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106-553: Vlaamse Radio- en Televisieomroeporganisatie , commercially styled as VRT ( Dutch: [ˌveːjɛrˈteː] ) is one of the national public service broadcasters for the Flemish Community of Belgium . VRT is the successor to a succession of organisations. The Belgian National Institute of Radio Broadcasting was founded in 1930 and existed until 1960. This became the Belgische Radio- en Televisieomroep (BRT) in 1960 and

212-859: A PBS member station – through pay television providers in Canada via member stations located near the U.S.–Canada border . These educational public broadcasters include the English-language TVOntario (TVO) and the French-language TFO in Ontario , Télé-Québec in Quebec , and Knowledge Network in British Columbia . TVO and Télé-Québec operate through conventional transmitters and cable, while TFO and Knowledge Network are cable-only channels. Beyond these and other provincial services, Canada does not have

318-470: A cable-only educational and cultural public broadcaster owned by the government of Saskatchewan . SCN was sold to Bluepoint Investment Corporation in 2010, and like CTV Two Alberta did when it became privatized, incorporated a limited schedule of entertainment programming during the late afternoon and nighttime hours, while retaining educational and children's programs during the morning until mid-afternoon to fulfill its licensing conditions; Bluepoint later sold

424-662: A change in the organization's legal status. From being part of a semi-governmental entity (a parastatale in Belgian terminology) it had, on 16 April 1997, become a publicly owned corporation ( NV van publiek recht ) in its own right. As successors to the NIR/INR, VRT and its counterpart in the French Community of Belgium , RTBF, share the Belgian membership in the European Broadcasting Union (EBU). Along with RTBF, it

530-446: A citizen. The British model is often referenced in definitions. The model embodies the following principles: While the application of certain principles may be straightforward, as in the case of accessibility, some of the principles may be poorly defined or difficult to implement. In the context of a shifting national identity, the role of public broadcasting may be unclear. Likewise, the subjective nature of good programming may raise

636-536: A community-funded radio network. CJRT-FM in Toronto also operated as a public government-owned radio station for many years; while no longer funded by the provincial government, it still solicits most of its budget from listener and corporate donations and is permitted to air only a very small amount of commercial advertising. City Saskatchewan originated as the Saskatchewan Communications Network,

742-503: A direct result of action by organized military units backed by one government or another over the course of the century. Most likely a comparable number of civilians died of war-induced disease and other indirect effects." It is estimated that approximately 70 million Europeans died through war, violence and famine between 1914 and 1945. The invention of music recording technologies such as the phonograph record , and dissemination technologies such as radio broadcasting , massively expanded

848-587: A frequency of 96.9 FM MHz founded by the president of that era, Alfonso Quiñónez Molina . On 4 November 1964 the Government of El Salvador founded Televisión Educativa de El Salvador as an educational television with the channels 8 and 10. And since 1989, Channel 10 became the only public television channel in El Salvador. In Mexico, public stations are operated by municipalities, state governments and universities, there are five national public channels. Canal Once

954-417: A government department under the administrative hierarchy, it enjoys editorial independence . It operates seven radio channels and produces television programmes and broadcast on commercial television channels, as these channels are required by law to provide timeslots for RTHK television programmes. RTHK would be assigned a digital terrestrial television channel during 2013 to 2015. In India, Prasar Bharati

1060-523: A large amount of households has led the receiving fee to become something of a political issue. NHK runs two national terrestrial TV stations ( NHK General and NHK Educational ) and three satellite only services ( NHK BS , NHK BS Premium4K , and NHK BS8K services). NHK also runs 3 national radio services and a number of international radio and television services, akin to the BBC World Service . NHK has also been an innovator in television, developing

1166-571: A national educational public television network ( TV Cultura , launched in 1969 in São Paulo , which is available in all Brazilian states through its 135 affiliates), two radio stations ( Rádio Cultura FM and Rádio Cultura Brasil, both broadcasting to Greater São Paulo ), two educational TV channels aimed at distance education (TV Educação and Univesp TV, which is available on free-to-air digital TV in São Paulo and nationally by cable and satellite), and

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1272-410: A national programming network. TVRI operates three national television channels, plus more than 32 regional stations. There are also independent local public broadcasters which founded by local government in several cities or regencies. They are obligated to network with either RRI or TVRI, depending on the medium, though they are not owned and operated by the two. In Japan, the main public broadcaster

1378-504: A national public educational network. Canada is also home to a number of former public broadcasting entities that have gone private. CTV Two Alberta , which is licensed as an educational television station in Alberta, was once owned by the Alberta government as the public broadcaster Access. In 1993, the provincial government agreed to cease to direct funding of Access after the 1994 fiscal year;

1484-665: A radio network in November 1936. It is the successor to the Canadian Radio Broadcasting Commission (CRBC), which was established by the administration of Prime Minister R.B. Bennett in 1932, modeled on recommendations made in 1929 by the Royal Commission on Radio Broadcasting and stemming from lobbying efforts by the Canadian Radio League . The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation took over operation of

1590-493: A secondary affiliate of the English language CBC Television service. CBC operates two national television networks ( CBC Television and Ici Radio-Canada Télé ), four radio networks ( CBC Radio One , CBC Radio 2 , Ici Radio-Canada Première , and Ici Musique ) and several cable television channels including two 24-hour news channels ( CBC News Network and Ici RDI ) in both of Canada's official languages – English and French – and

1696-711: A strong history of public broadcasting in South America. Inaugurated in 1963, Televisión Nacional Uruguay (TNU) is now linked to the Ministry of Education and Culture of the country. In addition, the Radiodifusión Nacional de Uruguay is a network of radios with 20 different stations in AM and FM that cover the entire country. Since 1998, the Venezuelan state had only one television channel Venezolana de Televisión , and after 2002

1802-904: A surprise attack which drew the US into World War II. After some years of dramatic military success, Germany was defeated in 1945, having been invaded by the Soviet Union and Poland from the East and by the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, and France from the West . After the victory of the Allies in Europe, the war in Asia ended with the Soviet invasion of Manchuria and

1908-675: Is India's public broadcaster. It is an autonomous corporation of the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India) , Government of India and comprises the Doordarshan television network ( DD National , DD India , DD News , DD Retro ) and All India Radio . Prasar Bharati was established on 23 November 1997, following a demand that the government owned broadcasters in India should be given autonomy like those in many other countries. The Parliament of India passed an Act to grant this autonomy in 1990, but it

2014-465: Is argued to exist when the benefits to viewers are relatively high in comparison to the benefits to advertisers from contacting viewers. This frequently is the case in undeveloped countries that normally have low benefits to advertising. An alternative funding model proposed by Michael Slaby is to give every citizen credits they can use to pay qualified media sources for civic information and reporting. Additionally, public broadcasting may facilitate

2120-578: Is becoming increasingly common for them to adopt the format and branding of a local news channel. Canada also has a large number of campus radio and community radio stations. Colombia had between 1955 and 1998 a public television system very similar to that adopted by the NPO in the Netherlands, where private television producers called " programadoras " were given hours on the country's two public television channels ( Cadena Uno and Canal A ). In 1998, when

2226-560: Is one of the 23 founding members. With the ending of its television monopoly – marked by the creation of VTM , a commercial television company that initially captured more than half of VRT's audience – the public broadcaster has been compelled to fight back, and part of its successful response has been the use of external production houses such as Woestijnvis , the creator of such formats as De mol and Man bijt hond . Television channels are transmitted on: VRT's third television channel, known as VRT3  [ fr ] ,

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2332-764: Is owned and operated by the National Politechnical Institute . It started transmissions on 2 March 1959 as the first public broadcasting television in Mexico. The government of Mexico implemented Telesecundaria in 1968 to provide secondary education to students in rural areas through broadcast television channels, such as XHGC-TV in Mexico City. With the launching of the Morelos II satellite, Telesecundaria began transmitting on one of its analog channels in 1988; in 1994, it began broadcasting in digital format with

2438-868: Is part of the university and cultural diffusion. Canal Catorce was founded in 2012 and is operated by the Sistema Público de Radiodifusión del Estado Mexicano (SPR), an agency from the Federal Government. In the United States , public broadcasters may receive some funding from both federal and state sources, but generally most of their financial support comes from underwriting by foundations and businesses (ranging from small shops to corporations), along with audience contributions via pledge drives . The great majority operate as private not-for-profit corporations . Early public stations were operated by state colleges and universities and were often run as part of

2544-490: Is that of global warming occurring due to human-caused emission of greenhouse gases , particularly carbon dioxide produced by the burning of fossil fuels . This prompted many nations to negotiate and sign the Kyoto treaty , which set mandatory limits on carbon dioxide emissions. World population increased from about 1.6 billion people in 1901 to 6.1 billion at the century's end. The number of people killed during

2650-661: Is the NHK (Japan Broadcasting Corporation). The broadcaster was set up in 1926 and was modelled on the British Broadcasting Company , the precursor to the British Broadcasting Corporation created in 1927. Much like the BBC, NHK is funded by a "receiving fee" from every Japanese household, with no commercial advertising and the maintenance of a position of strict political impartiality. However, rampant non-payment by

2756-574: Is the public service channel of Ecuador, established in October 2007. The channel was established at the same time as the installation of the Ecuadorian Constituent Assembly so that the sessions could be transmitted live to all the country. Salvadoran broadcasting has a public service radio and television channel. On 1 March 1926 began the operation as the first Central American broadcasting network called "Radio Nacional de El Salvador" with

2862-517: The Belgische Radio- en Televisieomroep Nederlandstalige Uitzendingen (BRTN) from 1991 to 1998. The NIR/INR and BRT ( French : Radio-Télévision Belge ; RTB) had each been single state-owned entities with separate Dutch- and French-language production departments. They were housed in Le Flagey , formerly known as the Maison de la Radio, from when the new building was completed in 1938 until 1974 when

2968-554: The Bolivarian Revolution . The Bengali primary state television broadcaster is Bangladesh Television which also broadcasts worldwide through its satellite based branch, BTV World . There are also terrestrial state run TV channels: Sangsad TV owned and operated by Bengali parliament that covers the proceedings of the Parliament. The Bangladesh Betar (BB) is the country's sole state radio broadcaster. Radio transmission in

3074-791: The FM band was authorized to begin normal broadcasting. Houston 's KUHT was the nation's first public television station founded by Dr. John W. Meaney, and signed on the air on May 25, 1953, from the campus of the University of Houston . In rural areas, it was not uncommon for colleges to operate commercial stations instead (e.g., the University of Missouri 's KOMU , an NBC -affiliated television station in Columbia ). The FCC had reserved almost 250 broadcast frequencies for use as educational television stations in 1953, though by 1960, only 44 stations allocated for educational use had begun operations. The passage of

3180-612: The Pontifical Catholic University of Valparaíso on channels 8 and 4. Channel 8, in Valparaíso , is the first and oldest station on Chile, transmitting since 5 October 1957. As soon as 1961 universities began transmitting advertisements between their programmes, the first of them being the Channel ;9, showing a Motorola TV set. This kind of disguised advertising took the name of "Payola". This situation, added to

3286-547: The Public Broadcasting Act of 1967 precipitated the development of the current public broadcasting system in the U.S. The legislation established the Corporation for Public Broadcasting (CPB), a private entity that is charged with facilitating programming diversity among public broadcasters, the development and expansion of non-commercial broadcasting, and providing funding to local stations to help them create programs;

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3392-631: The Warsaw Pact ) which engaged in a decades-long standoff known as the Cold War . The period was marked by a new arms race as the USSR became the second nation to develop nuclear weapons, which were produced by both sides in sufficient numbers to end most human life on the planet had a large-scale nuclear exchange ever occurred. Mutually assured destruction is credited by many historians as having prevented such an exchange, each side being unable to strike first at

3498-651: The automobile . The Earth's sixth mass extinction event, the Holocene extinction , continued, and human conservation efforts increased. Major themes of the century include decolonization , nationalism , globalization and new forms of intergovernmental organizations . Democracy spread, and women earned the right to vote in many countries in the world. Cultural homogenization began through developments in emerging transportation and information and communications technology , with popular music and other influences of Western culture , international corporations , and what

3604-539: The dropping of two atomic bombs on Japan by the US, the first nation to develop nuclear weapons and the only one to use them in warfare. In total, World War II left some 60 million people dead. Following World War II, the United Nations , successor to the League of Nations , was established as an international forum in which the world's nations could discuss issues diplomatically. It enacted resolutions on such topics as

3710-498: The environment . Humans started to explore space , taking their first footsteps on the Moon . Great advances in electricity generation and telecommunications allowed for near-instantaneous worldwide communication, ultimately leading to the Internet . Meanwhile, advances in medical technology resulted in the near-eradication and eradication of many infectious diseases , as well as opening

3816-505: The presidential election in 2018 that the public broadcaster is allegedly a "job hanger" (public company existing only for the purpose of securing positions for political allies) and has proposed to privatize or extinguish the public company. On April 9, 2021, the president inserted the public company into the National Privatization Program, with the intention of carrying out studies about the possibility of privatization of

3922-472: The sexual revolution of the 1960s and 1970s. Attitudes towards homosexuality also began to change in the later part of the century. Trauma brought on by events like World War I and World War II, with their military death tolls alone at bare minimum being 29,697,963, and the Spanish Flu , whose death count alone exceeded that, helped make society in many countries more egalitarian and less neglectful of

4028-476: The telephone in the late 19th century, followed by supertankers ; airliners ; motorways ; radio communication and broadcasting ; television ; digital computers ; air conditioning ; antibiotics ; nuclear power ; frozen food ; microcomputers ; the Internet and the World Wide Web ; and mobile telephones affected people's quality of life across the developed world. The quantity of goods consumed by

4134-632: The 1920s and 1930s, culminating in World War II , sparked by Nazi Germany 's aggressive expansion at the expense of its neighbors. Meanwhile, Japan had rapidly transformed itself into a technologically advanced industrial power and, along with Germany and Italy, formed the Axis powers . Japan's military expansionism in East Asia and the Pacific Ocean brought it into conflict with the United States, culminating in

4240-675: The 1980s, with the first full-length CGI-animated film Toy Story released in 1995. Video games—due to the great technological steps forward in computing since the second post-war period—are one of the new forms of entertainment that emerged in the 20th century alongside films. Multiple new fields of mathematics were developed in the 20th century. In the first part of the 20th century, measure theory , functional analysis , and topology were established, and significant developments were made in fields such as abstract algebra and probability . The development of set theory and formal logic led to Gödel's incompleteness theorems . Later in

4346-555: The Advancement of New Language Applications Ltd.'), a private not-for-profit consortium of educational institutions in the province of Quebec. Some local community stations also operate non-commercially with funding from corporate and individual donors. In addition, cable companies are required to produce a local community channel in each licensed market. Such channels have traditionally aired community talk shows, city council meetings and other locally oriented programming, although it

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4452-582: The CPB receives funding earmarked by the federal government as well as through public and private donations. Public television and radio in the U.S. have, from the late 1960s onward, dealt with severe criticism from conservative politicians and think-tanks (such as The Heritage Foundation ), which allege that its programming has a leftist bias and there have been successful attempts to reduce – though not eliminate – funding for public television stations by some state legislatures. The first public radio network in

4558-636: The CRBC's nine radio stations (which were largely concentrated in major cities across Canada, including Toronto , Vancouver , Montreal , and Ottawa ). The CBC eventually expanded to television in September 1952 with the sign-on of CBFT in Montreal; CBFT was the first television station in Canada to initiate full-time broadcasts, which initially served as a primary affiliate of the French language Télévision de Radio-Canada and

4664-465: The Colombian government allowed the opening of television to the private market by granting two broadcast licenses to the programadoras Caracol Televisión and RCN Televisión , these television producers went into crisis, causing many to end their activities or produce content for the private television channels. Currently, Colombia has three public channels (one is operated by a private company formed by

4770-549: The French-language channels Ici Explora and Ici ARTV , dedicated to science and culture respectively. CBC's national television operations and some radio operations are funded partly by advertisements, in addition to the subsidy provided by the federal government. The cable channels are commercial entities owned and operated by the CBC and do not receive any direct public funds, however, they do benefit from synergies with resources from

4876-587: The Public Radio Satellite System. Cultural Native American and Mexican American music and programming are also featured regionally. NPR is colloquially though inaccurately conflated with public radio as a whole, when in fact "public radio" includes many organizations. In the United States, the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) serves as the nation's main public television provider. When it launched in October 1970, PBS assumed many of

4982-467: The Secretariat of Communication of the state government. Brazil also has many campus radio and community radio stations and several educational local TV channels (many of them belonging to public and private universities). In Canada, the main public broadcaster is the national Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC; French : Société Radio-Canada ), a crown corporation – which originated as

5088-507: The US was in a dominant position, a major part of the process was Americanization . The influence of China and India was also rising, as the world's largest populations were rapidly integrating with the world economy. Terrorism , dictatorship, and the spread of nuclear weapons were pressing global issues . The world was still blighted by small-scale wars and other violent conflicts, fueled by competition over resources and by ethnic conflicts. Disease threatened to destabilize many regions of

5194-450: The United States was founded in 1949 in Berkeley, California, as station KPFA , which became and remains the flagship station for a national network called Pacifica Radio . From the beginning, the network has refused corporate funding of any kind, and has relied mainly on listener support. KPFA gave away free FM radios to build a listener base and to encourage listeners to "subscribe" (support

5300-448: The United States. With the Axis defeated and Britain and France rebuilding, the United States and the Soviet Union were left standing as the world's only superpowers. Allies during the war, they soon became hostile to one another as their competing ideologies of communism and democratic capitalism proliferated in Europe, which became divided by the Iron Curtain and the Berlin Wall . They formed competing military alliances ( NATO and

5406-430: The advent of the Hollywood motion picture industry and Broadway , jazz , rock music, and pop music, fast food and hippy counterculture, hip-hop , house music , and disco , as well as street style , all of which came to be identified with the concepts of popular culture and youth culture . After the Soviet Union collapsed under internal pressure in 1991, most of the communist governments it had supported around

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5512-492: The advent of the Solidaridad I satellite, and Edusat was established and began transmitting in Mexico, Central America and certain regions of the United States. In 1982, Canal 22 was founded and began operations eleven years later by the Ministry of Culture as part of the "RED México". In 2005 the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM in Spanish) began transmissions as the sister channel of XEUN-AM and XEUN-FM (both radio stations founded in 1959), TV UNAM which

5618-438: The audience for music. Prior to the 20th century, music was generally only experienced in live performances . Many new genres of music were established during the 20th century. Film as an artistic medium was created in the 20th century. The first modern movie theatre was established in Pittsburgh in 1905. Hollywood developed as the center of American film production. While the first films were in black and white, technicolor

5724-431: The avenue of biological genetic engineering . Scientific discoveries, such as the theory of relativity and quantum physics , profoundly changed the foundational models of physical science, forcing scientists to realize that the universe was more complex than previously believed, and dashing the hopes (or fears) at the end of the 19th century that the last few details of scientific knowledge were about to be filled in. At

5830-424: The average person expanded massively. Scientific research, engineering professionalization and technological development—much of it motivated by the Cold War arms race—drove changes in everyday life. Starting from the century, strong discrimination based on race and sex was significant in most societies. Although the Atlantic slave trade had ended in the 19th century, movements for equality for non-white people in

5936-409: The battlefield, such as space exploration and the Internet. In the latter half of the century, most of the European-colonized world in Africa and Asia gained independence in a process of decolonization . Meanwhile, globalization opened the door for several nations to exert a strong influence over many world affairs. The US's global military presence spread American culture around the world with

6042-424: The beginning of the period, the British Empire was the world's most powerful nation, having acted as the world's policeman for the past century. Technological advancements during World War I changed the way war was fought, as new inventions such as tanks , chemical weapons , and aircraft modified tactics and strategy. After more than four years of trench warfare in Western Europe, and up to 17 million dead,

6148-450: The broadcaster. While many members have significant editorial independence, the Alliance includes organizations that have significant state control, especially with regard to island nations. In Brazil, the two main national public broadcasters are Empresa Brasil de Comunicação (EBC) and the Fundação Padre Anchieta (FPA). EBC was created in 2007 to manage the Brazilian federal government's radio and television stations. EBC owns broadcast

6254-537: The building became too small. However, in 1977, as part of the ongoing state reform in Belgium broadcasting became reserved to the language communities rather than the national government in 1977. Accordingly, BRT/RTB went their separate ways in 1977. While the former French half changed its name to RTBF in 1977, the Dutch side retained the BRT name until becoming BRTN in 1991. However, the two broadcasters share production facilities on Auguste Reyerslaan in Brussels . The final renaming of VRT, on 1 January 1998, followed

6360-532: The century by government actions was in the hundreds of millions. This includes deaths caused by wars, genocide, politicide and mass murders. The deaths from acts of war during the two world wars alone have been estimated at between 50 and 80 million. Political scientist Rudolph Rummel estimated 262,000,000 deaths caused by democide , which excludes those killed in war battles, civilians unintentionally killed in war and killings of rioting mobs. According to Charles Tilly , "Altogether, about 100 million people died as

6466-490: The channel to Rogers Media in 2012, expanding a relationship it began with SCN in January of that year, when Rogers began supplying entertainment programming to the channel through an affiliation agreement with its English-language broadcast network, Citytv . One television station, CFTU in Montreal , operates as an educational station owned by CANAL ( French : Corporation pour l'Avancement de Nouvelles Applications des Langages Ltée , lit.   'Corporation for

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6572-515: The channel was sold to CHUM Limited in 1995, which initially acquired the channel through a majority-owned subsidiary, Learning and Skills Television of Alberta Limited (LSTA). To fulfill its license conditions as an educational station, it broadcasts educational and children's programming during the daytime hours, while airing entertainment programming favoured by advertisers and viewers in prime time. The service discontinued its broadcast transmitters in Calgary and Edmonton in August 2011, due to

6678-455: The children's TV channel TV Rá-Tim-Bum , available nationally on pay TV. Many Brazilian states also have regional and statewide public radio and television stations. One example is Minas Gerais , which has the EMC ( Empresa Mineira de Comunicação ), a public corporation created in 2016 modelled on EBC, formed by Rede Minas , a statewide television network and the two stations of Rádio Inconfidência , which operates in AM, FM and shortwave ; in

6784-455: The conduct of warfare, environmental protection, international sovereignty , and human rights. Peacekeeping forces consisting of troops provided by various countries, with various United Nations and other aid agencies, helped to relieve famine, disease, and poverty, and to suppress some local armed conflicts. Europe slowly united, economically and, in some ways, politically, to form the European Union , which consisted of 15 European countries by

6890-490: The corporation decommissioning its network of rebroadcasters following Canada's transition to digital television in August 2011 have significantly reduced the terrestrial coverage of both CBC Television and Ici Radio-Canada Télé; the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) does require cable, satellite and IPTV providers to carry CBC and Radio-Canada stations as part of their basic tier, regardless of terrestrial availability in an individual market. Of

6996-407: The end of the 20th century. After the war, Germany was occupied and divided between the Western powers and the Soviet Union. East Germany and the rest of Eastern Europe became Soviet puppet states under communist rule. Western Europe was rebuilt with the aid of the American Marshall Plan , resulting in a major post-war economic boom , and many of the affected nations became close allies of

7102-467: The expense of transitioning the two stations to digital , and the fact that the service had mandatory carriage on television providers serving Alberta regardless of whether it ran over-the-air transmitters. The service has since operated as part of Bell Media 's CTV Two chain of stations. Public radio station CKUA in Alberta was also formerly operated by Access, before being sold to the non-profit CKUA Radio Foundation which continues to operate it as

7208-533: The fact that TV was only reaching Santiago and Valparaíso , led to the creation of a state network that should serve the entire country. This network, created in 1964 and in operation since 24 October 1969, is known as " Televisión Nacional de Chile ". After the military government of Augusto Pinochet , television was mostly deregulated. Thus, two new commercial channels were born: Megavisión (Channel 9, on 23 October 1990) and La Red (Channel 4, on 12 May 1991). The University of Chile's Channel 11 also

7314-472: The functions of its predecessor, National Educational Television (NET). NET was shut down by the Ford Foundation and the Corporation for Public Broadcasting after the network refused to stop airing documentaries on varying social issues that had alienated many of the network's affiliates. PBS would later acquire Educational Television Stations , an organization founded by the National Association of Educational Broadcasters (NAEB), in 1973. Uruguay has

7420-426: The government decided to launch the channel ViVe (2003), teleSUR (2005), TVES (2007) (a signal that until that year was occupied by RCTV ) and Asamblea Nacional Televisión in addition to supporting and financing a network of community channels as well as Ávila Television belonging to the Metropolitan Mayor's Office of Caracas. United States politicians have commented that TeleSUR is a propaganda tool in favor of

7526-402: The implementation of a cultural policy (an industrial policy and investment policy for culture). Examples include: As an industry organization for public media, the Public Media Alliance supports its members and the industry of public media more broadly. For example, the Alliance advocated against a proposal on the Isle of Man that they felt would jeopardize the editorial independence of

7632-772: The network has moved its programming to stations opened by the corporation or has purchased certain affiliates from private broadcasting groups; budgetary issues led the CBC to choose not to launch new rebroadcast transmitters in markets where the network disaffiliated from a private station after 2006; the network dropped its remaining private affiliates in 2016, when CJDC-TV — Dawson Creek and CFTK-TV — Terrace, British Columbia defected from CBC Television that February and Lloydminster -based CKSA-DT disaffiliated in August of that year (to become affiliates of CTV Two and Global , respectively). The CBC's decision to disaffiliate from these and other privately owned stations, as well as

7738-461: The online radio service CBC Radio 3 , music streaming service CBC Music , and the launch of online news services, such as CBC Hamilton , in some markets which are not directly served by their own CBC television or radio stations. In addition, several provinces operate public broadcasters; these are not CBC subentities, but distinct networks in their own right. Most of the provincial services maintain an educational programming format, differing from

7844-412: The other CBC operations. The CBC has frequently dealt with budget cuts and labour disputes, often resulting in a debate about whether the service has the resources necessary to properly fulfill its mandate. As of 2017 , all of CBC Television's terrestrial stations are owned and operated by the CBC directly. The number of privately owned CBC Television affiliates has gradually declined in recent years, as

7950-541: The other without ensuring an equally devastating retaliatory strike . Unable to engage one another directly, the conflict played out in a series of proxy wars around the world—particularly in China , Korea , Cuba , Vietnam , and Afghanistan —as the USSR sought to export communism while the US attempted to contain it . The technological competition between the two sides led to substantial investment in research and development which produced innovations that reached far beyond

8056-451: The poor. Economic growth and technological progress had radically altered daily lives. Europe appeared to be at a sustainable peace for the first time in recorded history . The people of the Indian subcontinent , a sixth of the world population at the end of the 20th century, had attained an indigenous independence for the first time in centuries. China, an ancient nation comprising a fifth of

8162-471: The population of the Amazon region, and Agência Brasil , a news agency. Starting in 2021, EBC expanded the coverage of its radio stations through the new FM extended band to the metropolitan areas of São Paulo, Belo Horizonte and Recife, important Brazilian regions which did not have EBC radio stations. FPA is a non-profit foundation created by the government of the state of São Paulo in 1967 and includes

8268-767: The powers that had formed the Triple Entente ( France , Britain , and Russia , later replaced by the United States and joined by Italy and Romania ) emerged victorious over the Central Powers ( Germany , Austria-Hungary , the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria ). In addition to annexing many of the colonial possessions of the vanquished states, the Triple Entente exacted punitive restitution payments from them, plunging Germany in particular into economic depression . The Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman empires were dismantled at

8374-410: The primarily entertainment-based CBC/Radio-Canada operations, but more closely formatted to (and carrying many of the same programs as) the U.S.-based Public Broadcasting Service (PBS), which itself is available terrestrially and – under a CRTC rule that requires Canadian cable, satellite and IPTV providers to carry affiliates of the four major U.S. commercial networks ( ABC , NBC , CBS and Fox ) and

8480-523: The public broadcaster. Some states often had problems with their public broadcasting services. In São Paulo, FPA had sometimes dealt with budget cuts, labor disputes and strikes. In Rio Grande do Sul, TVE-RS and FM Cultura were managed by the Piratini Foundation, a non-profit state foundation. However, due to the public debt crisis in the state, in 2018, the Piratini Foundation had its activities closed, and TVE-RS and FM Cultura started to be managed by

8586-745: The question of individual or public taste. Within public broadcasting there are two different views regarding commercial activity. One is that public broadcasting is incompatible with commercial objectives. The other is that public broadcasting can and should compete in the marketplace with commercial broadcasters. This dichotomy is highlighted by the public service aspects of traditional commercial broadcasters. Public broadcasters in each jurisdiction may or may not be synonymous with government controlled broadcasters. Public broadcasters may receive their funding from an obligatory television licence fee, individual contributions, government funding or commercial sources. Public broadcasters do not rely on advertising to

8692-586: The region now forming Bangladesh started in Dhaka on December 16, 1939. The Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (Bangladesh) is responsible for the administration of all government TV channels and Radio. Radio Television Brunei (RTB) is the only public broadcaster in Brunei Darussalam. In Hong Kong, the Radio Television Hong Kong ( RTHK ) is the sole public service broadcaster. Although being

8798-550: The same degree as commercial broadcasters, or at all; this allows public broadcasters to transmit programmes that are not commercially viable to the mass market , such as public affairs shows, radio and television documentaries , and educational programmes . One of the principles of public broadcasting is to provide coverage of interests for which there are missing or small markets. Public broadcasting attempts to supply topics of social benefit that are otherwise not provided by commercial broadcasters. Typically, such underprovision

8904-464: The schools' cooperative extension services . Stations in this era were internally funded, and did not rely on listener contributions to operate, some accepted advertising. Networks such as Iowa Public Radio , South Dakota Public Radio , and Wisconsin Public Radio began under this structure. The concept of a " non-commercial, educational " station per se did not show up in U.S. law until 1941, when

9010-489: The shares of four former programadoras ) and eight public radio stations (three stations are regional broadcasters). Chilean television was founded through universities, in an attempt to bring public television without the state having to pay directly and control content. The University of Chile (owner of the former channels 9 and 11 until 1993), the Catholic University of Chile on channels 2 and 13 until 2010, and

9116-717: The state of Pará , the state-funded foundation FUNTELPA ( Fundação Paraense de Radiodifusão ) operates the public educational state-wide television network Rede Cultura do Pará (which covers the entire state of Pará, reaching many cities of Brazilian Amazon ) and Rádio Cultura, a public radio station which broadcasts in FM for Belém . The state of Espírito Santo has the RTV-ES ( Rádio e Televisão Espírito Santo ), with its television channel TVE-ES ( TV Educativa do Espírito Santo ) and an AM radio station ( Rádio Espírito Santo ), and in Rio Grande do Sul ,

9222-651: The state-wide public television channel TVE-RS ( TV Educativa do Rio Grande do Sul ) and the public radio station FM Cultura (which broadcasts for Porto Alegre metropolitan area) are the two public broadcasters in the state. Regional public television channels in Brazil often broadcast part of TV Brasil or TV Cultura programming among with some hours of local programming. Since the government of Michel Temer , EBC has received several criticism from some politicians for having an alleged political bias. The president of Brazil from 2019 to 2022, Jair Bolsonaro , said in his campaign for

9328-541: The station directly with donations). It is the world's oldest listener-supported radio network. Since the creation of the Corporation for Public Broadcasting, Pacifica has sometimes received CPB support. Pacifica runs other stations in Los Angeles , New York City , Washington, D.C. , and Houston , as well as repeater stations and a large network of affiliates. A national public radio network, National Public Radio (NPR),

9434-575: The television channel TV Brasil (launched in 2007, being the merger of TVE Brasil, launched in Rio de Janeiro in 1975, and TV Nacional, launched in Brasilia in 1960), the radio stations Rádio Nacional and Rádio MEC , broadcast to Brasilia , Rio de Janeiro , São Paulo , Belo Horizonte , Recife , and Tabatinga , Rádio Nacional da Amazônia , a shortwave radio station based in Brasília with programming aimed to

9540-428: The three major French-language television networks in Canada, Ici Radio-Canada Télé is the only one that maintains terrestrial owned-and-operated stations and affiliates in all ten Canadian provinces , although it maintains only one station ( Moncton, New Brunswick -based CBAFT-DT ) that serves the four provinces comprising Atlantic Canada . In recent years, the CBC has also expanded into new media ventures including

9646-649: The war's conclusion. The Russian Revolution resulted in the overthrow of the Tsarist regime of Nicholas II and the onset of the Russian Civil War . The victorious Bolsheviks then established the Soviet Union , the world's first communist state . Fascism , a movement which grew out of post-war angst and which accelerated during the Great Depression of the 1930s, gained momentum in Italy , Germany , and Spain in

9752-601: The white-dominated societies of North America , Europe, and South Africa continued. By the end of the 20th century, in many parts of the world, women had the same legal rights as men, and racism had come to be seen as unacceptable, a sentiment often backed up by legislation. When the Republic of India was constituted , the disadvantaged classes of the caste system in India became entitled to affirmative action benefits in education, employment and government. Attitudes toward pre-marital sex changed rapidly in many societies during

9858-422: The world were dismantled —with the notable exceptions of China, North Korea , Cuba , Vietnam , and Laos —followed by difficult transitions into market economies . Due to continuing industrialization and expanding trade, many significant changes of the century were, directly or indirectly, economic and technological in nature. Inventions such as the light bulb , the automobile , mechanical computers , and

9964-512: The world population, was finally open to the world , creating a new state after the near-complete destruction of the old cultural order. With the end of colonialism and the Cold War, nearly a billion people in Africa were left in new nation states. The world was undergoing its second major period of globalization ; the first, which started in the 18th century, having been terminated by World War I. Since

10070-820: The world's first high-definition television technology in 1964 and launching high definition services in Japan in 1981. The public broadcaster in Malaysia is the state-owned Radio Televisyen Malaysia (RTM) and TV Alhijrah . RTM was previously funded publicly through money obtained from television licensing , however it is currently state-subsidised, as television licences have been abolished. As of 2021 RTM operates 6 national, 16 state and 11 district radio stations as well as 6 national terrestrial television channels: TV1 , TV2 , TV Okey , Sukan RTM , Berita RTM , and TV6. 20th century The 20th century began on 1 January 1901 (MCMI), and ended on 31 December 2000 (MM). It

10176-480: The world. New viruses such as the West Nile virus continued to spread. Malaria and other diseases affected large populations. Millions were infected with HIV, the virus which causes AIDS. The virus was becoming an epidemic in southern Africa . Based on research done by climate scientists, the majority of the scientific community consider that in the long term environmental problems pose a serious threat. One argument

10282-553: Was arguably a truly global economy by the end of the 20th century. Poverty was reduced and the century saw rising standards of living, world population growth, awareness of environmental degradation and ecological extinction . Automobiles , airplanes , and home appliances became common, and video and audio recording saw mass adoption. These developments were made possible by the exploitation of fossil fuel resources, which offered energy in an easily portable form, but also caused concern about pollution and long-term impact on

10388-644: Was created in February 1970, following the passage of the Public Broadcasting Act of 1967. This network replaced the Ford Foundation–backed National Educational Radio Network . Some independent local public radio stations buy their programming from distributors such as NPR; Public Radio International (PRI); American Public Media (APM); Public Radio Exchange (PRX); and Pacifica Radio , most often distributed through

10494-463: Was developed in the 1920s to allow for color films. Sound films were developed, with the first full-length feature film, The Jazz Singer , released in 1927. The Academy Awards were established in 1929. Animation was also developed in the 1920s, with the first full-length cel animated feature film Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs , released in 1937. Computer-generated imagery was developed in

10600-523: Was dominated by significant geopolitical events that reshaped the political and social structure of the globe: World War I , the Spanish flu pandemic , World War II and the Cold War . Unprecedented advances in science and technology defined the modern era, including the advent of nuclear weapons and nuclear power , space exploration , the shift from analog to digital computing and the continuing advancement of transportation, including powered flight and

10706-578: Was done via VRT's Radio Vlaanderen Internationaal (RVi). They also have a Traffic message channel (TMC) service transmitted on VRT Radio2. Public broadcasting Common media include AM , FM , and shortwave radio ; television; and the Internet . Public broadcasting may be nationally or locally operated, depending on the country and the station. In some countries a single organization runs public broadcasting. Other countries have multiple public-broadcasting organizations operating regionally or in different languages. Historically, public broadcasting

10812-524: Was launched in May 2012. It is not a full-fledged television channel because it has no name, identity or logo. It broadcasts programs from the above channels in a shared schedule under the respective titles "Één+" and "Canvas+". The VRT broadcasts radio channels in both analog format ( FM ) and digital format (using DAB+ ). All channels are also broadcast live over the Internet at Radio Plus. International broadcasting

10918-400: Was not enacted until 15 September 1997. Though a public broadcaster, it airs commercial advertisements. In Indonesia, there are three types of public broadcaster. The first two are national-scale broadcasters: Radio Republik Indonesia (RRI) and Televisi Republik Indonesia (TVRI). RRI currently operates four radio networks carried by some or all of more than 90 local stations, one of them is

11024-434: Was once the dominant or only form of broadcasting in many countries (with the notable exceptions of the United States, Mexico, and Brazil). Commercial broadcasting now also exists in most of these countries; the number of countries with only public broadcasting declined substantially during the latter part of the 20th century . The primary mission of public broadcasting is that of public service, speaking to and engaging as

11130-517: Was rented to a private operator on 1 October 1993 and is now known today as " Chilevisión ". Televisión Nacional, popularly known as Channel 7 due to its Santiago frequency, is governed by a seven-member board appointed by both the President and the Senate . It is meant to be independent of political pressures, although accusations of bias have been made, especially during election campaigns. Ecuador TV

11236-411: Was the 10th and last century of the 2nd millennium and was marked by new models of scientific understanding, unprecedented scopes of warfare, new modes of communication that would operate at nearly instant speeds, and new forms of art and entertainment. Population growth was also unprecedented, as the century started with around 1.6 billion people, and ended with around 6.2 billion. The 20th century

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