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138-502: It has a number of unique elements. It is one of a minority of communities created by autonomous activism in the early phase of the land rights movement . It was neither a former mission , nor a government settlement ( Aboriginal reserve ), but was successfully claimed by Aboriginal Australians who had never been fully dispossessed. Its people have expressly repudiated any municipal establishment, and instead live in about 13 (or up to 16) outstations (homelands) or clan sites, each with

276-402: A minimum wage , remunerated vacations and a remunerated weekly day off . It is not uncommon, however, for employers to hire servants illegally and fail to offer a work contract. Since domestic staff predominantly come from disadvantaged groups with less access to education, they are often vulnerable and uninformed of their rights, especially in rural areas. Nevertheless, domestics employed without

414-432: A uniform , livery or other "domestic workers' clothes" when in their employers' residence. The uniform is usually simple, though aristocratic employers sometimes provided elaborate decorative liveries, especially for use on formal occasions. Female servants wore long, plain, dark-coloured dresses or black skirts with white belts and white blouses , and black shoes, and male servants and butlers would wear something from

552-701: A "major community" (see also below). In 1976 Utopia pastoral lease No. 637 was acquired by the Aboriginal Land Fund Commission. In the 1990s Utopia Station was returned to traditional ownership , and around that time, the Alyawarr people of Ampilatwatja lodged a land claim for their traditional homelands. In 2013, Utopia lent its name to, and was a major focus of, a documentary film by John Pilger named Utopia , highlighting historical and current issues faced by Indigenous communities across Australia. Prior to 1 July 2008, Urapuntja Aboriginal Corporation

690-506: A butler to oversee the servants. Manorialism dates back to the Middle Ages and slowly died out. The British historical drama television series Downton Abbey portrayed these roles. The wealthy in the city would also have domestic workers, but fewer and with less distinctive roles. Domestic workers were mostly considered part of the lower class and some middle class. In modern times, migrant domestic workers have been brought in to

828-612: A day in support of Aboriginal people, and around 2,000 students joined the protest. There were also protests in Newcastle , Brisbane , and Darwin , all under the rallying cry of " Ningla-A-na " ( Arrernte for "hungry land"). The demands of the protesters were, specifically: The moratorium as a tactic was copied from the campaign against the Vietnam War : a weekday protest meant that union supporters would need to convince others in their workplace about why solidarity with Aboriginal people

966-454: A family of which they are not part and away from their own. While working in a dominantly female privatized world can prove disadvantageous for domestic workers, many women have learned how to help one another move upward economically. Women find that informal networks of friends and families are among the most successful and commonly used means of finding and securing jobs. Without the security of legal protection, many women who work without

1104-529: A grouping of five Countries, named after the ancestors who created them, giving them Indigenous place names: Alhalpere, Rreltye, Thelye, Atarrkete and Ingutanka. The Utopia clinic is at Amengernternenh, and it services other small outstations such as Antarrengeny, Ngkwarlerlaner, and Arnkawwenyerr. It is "community-controlled". Aboriginal health workers are employed at some of the outstations. Community facilities in Arlparra, about 17 kilometres (11 mi) south of

1242-550: A lands right issue, with the people claiming rights to the land which was then a cattle station owned by a large British company, Vesteys . The strike lasted for eight years. In 1961, at the Native Welfare Conference, a meeting of federal and state ministers responsible for Aboriginal welfare, agreed on a policy of assimilation . The measures included the removal of discriminatory legislation and restrictive practices, welfare measures, education and training to assist

1380-541: A norm in upper class Philippine society for an uncertain amount of time already, perhaps even connected to or influenced from the household slaves/servants in precolonial times of the Philippines that were divided into aliping namamahay and aliping saguiguilid , as indentured household servants. In modern times, it has been a norm among upper and upper-middle-class families in the Philippines to hire at least one maidservant-caretaker ( katulong / kasambahay/yaya ) to care for

1518-552: A number of domestic workers in Saudi Arabia face a range of abuses. Besides, the organization also interviewed Saudi labor and social affairs official, who acknowledged the issue of domestic worker abuse. The report stated that no accurate figure exists to highlight the total violations of labor rights and other human rights that women migrant domestic workers confront in the Arab nation. The domestic work sector occupies around 6 per cent of

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1656-545: A number of risks that are common in domestic work service. The International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour identified that these risks include: long and tiring working days; use of toxic chemicals; carrying heavy loads; handling dangerous items such as knives, axes and hot pans; insufficient or inadequate food and accommodation, and humiliating or degrading treatment including physical and verbal violence, and sexual abuse. Migrant domestic workers are, according to

1794-576: A practice known as “ pan toting ” or the “service pan”. The service pan augmented wages in almost two-thirds of the employers' households in Athens, Georgia, in 1913. The pan system was used by employers to justify paying a lower wage, and used by domestic workers to counter their employers' dishonesty. Whites also pointed to the practice of pan toting as proof that “a Negro could not help but steal”, thereby reinforcing stereotypes of “black inferiority and dependency” and rationalizing racist paternalism. Due to

1932-702: A procedure that transferred almost 50 per cent of land in the Northern Territory (around 600 000 km2) to collective Aboriginal ownership. Following this, some states introduced their own land rights legislation; however, there were significant limitations on the returned lands, or that available for claim. Paul Coe , in Coe v Commonwealth (1979), attempted (unsuccessfully) to bring a class action on behalf of all "Aborigines" claiming all of Australia. In 1981 South Australian Premier David Tonkin returned 102,650 square kilometres (39,630 sq mi) of land (10.2% of

2070-515: A proper contract can successfully sue their employers and be compensated for abuse committed. It is common in Brazil for domestic staff, including childcare staff, to be required to wear uniforms , while this requirement has fallen out of use in other countries. In the United States , domestic workers are generally excluded from many of the legal protections afforded to other classes of worker, including

2208-603: A relationship that on some levels encourages the liberation of one group of people at the expense of the exploitation of another. Although domestic work has far from begun to fade from society, the demand for it and the people who fill that demand has changed drastically over time. The so-called "servant problem" in such countries as the United Kingdom, the United States and Canada was the problem that middle-class families had with cleaning, cooking, and especially entertaining at

2346-418: A simple suit , or a white dress shirt , often with tie , and knickers . In traditional portrayals, the attire of domestic workers especially was typically more formal and conservative than that of those whom they serve. For example, in films of the early 20th century, a butler might appear in a tailcoat, while male family members and guests appeared in lounge suits or sports jackets and trousers depending on

2484-566: A traditional claim to the place. The land is also differently identified as five Countries, which are reflected in Aboriginal place names, which were created by ancestors: Alhalpere, Rreltye, Thelye, Atarrkete and Ingutanka. Alhalkere, (also known as Alalgura) and Utopia Station. Its local government authority is the Barkly Regional Council , with two elected local authorities, Ampilatwatja and Arlparra . The peak body for representing

2622-494: A uniform at public places. However, it has not explained which punishments will be given to employers violating the law. Chile adopted a similar law in 2014, also banning employers to require domestic workers to wear uniform at public places. More girls under 16 work as domestic workers than any other category of child labor. Usually, in a practice often called "confiage" or entrusting, such as for restaveks in Haiti , parents in

2760-556: A way that recognises the community’s traditional connection to that country". Indigenous land rights relate to the rights and interests in land of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people in Australia, and the term is also used to describe the struggle for those rights. As of 2020 , Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples’ rights and interests in land are formally recognised over around 40 per cent of Australia’s land mass. The recognition of Indigenous rights in land and waters

2898-716: A week for the same person were added to Social Security coverage in 1950, along with nonprofit workers and the self-employed. Hotel workers, laundry workers, all agricultural workers, and state and local government employees were added in 1954. ) This is because the New Dealer politicians were more worried about losing support from the Southern Democrats in Congress who supported segregation rather than refusing coverage for many African Americans. Unlike their white counterparts, African Americans did not form labor unions because they lacked

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3036-434: Is "not subject to schedules or limitations of working day." However, by law, domestic workers are still entitled to ten hours of free time in 24 hours, and an additional six hours off on Sundays. But very often, these minimal employment laws are disregarded, and so are basic civil liberties. In Brazil , domestic workers must be hired under a registered contract and have many of the rights of any other workers, which includes

3174-477: Is 100% Indigenous-owned and -run, and as of December 2023, the manager is Sophie Lunn. 22°15′S 134°40′E  /  22.250°S 134.667°E  / -22.250; 134.667 Indigenous land rights in Australia In Australia , Indigenous land rights or Aboriginal land rights are the rights and interests in land of Aboriginal Australians and Torres Strait Islander people;

3312-503: Is a person who works within a residence and performs a variety of household services for an individual, from providing cleaning and household maintenance, or cooking , laundry and ironing , or care for children and elderly dependents, and other household errands. The term "domestic service" applies to the equivalent occupational category. In traditional English contexts, such a person was said to be "in service". Some domestic workers live within their employer's household. In some cases,

3450-547: Is an airstrip at Ampilatwatja, used mostly for mail and the Royal Flying Doctor Service . There are other stores at Red-Gum Station and Three Bores. The power station at Arlparra generates and provides power to all homelands in the Utopia region, Ampilatwatja community, Ammaroo Station, Irrultja and Atnwengerrpe Homelands. All bores on homelands are electrified, apart from two operated by solar power . A permit

3588-476: Is estimated to be around 1,000 people in total. The population of the small outstations can vary between 20 and 100 people. Today the largest centre is Ampiliwatja (about 350 people), with Irrultja and Arawerr next in size. The 13 family outstations are: Ampilatwatja (pronounced um-bludder-witch ) is located in the heart of Alyawarr country, on the Sandover Highway , and is considered the "cultural heart" of

3726-523: Is fundamental to the process of reconciliation . The colonisation of mainland Australia started in the 1700s, while the Torres Strait Islands were only taken over by the colony of Queensland in the 1870s. The Letters Patent establishing the Province of South Australia of 1836, which were issued during the period of British colonisation of South Australia , included recognition of the rights of

3864-413: Is increased by their invisibility in the public sphere and the repetitive, intangible nature of their work decreases its value, making the workers themselves more dispensable. The level of isolation women face also depends on the type of domestic work they are involved with. Live-in nannies for example may sacrifice much of their own independence and sometimes become increasingly isolated when they live with

4002-433: Is kept entirely for show"; he observes that the presence of these servants in the capital has left the countryside rather empty. A tax-farmer's household consists of 24 servants in livery, besides scullions, kitchen maids and six lady's maids. Some lackeys would adopt the manners of their masters and affect a similar mode of dress. Domestic helpers (DHs, foreign domestic workers, FDWs) from certain other countries, especially

4140-750: Is ongoing, to use the land in a way which benefits the Aboriginal people. Since the 2010s, there has been a growing number of freemen on the land / sovereign citizen groups targeting Indigenous Australians, with groups with names like Tribal Sovereign Parliament of Gondwana Land, the Original Sovereign Tribal Federation (OSTF) and the Original Sovereign Confederation. OSTF Founder Mark McMurtrie, an Aboriginal Australian man, has produced YouTube videos speaking about “common law”, which incorporate Freemen beliefs. Appealing to other Aboriginal people by partly identifying with

4278-451: Is poorly regulated and domestic workers are subject to serious abuses, including slavery . Servant is an older English word for "domestic worker", though not all servants worked inside the home. Domestic service, or the employment of people for wages in their employer's residence, was sometimes simply called "service" and has often been part of a hierarchical system. In Britain , a highly developed system of domestic service peaked towards

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4416-417: Is reinforcing gender inequalities by potentially creating mistress-servant relationships between domestic workers and their employers and continuing to put women in a position of lesser power. Other critics point out that working in a privatized sphere robs domestic workers of the advantages of more socialized work in the public sphere. Additionally, domestic laborers face other disadvantages. Their isolation

4554-707: Is required for all visitors, obtainable via the Central Land Council . The Utopia region is a dry community, and alcohol is strictly prohibited. There is a night patrol operated by the Urapuntja Aboriginal Corporation. The 30-year history of Utopia (until 2011) is a record of self-determination against a background of well-developed communal will and widespread participation. The era of settlement included some profitable relations with white pastoralists and some degree of continuous Indigenous occupation. The community has had some success in mitigating

4692-740: Is the Deed of Grant in Trust (DOGIT). These were established primarily to administer former Aboriginal reserves and missions . They came about through legislation passed by the Queensland Government in 1984. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander local governments hold trusteeship of the DOGITs, and land tenure under this type of tenure is held in collective title, held in trust for future generations. From 1 January 2015, some trustees, namely those classified as "urban" or "future urban") are able to convert parts of

4830-608: Is the housekeeper; Settlement of labor disputes. In Kenya, domestic workers – nearly all female – are known as 'housegirls'. Often from poor villages in neighbouring Uganda , girls are open to exploitation, and there are calls for stronger legal protection. In the Philippines , domestic household workers/helpers such as maidservants ( katulong / kasambahay ), caretakers ( yaya ), family drivers ( drayber / tsuper ), laundrywomen ( labandera / tagalaba ), gardeners ( hardinero ), security guards ( guwardiya / bantay ), pool cleaners have been

4968-700: The Aboriginal Land Act 1991 and the Torres Strait Islander Land Act 1991 provide for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander freehold respectively. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander freehold land occupies 5%, or 59,489 square kilometres (22,969 sq mi) of northern Queensland . A Registered Native Title Body Corporate (RNTBC) can be trustee of this land, who can grant leases of up to 99 years for any purpose. A third type of land tenure , mainly held by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities in remote and regional Queensland,

5106-710: The Aboriginal Lands Trust of South Australia Act 2013 (SA) was passed. The Aboriginal Lands Trust (ALT) of Western Australia was established by the Aboriginal Affairs Planning Authority Act 1972 . This body holds about 24,000,000 hectares (59,000,000 acres), or 10% of the State's land. There are different types of tenures held by different parts of this land, including reserves, leases and freehold property. There are many remote communities on this land, inhabited by about 12,000 people. Land reform

5244-657: The Maralinga Tjarutja Land Rights Act 1984 to return lands to the Pitjantjara people in the remote western area of the state. The legislation was proclaimed in January 1985 and was followed by a ceremony in the desert attended by Maralinga Tjarutja leader Archie Barton , John Bannon and Aboriginal Affairs Minister Greg Crafter . In 1995 the Indigenous Land Corporation (ILC) was established by

5382-545: The Native Title Act 1993 (Cth). Although this is federal legislation and therefore applicable to the whole of Australia , the way in which the processes for native title operate in each state and territory is dependent on the history of the land rights arrangements of the particular state or territory. In some jurisdictions, titles to large areas of traditional lands were granted before the Act commenced. The Native Title Act

5520-828: The Aboriginal peoples of South Australia – the first ever recognition of Aboriginal rights on the continent – but the promise was never kept. During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the movement of Aboriginal peoples in Australia was controlled by colony- and later state-based laws, such as the Aboriginals Protection and Restriction of the Sale of Opium Act 1897 in Queensland . This often meant that they were confined to living on Aboriginal reserves or mission stations , where they had no rights to land ownership. The passing of Aboriginal land rights legislation in Australia in

5658-648: The Australian , state or territory governments. Land rights usually consist of a grant of freehold or perpetual lease title to Indigenous Australians. By contrast, native title arises as a result of the recognition, under Australian common law, of pre-existing Indigenous rights and interests according to traditional laws and customs . Native title is not a grant or right created by governments. Native title in Australia includes rights and interests relating to land and waters held by Indigenous Australians under traditional laws and customs, and recognised in accordance with

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5796-744: The International Labour Organization (ILO) Governing Body agreed to place an item on decent work for domestic workers on the agenda of the 99th Session of the International Labour Conference (2010) with a view to the setting of labour standards. In July 2011, at the annual International Labour Conference, held by the ILO, conference delegates adopted the Convention on Domestic Workers by a vote of 396 to 16, with 63 abstentions. The Convention recognized domestic workers as workers with

5934-558: The International Labour Organization 's Convention No. 189 and the International Organization for Migration , any persons “moving to another country or region to better their material or social conditions and improve the prospect for themselves or their family,” engaged in a work relationship performing “in or for a household or households.” Domestic work itself can cover a "wide range of tasks and services that vary from country to country and that can be different depending on

6072-492: The Jim Crow Laws post-Civil war which denied African Americans of legal equality and political rights. These laws kept many African Americans as a second-class status up until new laws ended segregation in the 1960s. Up until the mid-twentieth century, domestic work was a prominent source of income for many women of different ethnic backgrounds. Many of these women were either African American or immigrants. More specifically,

6210-583: The McMahon Coalition Government's refusal to recognise Aboriginal land rights or native title in Australia , instead offering 50-year general-purpose leases for Aboriginal people which would be conditional upon their "intention and ability to make reasonable economic and social use of land", while reserving for the Crown rights to minerals and forestry . The Black Moratorium refers to protests which took place on 14 July 1972. The Sydney protest

6348-518: The National Native Title Tribunal : "A successful land rights claim usually results in a special grant of freehold title or perpetual lease. A title document for the land is issued. The title is normally held by a community or an organisation, not by individuals. There are usually some restrictions on selling, and dealing with, land that has been granted in a land rights claim. Normally, the land will be passed down to future generations in

6486-596: The Sandover region began in the early 1880s, around the southern Davenport Ranges , the Elkedra and the Bundey Rivers. The settlements did not have access to a good supply of surface water; most were abandoned by 1895 because of drought and conflict with the Aboriginal people in the area. However, the pastoral leases occupied the better-watered land, and continued to expand. Around 1910, freehold title leases were granted by

6624-634: The Supreme Court of the Northern Territory ruled against the Yolngu in Milirrpum v Nabalco Pty Ltd (the "Gove land rights case"), when they sought native title rights over the Gove Peninsula . However, Justice Blackburn did acknowledge the claimants' ritual and economic use of the land and that they had an established system of law "a subtle and highly elaborate" system of laws ( Madayin ). In this way, this

6762-552: The United States , Canada , Hong Kong , Singapore , China , Saudi Arabia , and other countries in the Middle East , etc., hence some maidservants continue living with the same mindset of how domestic worker culture was practiced in the Philippines. This has also, at times, been used as a cause to look down upon overseas Filipino workers (OFWs) in the countries where they can be found. It has sometimes created controversies in other countries such as abuse charges in several countries in

6900-487: The Wayback Machine . Many live underpaid since many are informally hired or salaries are not declared truthfully to government offices or have an agreement instead to pay through other means, such as paying for their education, pension, or to send money back to their families. This practice was eventually exported to neighboring countries and all other countries that overseas Filipino workers (OFWs) have worked in, such as

7038-509: The Whitlam government introduced an Aboriginal Land Rights Bill to Parliament; however, this lapsed upon the dismissal of the government in 1975. The succeeding conservative government, led by Malcolm Fraser , reintroduced a Bill, though not of the same content, and it was signed by the Governor-General of Australia on 16 December 1976. The Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1976 established

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7176-501: The colony of Queensland in the 1870s. As of 2020 , Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples’ rights and interests in land are formally recognised over around 40 per cent of Australia’s land mass, and sea rights have also been asserted in various native title cases . According to the Attorney-General's Department : There are fundamental differences between land rights and native title. Land rights are rights created by

7314-461: The federal government in order to establish cattle stations on Alyawarr land, aiming to bring white settlers and development to this part of the continent. Traditional owners lost rights to culturally significant sites as well as to their traditional hunting areas. Early pastoralists named Utopia in the 1920s, as a utopia in which they could catch rabbits by hand because there were so many of them. The land which later became Utopia Station

7452-498: The telegraph station to the south at Barrow Creek was constructed and inhabited, conflict between the local Kaytetye people and Europeans occurred. Punitive expeditions caused many Kaytetye, Warumungu , Anmatjerre, and Alyawarre and Warlpiri people to be killed. This conflict was part of the Australian frontier wars in Central Australia, which caused the displacement of many Aboriginal people. Alyawarra people displaced by

7590-574: The Aboriginal Lands Trust of SA under the Act. The Trust was governed by a Board composed solely of Aboriginal people. In the 1970s, Indigenous Australians became more politically active, and a powerful movement for the recognition of Indigenous land rights emerged. Also during this decade, the federal government started buying privately-owned land in order to benefit Indigenous communities, and also to create Crown land which would be available for claim. In 1971, Justice Richard Blackburn of

7728-531: The Black population. It also had a heavy police presence. In the wake of Milirrpum , the Aboriginal Land Rights Commission (also known as the "Woodward Royal Commission") was established in the Northern Territory in 1973. This Royal Commission , chaired by Justice Woodward , made a number of recommendations in favour of recognising Aboriginal Land Rights. Taking up many of these recommendations,

7866-525: The Civil Rights Movement went fairly undocumented. Despite their low-status career in the United States, they were beneficial for the betterment of society and the status of the African American race. It has been noted that the southern African American women were the backbone of the Civil Rights Movement. Since many white households relied on the African American domestic workers for housework,

8004-572: The Federal Government to assist Aboriginal Australians to acquire land and manage Aboriginal held land sustainably and in a manner that provides cultural, social, economic and environmental benefits for themselves and future generations. In February 2019, the ILC became the Indigenous Land and Sea Corporation (ILSC), in recognition of its operations on water. The ILSC is funded by an annual payment from

8142-610: The Great Depression which caused a decrease in their wages and an intolerable 18 hour workday. Also, agricultural workers and the African American women working as domestic workers at this time were explicitly excluded from Social Security and the Fair Labor Standards Act in the New Deal legislation; domestic workers of all races were excluded from Social Security until 1950. (Household employees working at least two days

8280-413: The Great Depression, many domestic workers lost their jobs. This is because many white families lost their source of income and were not able to pay domestic workers to work in their home. At this time, many domestic workers relied on asking strangers on the street for housework such as cleaning. They house jumped, looking for any job that they could get. The domestic workforce was significantly impacted by

8418-529: The Irish and the Germans utilized working in middle-class homes to their advantage. Working in the middle-class homes served to Americanize, allowing the workers to identify more with their employers than women of their own class and instilled an aspiration to become middle-class status. Nearly ninety percent of African American women worked as domestic workers during the Civil Rights Movement era. Their participation in

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8556-541: The Middle East or like the case of Flor Contemplacion , who was executed in Singapore for murder allegations. There have also been documentaries or rom-com movies made in the Philippines about the plight or life of domestic workers, particularly maidservant-caretakers ( katulong / kasambahay / yaya ). The Central Luzon Regional Tripartite Wages and Productivity Board approved Wage Order RBH-DW-O4 on March 4, 2024, "increasing

8694-510: The National Domestic Workers Alliance and affiliated groups found that nearly a quarter of nannies, caregivers, and home health workers make less than the minimum wage in the states in which they work, and nearly half – 48 percent – are paid less than needed to adequately support a family. Many of these workers are subjected to abuse, sexual harassment, and social inequality. However, because domestic workers work in

8832-597: The Philippines and Indonesia, work in Hong Kong on specific visas that exempt employers from many obligations received by other workers, and receive a lower minimum salary. Approximately five percent of Hong Kong's population are FDWs, about 98.5% of them are women, performing household tasks such as cooking, serving, cleaning, dishwashing and child care. During the COVID-19 epidemic, all foreign domestic workers in Hong Kong have to be vaccinated before their contracts can be renewed,

8970-549: The South signed labor contracts with their former white slave owners because that was the only work experience they had. With limited skills and illiteracy, many men turned to become sharecroppers , whereas the majority of women participated in domestic work. Not only were they not qualified for other jobs, but they were denied other jobs and segregated from American society purely based on the color of their skin. The South wanted to keep segregation alive and hence passed legislation such as

9108-595: The Tent Embassy against attempts by police to shut it down, and union funding helped keep the embassy running. The Moratorium showed that non-Indigenous workers could be strong allies in the struggle for Indigenous rights. Bruce McGuinness published an article in the November issue of Aboriginal and Islander Identity magazine about the march in Melbourne , which was attended by about 2000 people, including an estimated 16% of

9246-406: The UK to fill the demand for low-cost workers. Human rights groups have added that they are often subject to abuse. In the United States, slavery legally ended in 1865, however, the Freedmen's Bureau informed the former slaves now classified as freedmen and women that they could either sign labor contracts with white planters or be evicted from the land that they had lived on. Most freedmen in

9384-412: The United States. America's domestic home help workers, most of them female members of minority groups, earn low wages and often receive no retirement or health benefits because of the lack of basic labor protections. Domestic workers are also excluded from vacation time, sick time, and overtime, and only thirteen percent of domestic workers get health insurance provided by their employers . A report from

9522-441: The Utopia Art Centre, established in 2020. It is located at Urapuntja and represents Alyawarr artists. where local artists Jennifer Purvis Kngwarreye (granddaughter of Emily Kame Kngwarreye , and an elder of the community) work. Jennifer's work (among others from the art centre) was exhibited at the Araluen Arts Centre in Alice Springs as part of the 30th annual Desert Mob exhibition in 2021, and bought by Artbank . The centre

9660-407: The age, gender, ethnic background and migration status of the workers concerned." These particular workers have been identified by some academics as situated within "the rapid growth of paid domestic labor, the feminization of transnational migration, and the development of new public spheres.” As women currently dominate the domestic labor market throughout the world, they have learned to navigate

9798-657: The ageing population. As of 2019, MOM require that employers of FDWs must purchase them medical insurance with a minimum coverage of S$ 15,000 per year. According to a 2008 report by Human Rights Watch (HRW), the Saudi Ministry of Labor provided official figures of 1.2 million household workers in Saudi Arabia including domestic workers, drivers, and gardeners. The report stated that the Gulf country employed nearly 1.5 million women domestic workers from Indonesia , Sri Lanka and Philippines . Domestic workers estimated approximately 600,000 from Indonesia, 275,000 from Sri Lanka and 200,000 from Philippines. However, HRW reported that

9936-511: The basis upon which Aboriginal people in the Northern Territory could claim rights to land based on traditional occupation. The statute, the first of the Aboriginal land rights acts , was significant in that it allowed a claim of title if claimants could provide evidence of their traditional association with land. Four Land Councils were established in the Northern Territory under this law. The Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1976 established

10074-480: The biggest community in Utopia. During the Outstation movement of the 1970s and 1980s, many Aboriginal people created and moved to tiny communities known as outstations or homelands, as a move towards autonomy and self-sufficiency. There are 16 outstations in Utopia, 13 of these being small family outstations, two (Irrultja and Arawerr) classed as "minor communities" and Ampiliwatja, with a population of 350, classed as

10212-436: The childcare industry, men make up only about 3–6% of all workers. Additionally, in the child care industry men are more likely to fill roles that are not domestic in nature but administrative such as a managerial role in a daycare center. While the domestic work industry was once believed to be an industry that belonged to a past type of society and did not belong in a modern world, trends are showing that although elements of

10350-402: The claim on 20 November 1978. Five clans (one Anmatyerre and four Alyawarre) became legal owners of the station. Alyawarr people took up work as drovers and fencers on Ammaroo Station the 1960s and 1970s, and in 1976 they were granted a small plot at what was known as Honeymoon Bore, about 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) from the station, by the government; this later developed into Ampilatwatja ,

10488-525: The clinic, include a general store (with limited supplies of fresh food), sports centre, police station (built during The Intervention in 2007 and manned by two officers), the main school and a campus of the Batchelor Institute , a tertiary education facility, and an aged care facility. Three other schools are based at Soapy Bore homeland, Apungalindum homeland and "the Health Clinic homeland. There

10626-632: The clinical disorders associated with transition to sedentary life, and minimising the advent of destructive behaviours and intoxicants. In addition, they have maintained a strong commitment to traditional practices and customs, which support identity in the face of coercive change. Sanitation issues such as the lack of rubbish collection and poor hygiene are significant obstacles to greater well-being. A series of population health surveys carried out between 1986 and 2004 showed that Utopia people were significantly healthier than comparable groups, particularly their rates of mortality . This has been attributed to

10764-682: The close of the Victorian era (a period known in the United States as the Gilded Age and in France as the Belle Époque ), perhaps reaching its most complicated and rigidly structured state during the Edwardian period which reflected the limited social mobility before World War I . In 2015, the International Labour Organization (ILO), based on national surveys or censuses of 232 countries and territories, estimated

10902-426: The close supervision exercised by mistresses over their servants (including the rule "no followers", "followers" being any men whom the servant might wish to meet when she was not working) was a great disadvantage. This policy was justified by the low esteem in which servants were held; therefore men they associated with were likely to include some with criminal tendencies. The servant and writer Margaret Powell expressed

11040-518: The collective title to either Aboriginal freehold or Torres Strait Islander freehold title. Mer (Murray) Island (the subject of the Mabo No.1 (1988) and No.2 (1992) cases) is Torres Strait Islander freehold and Aurukun is Aboriginal freehold land. In the 2013 Review of the Aboriginal Lands Trust Act 1966 , the powers of the Trust were reviewed and changed to modernise the Trust and

11178-541: The concept of assimilation, with its paternalistic attitude. The Aboriginal Lands Trust Act 1966 (SA) established the South Australian Aboriginal Lands Trust (ALT). This was the first major recognition of Aboriginal land rights by any Australian government, and predated the 1967 Referendum . It allowed for parcels of Aboriginal land previously held by the SA Government, to be handed to

11316-490: The contemporary world. In the course of twentieth-century movements for labour rights , women's rights and immigrant rights, the conditions faced by domestic workers and the problems specific to their class of employment have come to the fore. In 2011, the International Labour Organization adopted the Convention Concerning Decent Work for Domestic Workers . Previously, at its 301st Session (March 2008),

11454-427: The contribution and skill of servants whose work encompassed complex management tasks in large households have been highly valued. However, for the most part, domestic work tends to be demanding and is commonly considered to be undervalued, despite often being necessary. Although legislation protecting domestic workers is in place in many countries, it is often not extensively enforced. In many jurisdictions, domestic work

11592-454: The country, with many local artists living in this region. The Community Art Centre was established in 1999. The people of this area have close ties to the people who live at Alpurrurulam (Lake Nash). Alhalkere, also known as Alalgura and formerly Utopia Station, lies adjacent to Utopia (and sometimes included in Utopia), and is the birthplace of Emily Kame Kngwarreye. Utopia is also described as

11730-429: The demand for outside domestic work if men and women were providing equal levels of effort in domestic work and child-rearing within their own home. The demand for domestic workers has also become primarily fulfilled by migrant domestic workers from other countries who flock to wealthier nations to fulfill the demand for help at home. This trend of domestic workers flowing from poorer nations to richer nations creates

11868-510: The desire of the Singapore government to employ local women in the workforce. Starting with the Foreign Maid Scheme in 1978, Malaysia (with whom there were special immigration arrangements), Bangladesh, Burma, India, Indonesia, the Philippines, Sri Lanka and Thailand were recruiting grounds for domestic workers. Nearly 20% of Singapore household has a domestic worker which has been attributed to rising wealth, parents who both work as well as

12006-592: The domestic labor market can prove to be difficult for immigrant women. Many subcontract their services to more established women workers, creating an important apprenticeship type of learning experience that can produce better, more independent opportunities in the future. Women who work as domestic workers also gain some employment mobility. Once established they have the option of accepting jobs from multiple employers increasing their income and their experience and most importantly their ability to negotiate prices with their employers. In 19th- and early 20th-century England

12144-448: The domestic work industry have been changing the industry itself has shown no signs of fading away, but only signs of transformation. There are several specific causes that are credited to continuing the cycle of the demand for domestic work. One of these causes is that with more women taking up full-time jobs, a dually employed household with children places a heavy burden on parents. It is argued however that this burden would not result in

12282-447: The domestic work industry is advantageous for women in that it provides them a sector that they have substantial access to, it can also prove to be disadvantageous by reinforcing gender inequality through the idea that domestic work is an industry that should be dominated by women. Within the domestic work industry, the much smaller proportion of jobs that is occupied by men are not the same jobs that are typically occupied by women. Within

12420-854: The dominating styles being "gestural abstractionism ", such as the work of Emily Kame Kngwarreye , and the fine stippling techniques, as seen in the work of the Ngal sisters and Kathleen Petyarre . Utopia's Aboriginal artists have been remarkably successful, and continue to produce distinctive works that are collected by people in Australia and all over the world. Notable artists from Utopia include Emily Kame Kngwarreye; Angelina Pwerle ; seven sisters including Gloria Petyarre , Kathleen Petyarre , Nancy Petyarre and Jeanna Petyarre , and their extended family members Elizabeth Kunoth Kngwarray (Kngwarreye) and others; Polly and Kathleen Ngal; Ruby, Lucky, Sarah and Hazel Morton; and many others. The Community Art Centre at Ampilatwatja, now known as Artists of Ampilatwatja ,

12558-533: The government announced as it ordered them to undergo mandatory COVID-19 testing on 9 May 2021. On December 14, the Government of Viet Nam issued Decree No. 145/2020 / ND-CP about the Labor Code regarding working conditions and labor relations. Including detailed provisions and guidance for the implementation of Clause 2, Article 161 of the Labor Code regarding domestic worker labor. This Decree details and guides

12696-400: The home, their struggles are hidden in the home and out of the public spotlight. Nowadays with an increase of power, the domestic workers' community has formed many organizations, such as the National Domestic Workers Alliance, Domestic Workers United, and The South African Domestic Service and Allied Workers Union. The domestic work industry is dominated throughout the world by women. While

12834-400: The household and children. Most, particularly maidservant-caretakers ( katulong / kasambahay/yaya ), live together in the house of their master's family with usually only a day off per month. This practice has eventually influenced the architecture of some houses or apartment condos where it has become a norm to section a room where domestic maidservants sleep as their personal room, usually near

12972-483: The implementation of a number of contents on labor conditions and labor relations in accordance with the following articles and clauses of the Labor Code: Labor management; Labor contract; Labor outsourcing; Organize dialogue and implement grassroots democracy at work; Salary; Working time, rest time; Labor discipline, material responsibility; Insurance for the domestic worker; Female labor and gender equality; Labor

13110-479: The investment returns of the Australian Government's Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Land Account. The Aboriginal Land Rights (Northern Territory) Act 1976 (see above) provides the basis upon which Aboriginal Australian people in the Northern Territory can claim rights to land based on traditional occupation. The freehold land cannot be sold or transferred, but it can be leased. In Queensland,

13248-421: The involvement of Aboriginal people in the economy, and the education of non-Indigenous Australians about Aboriginal culture and history . It brought about a more widespread awareness by non-Indigenous people to social justice for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. South Australian Premier Sir Thomas Playford argued for integration rather than assimilation of Aboriginal people, and others questioned

13386-476: The kitchen or laundry area. Some wealthy families also section off an area or house where all the maidservants sleep or a part of the kitchen where they eat separate from the master's table. There are also employment agencies and special government laws regarding the regulation of domestic worker employment, such as the "Domestic Workers Act" or "Batas Kasambahay" in Republic Act No 10361 Archived 2019-12-07 at

13524-523: The land around Ampilatwatja was taken up by John "Nugget" Morton, who was connected to the 1928 Coniston Massacre , and he created Ammaroo Station . By 1947, the entire land through the Sandover subdivision had been occupied. Relations between the Aboriginal people and cattlemen appear to have been problematic north of Utopia in Alyawarra/Anmatjirra/Kaititja country, but more cooperative in

13662-402: The land rights movement, McMurtrie played on their feelings of alienation and lack of trust in the systems which had not served Indigenous people well. Proponents of the original ideas are often related to far-right movements , whose core beliefs may be broadly defined as "see[ing] the state as a corporation with no authority over free citizens". Domestic servant A domestic worker

13800-475: The large gap between urban and rural incomes, and the lack of employment opportunities in the countryside, even an ordinary middle class urban family can afford to employ a full-time live-in servant. The majority of domestic workers in China , Mexico , India , and other populous developing countries, are people from the rural areas who are employed by urban families. Employers may require their domestic workers to wear

13938-440: The late 20th century was preceded by a number of important Aboriginal protests. The modern land rights movement started with the 1963 Yolngu Bark Petition , when Yolngu people from the remote settlement of Yirrkala , in north-east Arnhem Land , petitioned the federal government to have their land and rights given back. The 1966 Wave Hill Walk-Off , or Gurundji Strike, started with a protest about working conditions, but grew into

14076-518: The level that was socially expected. It was too much work for any one person to do herself, but middle-class families, unlike wealthy families, could not afford to pay the wages necessary to attract and retain skilled household employees. The United Kingdom's Master and Servant Act 1823 was the first of its kind; the terms referred generally to employers and employees. The Act influenced the creation of domestic service laws in other nations, although legislation tended to favour employers. However, before

14214-454: The life of residents, and alert Council to new issues in the community. The two local authorities in Utopia are Arlparra and Ampilatwatja. In the 2016 Australian census , the population of the Utopia - Arawerr - Arlparra Indigenous location was 401, all Aboriginal, 85% of whom identified as Alyawarr. Only 4% of households only spoke English at home. However the population can vary enormously, depending on seasonal, social and cultural events, and

14352-468: The lowest status, and reports that most child domestic workers are live-in workers and are under the round-the-clock control of their employers. Child domestic work is common in countries such as Bangladesh and Pakistan. In Pakistan, since January 2010 to December 2013, 52 cases of tortures on child domestic workers are reported including 24 deaths. It has been estimated that globally, at least 10 million children work in domestic labor jobs. Children face

14490-629: The monthly wage rate of kasambahay by P1,000 in chartered cities and first class municipalities, and P1,500 in other municipalities, effectively bring the monthly minimum wage in the region to P6,000." The National Wages and Productivity Commission affirmed the Order on March 12, 2024, and will take effect on April 1, 2024. Data from Singapore's Ministry of Manpower (MOM), showed that in June 2019 there were some 255,800 Foreign Domestic Workers (FDW) in Singapore. The demand for Foreign Domestic Workers came about from

14628-424: The more active "outstation way of life" and the consumption of traditional foods . Community living, cultural factors and the primary health care facility were also important factors. In 2014, the borehole supplying water to the community of Utopia was broken during maintenance by Barkly Regional Council, and delivery of water via truck was irregular and insufficient, leading to the spread of disease. While there

14766-436: The neighbouring Central Desert Regional Council has responsibility for road maintenance , and Urapuntja has responsibility for administering mail and Centrelink . This arrangement has led to some confusion on occasion. The council ward covering Utopia is Alyawarr. There are also two local authorities, which serve to advise the council on service delivery plans, give advice on Council community and social projects to improve

14904-537: The number of domestic workers at 67.1 million, but the ILO itself states that "experts say that due to the fact that this kind of work is often hidden and unregistered, the total number of domestic workers could be as high as 100 million". The ILO also states that 83% of domestic workers are women and many are migrant workers. In Guatemala , it is estimated that 11.8% percent of all women working in 2020 were employed as domestic workers. They hardly have any legal protection. According to Guatemalan labor law, domestic work

15042-418: The occasion. In later portrayals, the employer and guests might wear casual slacks or even jeans, while a male domestic worker wore a jacket and tie or a white dress shirt with black trousers, necktie or bowtie, maybe even a waistcoat, or a female domestic worker either a blouse and skirt (or trousers) or a uniform. On 30 March 2009, Peru adopted a law banning employers from requiring domestic workers to wear

15180-418: The passing of such Acts servants, and workers in general, had no protection in law. The only real advantage that domestic service provided was the provision of meals, accommodation, and sometimes clothes, in addition to a modest wage. Service was normally an apprentice system with room for advancement through the ranks. The conditions faced by domestic workers have varied considerably throughout history and in

15318-676: The post-civil war South had a high concentration of African Americans working as domestic workers. At the turn of the nineteenth century, there was also a high concentration of African Americans working as domestic workers in the North. Many African American women migrated to the North for better work opportunities and higher wages compared to their employment options in the South. The African American women who worked as domestic workers were generally treated as poor, childlike beings that were seen as victims of their own ignorance of living in communities of crime and other societal infringements. However, despite

15456-654: The provisions of the National Labor Relations Act . However, in recent years, advocacy groups like the National Domestic Workers' Alliance have succeeded in passing a Domestic Worker's Bill of Rights in New York, Hawaii, California, and Illinois. Traditionally domestic workers have mostly been women and are likely to be immigrants. Currently, there are 1.8 million domestic workers, and tens of thousands of people are believed to be in forced labor in

15594-493: The renewed ownership of land to Indigenous Australians under various conditions. Land rights schemes are in place in the Northern Territory , Queensland (including the Torres Strait Islands), New South Wales , South Australia , Victoria and Tasmania . The land titles may recognise traditional interest in the land and protect those interests by giving Aboriginal people legal ownership of that land. Also, according to

15732-435: The requisite identity or citizenship papers are vulnerable to abuse. Some have to perform tasks considered degrading showing a manifestation of employer power over worker powerlessness. Employing domestic work from foreign countries can perpetuate the idea that domestic or service work is reserved for other social or racial groups and plays into the stereotype that it is work for inferior groups of people. Gaining employment in

15870-771: The residents is the Urapuntja Aboriginal Corporation . A permit is required for all visitors, obtainable via the Central Land Council . The health of the inhabitants is generally better than the average Indigenous Australians' health . Utopia is known for its artists, such as Emily Kame Kngwarreye and the Petyarre sisters, and there is a community art centre at Ampilatwatja. By 1872 the Overland Telegraph Line between Darwin and Alice Springs had been completed, which gave access to Europeans through many traditional lands . Pastoralism grew little by little. As

16008-452: The resources, consciousness, and the access to networks used for union recruiting. On top of that, the domestic workers would not typically have earned enough money to be able to afford being a part of a union. Even if the African American domestic workers wanted to advance in society, it was nearly impossible because the racial structures in the United States rarely allowed them class mobility. However, domestic workers that were white such as

16146-438: The rural poverty make an agreement with someone in the cities who would house and send their child to school in return for domestic work. Such children are very vulnerable to exploitation: often they are not allowed to take breaks or are required to work long hours; many suffer from a lack of access to education, which can contribute to social isolation and a lack of future opportunity. UNICEF considers domestic work to be among

16284-617: The same rights as other workers. On 26 April 2012, Uruguay was the first country to ratify the convention. Many domestic workers are live-in domestics. Though they often have their own quarters, their accommodations are not usually as comfortable as those reserved for the family members. In some cases, they sleep in the kitchen or small rooms, such as a box room , sometimes located in the basement or attic. Domestic workers may live in their own home, though more often they are "live-in" domestics, meaning that they receive their room and board as part of their salaries. In some countries, because of

16422-642: The south: Utopia, MacDonald Downs, Mt Swan, and Bundey River. The Chalmers family, who had owned the adjacent MacDonald Downs station since 1923, acquired the lease in 1965. They sold the lease of Utopia as a going concern to the Aboriginal Land Fund, before it was handed back to the Anmatyerr and Alyawarr people as Aboriginal freehold land in 1979–1980 under the Aboriginal Land Rights (Northern Territory) Act 1976 . The Central Land Council had lodged

16560-664: The state's land area) to the Pitjantjara / Yankunytjatjara people, as the APY lands . The land rights legislation was introduced by Premier Don Dunstan in November 1978, several months prior to his resignation from Parliament. An amended bill, following extensive consultation, was passed by the Tonkin Liberal Government, as the Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Land Rights Act 1981 . In 1984 Premier John Bannon 's Labor Government passed

16698-440: The stereotypes labeled upon domestic workers, these women still settled for these positions because the only occupations that were open to African American women before World War I were domestic services. It was necessary they worked along with their husbands in order to keep their families financially supported. Frequently underpaid, African American servants commonly took food scraps and discarded clothing from their employers in

16836-401: The system of domestic work both in their own countries and abroad in order to maximize the benefits of entering the domestic labor market. Among the disadvantages of working as a domestic worker is the fact that women working in this sector are working in an area often regarded as a private sphere . Feminist critics of women working in the domestic sphere argue that this woman-dominated market

16974-549: The term may also include the struggle for those rights. Connection to the land and waters is vital in Australian Aboriginal culture and to that of Torres Strait Islander people, and there has been a long battle to gain legal and moral recognition of ownership of the lands and waters occupied by the many peoples prior to colonisation of Australia starting in 1788, and the annexation of the Torres Strait Islands by

17112-468: The total work force in South Africa, with domestic workers being largely Black African women. As in other countries, working conditions in the sector are generally characterised by informality and exploitation. In 2013, South Africa ratified ILO C189 Convention on Domestic Workers , recognising domestic work as work and formalising it through labour contracts, wages, social protection, health and safety in

17250-576: The view that "follower" was a degrading term; the only way the two could meet was by the servant getting out to the road with an excuse such as needing to post a letter. Domestic helpers in Canada, mainly from the Philippines, work in Canada, including under the Live-In Caregiver program. In his Tableau de Paris , Louis-Sébastien Mercier describes the characteristics of the manservants (lackeys) of pre-revolutionary Paris. "An army of useless servants

17388-647: The violence during European dispossession fled in significant numbers across Wakaya country to Soudan and stations on the Barkly Tableland , later moving to Lake Nash and to refuges in the east in Kaytete lands and beyond. The first European in the Ampilatwatja region was surveyor Charles Winnecke , who travelled through in 1877 and whose expedition needed help from the Anmatjerre to find water. European occupation of

17526-652: The work of Josie Kunoth Petyarr, Dinni Kunoth Kemarr and Trudy Raggett Kemarr. Batik was introduced in 1977 and proved to be a very popular medium among the artists. In 1987, Rodney Gooch from the Central Australian Aboriginal Media Association (CAAMA) took over the Utopia Batik Group and encouraged the women to depict their stories and country on batik. This project culminated in the exhibition Utopia: A Picture Story , in which 88 artists contributing (all women, except for two and which

17664-484: The workers were able to have a direct impact on the white race when rebelling for their civil rights. The African American domestic workers boycotted buses and tried to register to vote, and many were denied and imprisoned. However, the domestic workers utilized imprisonment to educate other African American women on the Civil Rights Movement and what to do to contribute. Additionally, the domestic workers frequently rebelled in an informal manner, such as resisting to live in

17802-417: The workplace, and rights to organising as well as social dialogue. However, significant challenges remain with implementation. Furthermore, the minimum wage of domestic workers is set to 75 per cent of the national minimum wage. The United Kingdom English country houses and great houses employed many live-in domestic workers with distinctive roles and chain of command. The lord of the manor would hire

17940-461: Was an important issue for their movement. Striking would both disrupt the economy and show strong conviction and understanding of the struggle, and the discussion put Black rights into workplaces, staff rooms and classrooms. It was later assessed as one of the most successful and historically significant protests for Aboriginal rights in Australia until this time. Its legacy included the establishments of networks which led to thousands of people defending

18078-474: Was dispute by authorities about the extent of the water shortage the Northern Territory government eventually agreed to fund the bore repairs, and money raised by a crowdfunding campaign was transferred to the Urapuntja Health Service. Body painting and sand paintings have always been important aspects of ceremony , and there has been a tradition of woodcarving which still continues, such as in

18216-435: Was established in 1999, and most artists based there paint landscapes and "Arreth" themes, which means paying homage to their traditional bush medicine , rather than Dreaming stories. The style is distinctive and different from most other Aboriginal artists, marked by their application of fine dots, and "often bright and child-like figurative depiction of the land". There is also another, more recently established art centre,

18354-500: Was first leased in 1928, but Aboriginal culture remained strong in this region. Many Aboriginal people worked on Utopia and other nearby stations, with men employed as stockmen and women as domestic servants . The name is said to have originated with German settlers, brothers Trot and Sonny Kunoth, who acquired the pastoral lease in the 1930s, but others have suggested that it could be a corruption of Uturupa , meaning "big sandhill ", referring to an area northwest of Utopia. In 1940,

18492-415: Was in the form of marches from Redfern , Sydney University and other points, to Sydney Town Hall , attended by around 6,000 protesters, who included Aboriginal people, students and trade unionists. Gary Foley printed a pamphlet at Sydney University ahead of the protest. Unionists from several trades, including builders' labourers, ship painters, dockers and teachers, had voted to go on strike for half

18630-587: Was passed following the High Court of Australia decision of Mabo v Queensland (No. 2) , which recognised for the first time that Indigenous people had rights to land sourced from their continuing connection to it and that these rights are recognised under Australian common law. Where these rights had not been extinguished through contradictory Crown grants, native titles continued to exist and could exist alongside certain title, such as crown leases. Different types of land rights laws exist in Australia, allowing for

18768-590: Was shown in Adelaide , Sydney , Perth and Melbourne and then travelled to Ireland, Germany, Paris and Bangkok . In 1989, artworks on silk by women artists from Utopia were exhibited in the very first exhibition in the Tandanya National Aboriginal Cultural Institute in Adelaide, entitled Utopia — A Picture Story . The artists continued to experiment with many media and styles, with

18906-587: Was the local government authority responsible for service delivery to the people who live on the Angarapa and Alyawarra Land Trusts. On this date, there was an amalgamation of councils into a new shire framework, but the Corporation remains the peak representative body for residents. As of 2017 provision of services to Utopia is split between several bodies: Barkly Regional Council ("Shire" until 2014) has responsibility for aged care and night patrol services, while

19044-422: Was the first significant legal case for Aboriginal land rights in Australia. The Aboriginal Tent Embassy was set up on the front lawns of Old Parliament House, Canberra on 26 January ( Australia Day ) 1972, by four Aboriginal activists, Michael Anderson , Billy Craigie, Tony Coorey and Bertie Williams (later Kevin "Bert" Johnson, as protest for Indigenous land rights. The embassy was established in response to

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