication equipment uses standard −48 V DC power supply. The negative polarity is achieved by grounding the positive terminal of power supply system and the battery bank. This is done to prevent electrolysis depositions. Telephone installations have

4745-447: The way the chip select pins were arranged, only 8 kB would actually be available. ETI magazine in Australia published an electronic circuit which would enable VZ300 owners to use all 16 kB of the VZ200 expansion. Rare 64k VZ300 unit - There is at least one VZ300 known to exist with 66k of memory (64K RAM + 2K Video), built on the motherboard, built by Video Technology. This unit uses 8x HM4864P-2 8K static RAM chips instead of

4818-412: Was acquired, the attacker exfiltrated the data, including some 190 gigabytes of photographs of children and adults, detailed chat logs between parents and children which spanned over the course of years, and voice recordings, all unencrypted and stored in plain text. The attacker shared some 3,832 image files with the journalist for verification purposes, and some redacted photographs were published by

4891-406: Was followed by the widespread use of low voltage direct current for indoor electric lighting in business and homes after inventor Thomas Edison launched his incandescent bulb based electric " utility " in 1882. Because of the significant advantages of alternating current over direct current in using transformers to raise and lower voltages to allow much longer transmission distances, direct current

4964-465: Was increased to 8 KB within weeks of its release. Throughout Australia and New Zealand, the VZ200 was initially released as an 8 Kb unit. A 16 kB expansion unit was available, increasing RAM to 24 kB. The VZ300 was released with 18 kB of RAM. An 8 kB system consists of 6 kB of RAM, 2 kB of video RAM, and 16 kB of ROM. The memory could be expanded to 24 kB (22 kB memory plus 2 kB video memory). Like

5037-479: Was launched in 2004, established what the company calls platform products as an important category within its ELPs. Latest additions to the platform product range are MobiGo, InnoTab Max, Kidizoom Smart Watch and InnoTV (StorioTV in Europe Excluding United Kingdom ). VTech introduced the world's first 900 MHz and 5.8 GHz cordless phones in 1991 and 2002 respectively. As of 2014,

5110-407: Was produced in 1800 by Italian physicist Alessandro Volta 's battery, his Voltaic pile . The nature of how current flowed was not yet understood. French physicist André-Marie Ampère conjectured that current travelled in one direction from positive to negative. When French instrument maker Hippolyte Pixii built the first dynamo electric generator in 1832, he found that as the magnet used passed

5183-557: Was released on to the market, of which two could be connected to the computer at the same time. A plug-pack cartridge containing the DOS ROM was required to operate the drives. The DOS ROM and diskette drives were backwards compatible with the Laser 200. A number of other VTech designed plug-in peripherals were also available for both the Laser 200 and Laser 310 computers. Among them were joysticks, cassette drive, light pen , printer plotter , 75 baud MODEM , word processor cartridge, and

5256-477: Was replaced over the next few decades by alternating current in power delivery. In the mid-1950s, high-voltage direct current transmission was developed, and is now an option instead of long-distance high voltage alternating current systems. For long distance undersea cables (e.g. between countries, such as NorNed ), this DC option is the only technically feasible option. For applications requiring direct current, such as third rail power systems, alternating current

5329-450: Was unaware their systems had been compromised and the breach was first brought to their attention after being contacted by Bicchierai prior to the publication of the article. Upon notification, the company took a dozen or so websites and services offline. In an FAQ published by the company, they explain some 4,854,209 accounts belonging to parents and 6,368,509 profiles belonging to children had been compromised. The company further claims

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