65-505: The Uí Lochlainn , also known as the Ó Lochlainn family , were a leading kindred in the Burren region of County Clare . The Uí Lochlainn were a branch of the Corcu Mruad . In Irish their surname was Ua Lochlainn and Ó Lochlainn . Forms of the personal name Lochlainn first appear on record in the tenth century; the earliest known bearer being Lochlaind mac Maíl Shechnaill, heir of
130-664: A placebo with regard to the treatment of anxiety and ADHD in children. Gentian has been shown to manage dyspepsia by eliciting cephalic responses that increase vascular resistance and reduce the workload of the heart during digestion. Gentiana punctata leaves and roots have been used in traditional Austrian medicine internally and externally as liqueur or tea for disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, skin, locomotor system, liver, and bile, and for pediatric problems, fever, flu, rheumatism, and gout. Gentiana purpurea , Gentiana punctata , and Gentiana pannonica are used to produce gentian schnapps , traditionally used as
195-504: A digestive aid. In Ayurvedic medicine the endangered Indian gentian Gentiana kurroo has been used as a medical herb, but has been replaced with the Himalayan plant Picrorhiza kurroa , or Picrorhiza scrophulariiflora from traditional Chinese medicine . The gentian flower was used as the emblem of the Minamoto clan , one of the four great clans that dominated Japanese politics during
260-638: A distinct group at that point is uncertain, as they and their neighbours Corcu Baiscind may have been assimilated into or conquered by the Déisi Tuisceart of eastern Clare, who won a major battle against the Corco Modhruadh in 744. By the 9th century, the Corco Modhruadh had been driven into the Burren uplands. The Burren area is notable for the presence of several potential or likely "early" (i.e. pre-12th-century) ecclesiastical or monastic sites. These include Kilfenora, Kilnaboy, Temple Cronan and
325-515: A few bronze horse bridles discovered near Corofin and at Ballyalla ( Kilshanny ). In the Iron Age and early Medieval times, the region was controlled by a family or tribe known as the Corco Modhruadh , meaning "seed" or "people of Modhruadh". They were one of dozens of minor tribes in Ireland at that time, which occupied a discrete area ( tuath ) and were joined by a common bloodline or origin myths. By
390-517: A regional hiatus in large construction projects during the 13th and most of the 14th century. For a long-time the Anglo-Norman incursions into Ireland had little direct impact on the region. As late as at the Battle of Dysert O'Dea in 1318 some of the local clans allied to defeat a Norman army led by Richard de Clare . The people and their rulers thus continued to live in fortified houses, often inside
455-501: A small part of the Burren and is the smallest of the eight National Parks in Ireland, while the adjacent territory, including the Cliffs of Moher , is included in the Burren and Cliffs of Moher Geopark . While the name is generally applied to the limestone uplands of northwestern Clare, and adjacent lowlands, and generally excludes the area of Clare shales to the southwest, the exact extent of
520-513: A temperate oceanic climate. Average air temperatures range from 15 °C (59 °F) in July to 4–6 °C (39–43 °F) in January, while the soil temperature does not usually drop below 6 °C (as an exception, in late 2010, there was a prolonged period of snow). Since grass will grow once the temperature rises above 6 °C, this means that The Burren (like the neighbouring Aran Islands) has one of
585-460: A thickness of up to 330 metres (1,080 ft) in north Clare. These top layers protected the underlying limestone from erosion for millions of years before being largely stripped away by glaciers, except in the south west, where they still extend from Doolin to Slieve Elva, Lisdoonvarna, Kilfenora and to the western shore of Lake Inchiquin. One "island" of shale is the hill Poulacapple, southwest of Ballyvaughan, where an upland moor has formed on top of
650-683: Is a cosmopolitan genus , occurring in alpine habitats in temperate regions of Asia, Europe and the Americas. Some species also occur in northwestern Africa, eastern Australia, and New Zealand. They are annual, biennial, and perennial plants. Some are evergreen, others are not. Many gentians are difficult to grow outside their wild habitat, but several species are available in cultivation. Gentians are fully hardy and can grow in full sun or partial shade. They grow in well-drained, neutral-to-acid soils rich in humus . They are popular in rock gardens . Many beverages are made with gentian root. Gentiana lutea
715-448: Is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family ( Gentianaceae ), the tribe Gentianeae, and the monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With over 300 species , it is considered a large genus. Gentians are notable for their mostly large trumpet-shaped flowers, which are often of an intense blue hue . The genus name is a tribute to Gentius , an Illyrian king who may have discovered tonic properties in gentians. This
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#1732859343622780-508: Is a karst / glaciokarst landscape centred in County Clare , on the west coast of Ireland . It measures around 530 square kilometres (200 sq mi), within the circle made by the villages of Lisdoonvarna , Corofin , Gort and Kinvara . The area includes such natural features as Mullaghmore hill and Ailladie cliffs, and historic monuments such as Poulnabrone dolmen and Caherconnell Stone Fort . The Burren National Park covers
845-570: Is an ingredient in the Italian liqueur Aperol . It is also used as the main flavor in the German after-dinner digestif called Underberg , and the main ingredient in Angostura bitters and Peychaud's Bitters . The principal bitter component of gentian root is gentiopicrin (also called gentiopicroside), a glycoside . A 2007 paper by a Japanese group identified 23 compounds in fresh gentian root. Gentiopicrin
910-443: Is managed through extensive low input farming and active thinning of high density stands. Of the more than 30 species of butterflies and moths found in Ireland only two are not present in the Burren. Notable insects present in the Burren include the butterflies the pearl-bordered fritillary ( Boloria euphrosyne ), brown hairstreak ( Thecla betulae ), marsh fritillary ( Euphydryas aurinia ) and wood white ( Leptidea sinapis );
975-698: Is one of the main breeding areas in Ireland of the European pine marten . Also present are badgers, foxes and stoats. The hillsides of the Burren also host herds of feral goats. All seven species of bats present in Ireland can be found in The Burren. Otters live along the coast, as do grey seals . A wide range of bird species are also found in the Burren, including crows and ravens , peregrine falcons , kestrels and various gulls. Archaeological evidence from cave finds of butchered bones have been radiocarbon dated to 33,000 years ago, showing evidence of hunters during
1040-506: Is the Carran depression, more than two miles long, up to a mile wide and over 200 feet deep. This is where the pre-glacial rivers of the area first eroded away the upper layers and started to dissolve the exposed limestone. Some of the smaller ones were created when caves underneath collapsed (one example of this is the Glen of Clab). Glaciers also deposited numerous granite and limestone erratics on
1105-579: Is uncertain, but after the decline of the Eóganacht Árann the local Corco Modhruadh likely fell under the control of the Uí Fiachrach Aidhne , a tribe from what is now southern Galway, who prospered in the 7th century. The local tribes were then probably subjects of the Eóganacht Locha Léin until their influence declined in the early 9th century. Whether the Corco Modhruadh still existed as
1170-515: Is used to produce gentian , a distilled beverage produced in the Alps and in the Auvergne . Some species are harvested for the manufacture of apéritifs , liqueurs , and tonics . Gentian root is a common beverage flavouring for bitters . The soft drink Moxie contains gentian root. The French apéritif Suze is made with gentian. Americano apéritifs contain gentian root for bitter flavoring. It
1235-448: The Dál gCais expanded into the region, against the resistance of the incumbent Uí Lochlainn and O'Conor families. The later regionally dominant O'Brien dynasty traced its origins to them. Evidence of Viking activity in the region is scant. They settled at Limerick, but in the Burren only a few artifacts of Scandinavian design have been found, centred mostly on Cahercommaun, which apparently
1300-423: The Corco Modhruadh /Corcomroe territory was made into the newly created Diocese of Kilfenora , of 13 parishes, and the church at Kilfenora became a cathedral. At some point around the 12th century, the territory of "Corcomroe" was divided in two for administrative purposes: Corco Modhruadh Iartharach ("Western Corcomroe") and Corco Modhruadh Oirthearach ("Eastern Corcomroe"), also known as Boireann which in
1365-662: The Heian period and went on to establish the first Shogunate in the aftermath of the Genpei War . It is the official flower (called Enzian ) of the German-speaking community of Belgium . Gentians have oppositely arranged leaves, sometimes in a basal rosette. The trumpet-shaped flowers are usually deep blue or azure but can be white, cream, yellow, or red. Many species are polymorphic concerning flower color, bearing flowers of different colors. Blue-flowered species predominate in
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#17328593436221430-467: The Neolithic , c. 4000 BC, settlers had clearly arrived and began changing the landscape through deforestation, likely by overgrazing and burning, and the building of stone walls. These people also constructed Megalithic sites like the portal tomb known as Poulnabrone dolmen and the court tombs at Teergonean (near Doolin) and Ballyganner (near Noughaval ). Overall, there are around 70 megalithic tombs in
1495-479: The Poulawack Cairn , also date from this period. The economy at that time was likely based on pastoral farming in fairly small groups. As is still done today, the cattle were moved in a reverse of the usual seasonal pattern: cattle are moved to the uplands in the winter, allowing year round grazing. Evidence of Beaker pottery was found on Roughan Hill, but in general few signs of the actual settlements of
1560-414: The gentians and avens peaking (but orchid species blooming later). During counter-guerrilla operations in The Burren in 1651–52, Edmund Ludlow stated, " (Burren) is a country where there is not enough water to drown a man, wood enough to hang one, nor earth enough to bury him...... and yet their cattle are very fat; for the grass growing in turfs of earth, of two or three foot square, that lie between
1625-622: The Burren area, more than half of all of these structures found in Clare. The most numerous type of prehistoric structure (apart from stone walls) in The Burren is the late-Neolithic/early- Bronze Age wedge tomb , mostly dated to the period 2500 to 2000 BC. It accounts for around 90% of the region's megalithic tombs. Many examples of these are found on Roughan Hill near Kilnaboy , including those at Parknabinnia and Creevagh . Others are located at Gleninsheen and Berneens (Rathborney) and Poulaphuca (Carran). Large stone cairns on many hills, such as
1690-419: The Burren varies between around 250 square kilometres (97 sq mi) (the core area of exposed limestone), through 360 square kilometres (140 sq mi) (taking in all limestone landscapes) and 560 square kilometers (including the about 200 square kilometres (77 sq mi) of downland), depending on the approach taken. Roughly 60% of the uplands show exposed limestone pavement. The Burren has
1755-473: The Burren, including unique forms such as Dactylorhiza fuchsii subsp. okellyi . The grikes (crevices in the limestone) provide moist shelter, supporting a wide range of plants including dwarf shrubs. Where the surface of the limestone pavement is shattered into gravel many of the hardier Arctic or alpine plants can be found, while when the limestone pavement is covered by a thin layer of soil patches of grass are seen, interspersed with herbaceous plants. Among
1820-447: The Burren. In another definition, the agriculture focused "Burren Programme" defines the region as extending well into the Gort plain, encompassing inter alia Coole Park and the turloughs around it, while to the south it would extend to Ruan and Crusheen , and in the southwest to the edge of Doolin , as well as the routine Lisdoonvarna, Kilfenora and Corofin. Thus the stated size of
1885-621: The Corcu Mruad, whose death is noted in 983. In the sixteenth century, the family's principal seat was situated in the Gragans, at a tower house near the site of the later Gregans Castle . The Uí Lochlainn chieftains lost autonomy in the seventeenth century, although later descendants of the chiefs continued to live in the heart of the family's ancestral lands until twentieth century. The Burren The Burren ( / ˈ b ʌr ə n / BURR -ən ; Irish : Boirinn , meaning 'rocky district')
1950-651: The Ice Age. Pollen analysis indicates that in the Mesolithic period of 8000 to 7000 BC The Burren looked completely different from today, with most of the uplands covered in a mixture of deciduous, pine and yew trees. No clear evidence of Mesolithic settlements or camp sites in the area has yet been discovered. At the limits of the region, near Lake Inchiquin and at the so-called "Doolin Axe Factory", stone artifacts have been discovered that may be Mesolithic in origin. However, by
2015-475: The Mediterranean Adiantum capillus-veneris . The area is notable for the unusually close vicinity of both plants that hate lime and those that do well on it. Acid-loving plants such as Calluna grow well on patches of acidic peat that effectively isolates them from the underlying basic limestone. Woody plant encroachment by Blackthorn and Hazel is a common phenomenon in the Burren. It
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2080-559: The Neolithic people have been found. This may be due to the fact that their structures were lightly built (from wood or other non-permanent materials). During the Bronze Age, locals also built many Fulachtai fiadh , remains of more than 300 survive in the region. Their exact function is still debated, but they probably served as places where water was heated by fire, either for cooking, brewing or bathing purposes. However, in contrast to
2145-589: The Northern Hemisphere, with red-flowered species dominant in the Andes , where bird pollination is probably more often favored by natural selection. White-flowered species are scattered throughout the range of the genus but dominate in New Zealand. Most flowers are pentamerous, with five lobes in the corolla and five sepals . A few species have four to seven flower parts. The corolla has folds called plicae between
2210-509: The area is not clearly defined, and geologically it does extend into County Galway to both the north and northeast (see Geology below). The southeastern pocket of County Galway around Kinvara is usually included, and is the base for many Burren organisations. The Burren is bounded by the Atlantic Ocean and by Galway Bay , with the Aran Islands representing a geological extension of
2275-505: The cashels, mostly retaining their Gaelic culture . One example of this are the Brehon law schools of the O'Davorans at Cahermacnaghten or the MacClancys at Doolin. Only in the 15th and 16th centuries did the tower houses as exemplified today by places like Newtown Castle , Shanmuckinish Castle , Doonagore Castle or Ballinalacken Castle become widespread. Norman-type castles, such as
2340-483: The characteristic drumlins (most of them on top of the shale and sandstone to the south). The Caher Valley was almost choked up by deposited sand and rocks and these also piled up against the western slopes of Slieve Elva. It was this protective layer of sediment that has made surface streams locally possible once more. Today, the uplands' highest point is on the hill Slieve Elva, whose shale cover rises up to 345 metres (1,132 ft) above sea level. In addition to
2405-463: The churches of Oughtmama. A broader definition of The Burren would also include Dysert O'Dea Monastery near Corofin and Kilmacduagh. The large number of extant cashels, almost 500 of which have been identified in The Burren (out of around 45,000 in Ireland), also indicates the presence of a sizeable (early) medieval population that supported and used these churches. At the end of the first millennium,
2470-595: The end of the Bronze Age, the uplands were largely depopulated. Nevertheless, like the Mooghaun North Hoard found near Newmarket-on-Fergus, the discovery of a golden Bronze Age gorget in Gleninsheen townland indicates the (at least temporary) local presence of a late Bronze Age society that was rich, mobile and well-connected via trade networks with other regions. Like in many places of Ireland, datable Iron Age sites are rare in The Burren. This may be due to
2535-479: The family tomb near the altar of Corcomroe Abbey. Their kinsmen, the O'Conor (Ó Conchubhair), clan ruled Corco Modhruadh Iartharach from Dough Castle near Liscannor . The villages and towns found within the medieval territory of Boireann include Lisdoonvarna, Ballyvaughan, New Quay (Newquay) / Burrin (Burren), Noughaval , Bealaclugga (Bellharbour), Carron and Fanore / Craggagh. Gentians See text Gentiana ( / ˌ dʒ ɛ n tʃ i ˈ eɪ n ə / )
2600-1020: The flowers recorded from the Burren is the spring gentian , an alpine plant with bright blue flowers that are used as a symbol for the area by the national tourist board, Failte Ireland . The Irish orchid ( Neotinea maculata and 21 other species of orchids ) and bloody cranesbill ( Geranium sanguineum ) also occur. Other notable flowers are Anacamptis pyramidalis , Platanthera chlorantha , Ophrys insectifera Euphrasia salisburgensis , Lathyrus linifolius , Carlina vulgaris , Centaurium erythraea , Succisa pratensis , Primula veris , Filipendula vulgaris , Parnassia palustris , Campanula rotundifolia , Helianthemum oelandicum , Polygala vulgaris , Saxifraga hypnoides , Potentilla fruticosa , Antennaria dioeca , Primula vulgaris , Hypericum androsaemum , Asperula cynanchica , Rhinanthus minor , Blackstonia perfoliata and Dryas octopetala . Another prominent presence in limestone grikes are around 24 species of fern, such as
2665-444: The formation of subterranean drainage. This has formed numerous cave systems of which more than 50 kilometres have been mapped. The most accessible of these is Aillwee Cave . Due to the processes mentioned, there are very few permanent surface rivers in the region. The Caher, flowing into the sea at Fanore , is one of the most stable. Some of the large valleys, mostly running south to north, that are still visible today are in fact
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2730-528: The impermeable shale layers. The local geological succession comprises the following formations some of which are subdivided into various members . The youngest rocks are at the start of the list, the oldest at the bottom. The first three listed are of Namurian age and are a mix of mudstones, sandstones and siltstones, the remainder are Visean age limestones. Glaciation during the late Quaternary period (beginning c. one million years ago) facilitated greater denudation. Glaciers expanded and retreated over
2795-451: The last glacial period. So any surface karstification now seen dates from approximately 10,000 years ago and the Burren karst is thus very recent in geological terms. Solutional processes have widened and deepened the grikes of the limestone pavement . Pre-existing lines of weakness in the rock (vertical joints) contribute to the formation of extensive fissures separated by clints (flat pavement like slabs). The rock karstification facilitates
2860-671: The late 16th century became the English administrative Baronies of Corcomroe and Burren , respectively. The end of the Medieval period was a difficult era for people in the area. Like much of Europe, the region suffered from the Great Famine (1315-7) and the Black Death . In addition, infighting between the Gaelic lords contributed to a socio-economic decline of the region. This was also reflected in
2925-436: The limestone hills that make up most of The Burren. According to one definition, the Burren extends south to a line from the coastal resort of Lahinch to Corofin and is delimited in the east by a line roughly from Kinvara to Kilmacduagh monastery , near Gort . Note that taken literally, this would includes places like the town of Ennistymon and the Cliffs of Moher , which would more commonly be considered as neighbouring
2990-593: The limestone pavement, major landscape types, providing the habitats for the flora and fauna, include limestone heath, dry calcareous grasslands, calcareous (calcifying or petrifying) springs, the intermittent water bodies called turloughs , bogs, Cladium fens, lakes, wet grasslands, scrub and light woodland, and neutral, and farm-improved, grasslands. The Burren is renowned for its remarkable assemblage of plants and animals, and over 70% of Ireland's species of flowers are found there. The region supports Arctic–alpine and Mediterranean Basin plants side-by-side, due to
3055-457: The lobes. The style is short or absent. The ovary is mostly sessile and has nectary glands. The following species are recognised in the genus Gentiana : Several gentian species may be found in cultivation, and are valued for the unusual intensity of their blue flowers. They have a reputation for being difficult to grow. All require similar conditions – moist, rich, free-draining soil with an acid to neutral pH. They include: In addition,
3120-399: The longest growing seasons in Ireland or Britain, and supports diverse and rich plant growth. The area has around 1,525 millimetres (60.0 in) of annual rainfall (more than twice the amount observed in eastern Ireland), with an average level of over 160 millimetres (6.3 in) monthly from October to January Late May is the sunniest time, and also a good time to view flowers, with
3185-412: The moths, the Burren green ( Calamia tridens , which is only present in Ireland in this area), Irish annulet ( Gnophos dumetata ) and transparent burnet ( Zygaena purpuralis ); the hoverfly Doros profuges and the water-beetle Ochthebius nilssoni . This last species is known from just five sites in the world, its type locality in northern Sweden and four marl lakes in The Burren. The Burren
3250-465: The one built at Quin , were absent in the Burren. T.J. Westropp counted the remains of around 70 tower houses in the Baronies of Inchiquin, Corcomroe and Burren, with 21 of them located in the latter. Only around half of those 21 survive to any height in the 21st century. The distribution of the tower houses indicates that they were built close to the barony borders, which also represented the boundaries of
3315-516: The pavements. The former were carried south across Galway Bay by the second-to-last glaciation. Granite boulders can be found mostly in the north of the Burren. The final ice cover came from the northeast and mostly deposited limestone erratics. On Slieve Elva these are visible today at elevations of up to 300 metres (980 ft) mabove sea level. The characteristic terracing of the hills occurred when vertical joints weathered and large blocks of limestone fell off and were further eroded away. Towards
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#17328593436223380-469: The pre-Carboniferous rocks is seen at the surface in the area. The limestones, which date from the Visean stage of the early Carboniferous, formed as sediments in a tropical sea approximately 325 million years ago. The strata contain fossil corals , crinoids , sea urchins and ammonites . This bed of limestone is up to 800 metres thick. In the north and west it lies on a shelf of Galway granite which supported
3445-460: The quantity of archaeological evidence found, the population of The Burren likely declined noticeably between the late Neolithic and the end of the Bronze Age. This was likely largely due to a shift in the climate, possibly related to the volcanic eruption known as " Hekla 4 ". Around the end of the 3rd millennium BC temperatures dropped and the climate became wetter. Heavy rainfall combined with previous clearing activity to cause serious soil erosion in
3510-583: The region several times. Of the last two periods the first was the more pronounced, covering the whole of the Burren. The last advance of the ice cover was more limited, affecting only the eastern Burren. The result is that the Burren is one of the finest examples of glacio-karst landscape in the world. The effects of the last glacial period (the Midlandian) are most in evidence, with the Burren overrun by ice during this glaciation. The impact of earlier karstification (solutional erosion) has been eliminated by
3575-477: The remains of pre-glacial river valleys. The rivers disappeared from the surface when the upper layers of stone had been stripped away. Another characteristic feature of the Burren is closed roughly circular depressions with no surface outlets for water (called poljes ). Around 100 of these exist, mostly in the eastern Burren. The most notable are the valleys of Kilcorney, Poulawilan, Caherconnel and Carran, generally stretching from northeast to southwest. The largest
3640-432: The rocks, which are of limestone, is very sweet and nourishing. " The area is formed from a thick succession of sedimentary rocks , largely limestones but also including sandstones , mudstones and siltstones . All of the solid rocks exposed at the surface are of Carboniferous age though they are underlain at depth by Old Red Sandstone of Devonian age which in turn overlies rocks of Lower Palaeozoic age. None of
3705-485: The territories controlled by clans or families (see below). 11 of the 21 tower houses in the Barony of Burren lie within 1 km of its borders. The O'Loughlin (Ó Lochlainn) clan ruled Boireann down to the mid-17th century from their chief residence at Gregans Castle (the tower house, not the house of the same name). The chief of the family was known in later times as the 'Prince of Burren' and clan members were buried in
3770-411: The time Christianity arrived locally, their territory had shrunk somewhat, encompassing what later became the Baronies of Burren and Corcomroe as well as some parts of Inchiquin barony (see below). During the 5th and 6th centuries, the region appears to have been ruled from the Aran Islands by the Eóganacht Árann , a minor branch of the Eóganacht dynasty of Munster . The history of these years
3835-433: The unusual environment. The region supports many rare Irish species, some of which are only found in this area. Others occur in similar karst areas in western Ireland. Notable plants include Festuca indigesta seen in 1949 and Arenaria norvegica identified only once, in 1961. Two of the 24 types of Taraxacum found here are "practically unique to the Burren". 23 of the 28 types of orchids found in Ireland grow in
3900-492: The uplands. Evidence suggests that much of the soil cover over the limestone karst was in fact removed during the Middle and Late Bronze Age. This reduction in the area of fertile land put pressure on population numbers and probably increased conflicts over scarce resources. Building of new stone walls largely came to an end – there is a gap in documented building between the late Neolithic/early Bronze Age and early Christian periods. By
3965-555: The upper layers, preventing shifts like those that created the "twisted" hills Knockanes and Mullaghmore. The limestone also extends below Galway Bay out to the Aran Islands and to the east into the Gort plain. Later in the Carboniferous (c. 318 million years ago), the limestone was covered by darker sand and mud that later turned into shale (the lower "Clare Shales") and sandstone (the upper "Millstone Grit"). These layers reached
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#17328593436224030-522: The use of dwellings that did not leave durable traces (wooden buildings or even tents). Some of the extant ráths, cashels or cahers may actually have Iron Age origins. However, few have been excavated and those that have been the subject of research, like Cahercommaun , Caherconnel , Cahermore or Ballyallaban , are thought to be early Medieval or later in origin. The large enigmatic enclosure of Turlough Hill (see Oughtmama ) may be Iron Age or earlier. Definite regional findings from this era are limited to
4095-399: The very end of the Ice Age the glaciers ended for a time at Fanore. At that time, Slieve Elva and Knockauns hill alone rose above the surrounding ice fields. The valleys facing Galway Bay had been widened considerably by glacial action, first when the ice moved south from Connemara and then when meltwater sought a runoff. When the ice finally retreated it also left moraines in valley bottoms and
4160-403: Was a major producer of wool at the time. A Viking arrowhead was found at the ringfort and a Viking hollow-bead necklace (likely dating from 820 to 850 AD) was discovered in nearby Glencurran Cave. Either at the end of the 12th or early in the 13th century, Cistercian monks came to the area and established Sancta Maria de Petra Fertili , now known as Corcomroe Abbey . In the 12th century,
4225-498: Was absent from the fresh root, so it possibly developed during drying and storage of the root. Gentian has had limited use in perfumery, most notably as a glycerine soap (Crabtree & Evelyn) and a perfume (Corday's Possession, 1937). Great yellow gentian ( Gentiana lutea ) is used in herbal medicine for digestive problems, fever, hypertension , muscle spasms , parasitic worms , wounds, cancer, sinusitis, and malaria , although studies have shown minimal efficacy beyond that of
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