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86-569: Los Urabeños is one of the most powerful criminal organizations in Colombia. The crime syndicate recruits its members mainly from former right-wing paramilitaries and is said to have around 6,000 men under arms. In addition to drug trafficking, the Gulf clan is also involved in illegal mining and racketeering and is responsible for numerous murders and expulsions. It is based in the Urabá region of Antioquia , and

172-522: A $ 1,000 reward for each police officer killed in Antioquia, a public relations strategy best associated with kingpin Pablo Escobar. His brother Dario Antonio Úsuga David alias "Otoniel", afterward succeeded him as head of the cartel. On October 23, 2021, Otoniel was apprehended by Colombian military forces. They take their name from Jorge Eliécer Gaitán , a former Colombian activist leader. According to

258-629: A November 2021 InsightCrime report, the Clan reportedly has a strong presence in the Colombian departments of Antioquia , Córdoba and Sucre , a moderate presence in the departments of Cauca , Valle del Cauca , Chocó , Nariño , Bolívar , Atlántico , Magdalena , Norte de Santander and a low or minimal presence in the departments of Cesar , Santander , Boyacá , La Guajira , Risaralda , Casanare , Meta and Vichada . The Gulf Clan rely on at least 1,200 members in their top level of command. Their base

344-514: A bounty of up to 580 million pesos for his capture. On April 25, 2020, cartel leader Gustavo Adolfo Álvarez Téllez, who was one of Colombia's most wanted drug lords and also had a bounty of up to 580 million pesos for his capture, was arrested at his lavish estate in Cereté while holding a party under quarantine during the COVID-19 pandemic . Álvarez was described as the "brain" of the cartel, and by this point

430-451: A brother of Otenial and was reported to have taken over the cartel's financial operations following the arrest of their sister Nini Johana in December 2013. Two other brothers of Otoniel, Angel Eusebio and Fernando Umbeiro Úsuga, were arrested in 2018 as well. Cuarentano was also revealed to have been in charge of the cartel's trafficking routes and oversaw Chiquito Malo's trafficking as well. It

516-579: A cell of the cartel's Self-Defense Forces of Colombia, in Cartagena. Among those arrested included regional Clan del Golfo leader Edwin Enrique Caballero Santander, known under the alias of El Brother . At this time, it was also revealed that military operations which had been carried out in the Colombian regions of Antioquia, Atlántico, Córdoba and Sucre had significantly diminished the influence of

602-512: A crisis because this is used for drinking and farmland. There are many different ways that illegal mining destructs ecosystems. Illegal gold mining operations used heavy metals such as mercury and cyanide to extract gold from waste material. The mercury and cyanide leach into the natural environment causing pollution.  Illegal miners often dump excess mercury into the nearby waterways for disposal.  Water pollution affects surrounding communities, aquatic ecosystems and land ecosystems due to

688-399: A number of operations to capture Guerrero. In December 2010, as the police received information about his presence in the area of Mapiripán, Meta, to celebrate Christmas they launched a strong operation that captured various close members of his group. It has been suggested that Carranza had been offering rewards for information about Guerrero's whereabouts. Guerrero managed to escape through

774-715: A pamphlet entitled "Pistol Plan against the Patriotic Union " in which it threatened members of this political party or NGOs with death. On September 1, 2017, the second-in-command of the Gulf Clan (alias Gavilán ) was killed during a shootout with police. Inglaterra, who was the group's fifth in command, was injured during this shootout as well and later died in November 2017. The three remaining leaders remained free (alias Otoniel, Carlos Moreno, alias Nicolás and Aristides Meza, alias El Indio). However, Meza, who served as third-in-command,

860-634: A police raid on a ranch in the Chocó department. Three Clan del Golfo members with him were injured and arrested during the shootout with the police as well. In a surprising display of strength, the Gulf Clan organized a series of coordinated strikes protesting his deaths in northern Antioquia, handing out fliers which referred to the group's former name, the Gaitanista Self-Defense Forces. The Gulf Clan also signaled their intention to respond aggressively to their leader's death when they publicly offered

946-503: A task force that was created to remove all illegal mining operations due to the environmental problems it has caused. The environmental and water quality deterioration caused the President of Ghana to make a press release to explain the urgency and need for public support to aid in fixing the problem. Illegal mining operations in Ghana have contributed to the reduction of poverty. Illegal mining

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1032-404: Is a well-documented phenomenon in sub-Saharan Africa . While legalization opportunities for artisanal and small scale mining are often available, inefficient government bureaucracy structures can make noncompliance more appealing for workers. In addition, in an effort to attract foreign investment, many governments in sub-Saharan Africa have loosened national mining investment codes. An expansion of

1118-651: Is an employment option for men and women with no education and it is an easy way to make quick money. The government is offering alternative sources of income in the agricultural field. Illegal miners will continue to make money once their mine is shut down or change jobs to work an agricultural job that is much safer and legal. Pedro Oliverio Guerrero Pedro Oliveiro Guerrero Castillo (February 28, 1970 in San Martín, Meta , – December 24, 2010 in Mapiripán , Meta ), also known as Cuchillo (The Knife), and as Didier ,

1204-485: Is considered the most powerful criminal organization in Colombia, having some 3,000 members in the inner circle of the organization in 2016 with its current numbers unknown. Its rivals include the National Liberation Army . The Gulf Clan has recruited accomplices at the highest level of the military hierarchy, such as generals and colonels. One of the many groups made up of former mid-level paramilitary leaders,

1290-514: Is generally facilitated by middlemen who falsify documentation to ease the transition into the legitimate international marketplace. Mining scams in India (colloquially Indian mining scam) refers to a series of alleged widespread scams in various ore-rich states of India , which has generated controversy. Such issues span encroachment of forest areas, underpayment of government royalties, and conflict with tribals regarding land rights. The spill-over of

1376-470: Is impacted by illegal mining activity because of land degradation and availability. There is less available land for farming causing competition and higher costs for farmers. The illegal miners trespass through farmland to construct roads through farms destroying the cocoa trees in the process. They also mine on the farmland which is where many farmers die because of falling into the pits. Illegal mining operations cause flooding with polluted water that affects

1462-555: Is involved in the Colombian armed conflict . Los Urabeños is one of the organizations that appeared after the demobilization of the United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia . In late 2011 Los Urabeños declared war on Los Rastrojos over the control of the drug trade in Medellín . Their main source of income is cocaine trafficking as they appear to be the largest distributors of cocaine in all of Colombia. As of late 2021, it

1548-766: Is near and around the Urabá gulf, including the Tierralta and Valencia municipalities in Cordoba and the eleven municipalities in the Urabá sub-region in Antioquia. The arrest of Urabá regional leader Eduardo Ortiz Tuberquia, alias "El Indio," in May 2017 and the deaths of second-in-command, Roberto Vargas Gutiérrez, alias "Gavilán," in September 2017 and military boss Luis Orlando Padierma, alias "Inglaterra," in November 2017 gave overall leader Dario Antonio Úsuga David, alias "Otoniel", tenuous authority over

1634-679: Is the extraction of precious metals without following the proper procedures to participate in legal mining activity. These procedures include permits and licenses for exploration of the land, mining and transportation.   Illegal mining can be a subsistence activity, as is the case with artisanal mining , or it can belong to large-scale organized crime , spearheaded by illegal mining syndicates. On an international level, approximately 80 percent of small-scale mining operations can be categorized as illegal. Despite strategic developments towards " responsible mining ," even big companies can be involved in illegal mineral digging and extraction, if only on

1720-514: Is unregulated and illegal, are substantial, contributing to 37 percent of the atmospheric mercury emitted annually. While drug trafficking has historically been a prominent criminal enterprise , lower risks associated with illegal mining have propelled a shift toward lucrative illegal gold mining operations. In order to transfer illegal gold into the marketplace, criminal actors sometimes attempt to mask its illicit origins by melting together processed legal and illegal gold. This gold laundering task

1806-499: The United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia (AUC) under the command of Miguel Arroyave . Guerrero had ascended through the ranks and by the end of the 1990s he was the commander of the Bloque in the Guaviare department. As such, he got involved in drug trafficking and soon got involved in many violent vendettas over the control of territory and drug trafficking routes. He survived the war for

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1892-688: The Antioquia region where many of the paramilitaries hailed from. By 2004, the fierce war between the ACC and the Centauros had left an estimated 3,000 people dead. Rendón fled the Eastern Plains in June after a falling out with Arroyave. Rendón then found refuge in the Urabá region, where his brother Freddy, alias ‘El Aleman,’ headed his own paramilitary group, the Bloque Elmer Cardenas. Shortly afterward, Arroyave

1978-590: The Caribbean and Pacific coast, from the departments of Antioquia and Chocó. However, the origins of the group can be traced elsewhere, in Colombia's Eastern Plains, where Daniel Rendón Herrera , better known as ‘Don Mario,’ once handled finances for the paramilitary group Bloque Centauros. Cocaine traffickers had long competed with the FARC for territory and influence in the Eastern Plains. In 1997, top paramilitary commanders Carlos and Vicente Castaño began sending troops to

2064-480: The Caribbean coast and northern Colombia if they are not derailed by their war with the Rastrojos. The organization has emerged from paramilitarism and continues to specifically target political parties, unions and leftist associations. It is one of the main perpetrators of selective assassinations of community and social leaders, leftist political activists and forced displacement of people. In October 2017, it published

2150-478: The Caribbean, with some estimates putting it at 10 to 20 boats per week. By 2008, Rendón Herrera was one of the richest and most-wanted traffickers in Colombia. As the AUC blocs were officially demobilized, this new paramilitary groups called themselves Gaitanist Self-Defense Forces or Don Mario's Black Eagles in an attempt to legitimize their actions. Rendón attempted to expand his empire, moving into southern Córdoba,

2236-601: The Carlos Vazquez fraction's weapons supplier Jhon Olmedo Ramirez, alias "Guajiro," was captured along with 9,000 rifle cartridges, a van, 10 suppliers of long-range weapons and 2 cell phones. On May 28, 2020, notorious Gulf Clan hitman Yelson Andres Mes Perez, alias "Yeisito," and also the woman arrested with him were jailed. On June 8, 2020, three Gulf Clan members who were planning to kill civilians in Chocó were arrested. On June 12, 2020, Urabá police arrested alleged Clan del Golfo member Alexander Asprilla, alias "Perea." Perea

2322-482: The Centauros soon began clashing with a rival paramilitary group, the Peasant Self-Defense Forces of Casanare (Autodefensas Campesinas del Casanare – ACC). The ACC is one of the oldest vigilante groups in Colombia, headed by Héctor Germán Buitrago Parada , alias ‘Martín Llanos’. It was allegedly ACC fighters who first began calling the Centauros "those from Urabá," "Paisas," or "Urabeños," all references to

2408-610: The Clan del Golfo's structures suffered major blows with arrests of 25 more members. According to the Colombian Navy, those arrested are alleged to have been responsible for smuggling more than 13 tons of cocaine into Honduras, Costa Rica, and Panama during 19 drug trafficking operations. Nini Jhoana Úsuga, alias La Negra , would be recaptured during these arrests. Main Clan del Golfo leader Rubén D. Meléndez, alias Porrón , and Clan del Golfo weapons supplier and alleged FARC associate Martín Boyaco were among those arrested as well. Porrón

2494-498: The Clan del Golfo. On October 8, 2020, imprisoned former Clan del Golfo leader Jhony Fidel Cuello-Petro, alias Mocho , arrived in Houston after being extradited from Colombia. Colombian authorities took Mocho into custody in November 2018. On October 15, 2020, one of two Clan del Golfo members who killed a man at a car wash located in the Yalí department in Antioquia was killed by the members of

2580-469: The Clan have caused homicide rates to skyrocket in Colombia's northern departments. It is currently one of the more ambitious and ruthless of Colombia's drug trafficking organizations (DTOs). The group's power base is currently in the Antioquia , Sucre and Córdoba departments, with a presence in various other departments and regions in the country including major cities such as Medellín and Bogotá . Currently,

2666-586: The Clan is likely the single largest distributor of cocaine in the world having formed direct, highly-lucrative partnerships with drug cartels in Mexico as well as European crime groups such as 'Ndrangheta & Albanian mafia who made their billions in profit from the illegal cocaine trade with the Clan. In June 2020, the Colombian National Police revealed that former Los Rastrojos member Marlon Gregorio Celis Caballero, alias 'Loquillo or Felipe', had become

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2752-479: The Colombia Presidency and Colombian National releasing a joint statement revealing that "The mission was structured in 38 operations with 117 search procedures and raids, which resulted in 177 arrests and four neutralizations." Among those arrested was John Fredy Zapata Garzón, alias Messi or Candado, and seven of his closest collaborators. Colombian National Police Major General Fernando Murillo Orrego, head of

2838-567: The Colombian National Army, while the other was captured. On October 16, 2020, Colombian National Police announced that a senior Clan del Golfo financier who served leader of cartel's Edwin Román Velázquez Valle substructure was among four Edwin Román Velázquez Valle members who were arrested in the Antioquia municipalities of Buriticá, Saznta Fe and Livorina. According to National Police officer Colonel William Castaño, head of

2924-568: The Directorate of Criminal Investigation and Interpol (DIJIN), "Zapata Garzón ran a narco-trafficking and money laundering organization associated with the Clan del Golfo" The DIJIN also released a statement revealing that Zapata Garzón shared routes for drug trafficking to Europe and the United States with the Clan del Golfo, through shell companies, investments, and real estate and personal properties in 17 Departments of Colombia . In December 2020,

3010-562: The Gulf Clan, with regional leaders gaining more direct authority over their territories. The top command deploys teams of trained, armed men to rural areas vital for drug-trafficking operations. These include zones with natural seaports along the Caribbean coast, or areas where coca base must be bought, like Caucasia or Tarazá in Antioquia (InSight has also heard reports of a Urabeño cell in Medellín). These cells then attempt to recruit local informants, especially collaborators who can inform them of

3096-623: The Lower Cauca region in northern Antioquia and even venturing into Medellin, long controlled by the Oficina de Envigado . Rendón's men soon began clashing with the Paisas, then a rural, armed wing of the Oficina. Police blamed Rendón's organization for at least 3,000 homicides between 2007 and 2009. On April 15, 2009, a team of 200 police commandos captured Rendón on a farm in rural Urabá. Since Rendón's capture,

3182-491: The National Unit against Illegal Mining and Antiterrorism, the senior Clan Del Golfo financier, identified as "Diego," "was in charge of the extortion of merchants and people dedicated to the extraction of minerals in this part of the country." On October 28, 2020, it was reported that the Colombian and Panamanian security forces seized more than two tons of cocaine hydrochloride belonging to the Clan del Golfo. This resulted in

3268-509: The Rastrojos when it comes to brokering key alliances with other major players in the drug trade. The Gulf Clan will buy coca base from the FARC, but the two groups will not collaborate much further than that. What is helping the Clan compete so far is their military discipline: so far they have proved immune to the kind of infighting tearing apart the Paisas or the Oficina. The Gulf Clan may yet prove themselves capable of expanding their operations beyond

3354-407: The U.S. Treasury Department sanctioned Zapata Garzón "for materially assisting the international narcotics trafficking activities of the Clan del Golfo." The joint federal statement, which was released on January 4, 2021, also revealed that the number of Clan del Golfo members arrested during the phase of Operation Agamemnon that started on December 30, 2020, had by then grown to 198. In March 2021,

3440-415: The actions of the security forces. The Gulf Clan are also known to contract local street gangs who help with the retail and mid-level distribution of cocaine, extortion and select assassination. By "sponsoring" other low-level gangs, this group has been able to maintain small, select cells of highly disciplined men in the field, responsible for ever-larger swathes of territory. There are also indications that

3526-682: The area to co-opt the drug business from the guerrillas. In 2001, the Castaños sold one of their armed groups, later known as Bloque Centauros, to another warlord, Miguel Arroyave , allegedly for US$ 7 million. It was Arroyave who convinced Rendón Herrera to come work for him. Under Rendón's supervision, the Centauros became one of the wealthiest factions within the United Self-Defense Forces of Colombian (Autodefensas Unidas de Colombia – AUC). The Centauros trafficked cocaine, propped up local politicians, extorted ranchers and farmers, and collected security taxes for products ranging from alcohol to petroleum. But

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3612-399: The beginning of 2020. On June 23, 2020, the Colombian National Police revealed in a national radio broadcast that shortly before the arrest of Téllez, a former member of the rival Los Rastrojos criminal group Marlon Gregorio Celis Caballero, alias 'Loquillo' or 'Felipe', was named "as the new leader of the Gulf Clan." An operative from Ciénaga with the alias "Diana" was also named as head of

3698-623: The cartel losing $ 70 million. Four Colombians and one Honduran on the submarine which contained the cocaine hydrochloride were arrested as well. On November 17, 2020, alleged financier and route coordinator of the Clan del Golfo Jorge Eliécer Castaño Toro, alias "Plástico," and his deputy Darwin Abad Sierra, alias "number 17," were arrested by Colombian National Police. Between December 30, 2020, and January 2, 2021, 181 Clan del Golfo members were successfully targeted in Operation Agamemnon, with

3784-457: The cartel's No. 2, he was more of a regional leader in the Colombian areas of Riosucio, Juradó, Unguía and Acandí than an international trafficker, extending only as far as the Panama border, and is the leader of close to 1,000 members of the cartel's Colombian armed forces. He is wanted for not only drug trafficking, but also numerous atrocities in the departments of Córdoba, Antioquia and Chocó and has

3870-653: The cartel's financial operations, money laundering and drug trafficking operations. Under Loquillo's leadership, the Clan del Golfo concentrates its criminal actions on the Caribbean Trunk, especially in Santa Marta and the surrounding municipalities of the Magdalena department, using new platforms large cocaine shipments through boats that dock near the municipalities of Magdalena in Puebloviejo and Ciénaga. On June 26, 2020, it

3956-517: The cartels to earn a larger profit than the drug trade with lower risk. Illegal mining operations controlled by organized crime groups are hazardous to the miners but many are drawn to the work due to the effect it has on the surrounding environment.  Child labour is very common in the mines because children are trafficked and forced into work. Adults are also exploited, trafficked and forced into unsafe labour conditions. Illegal mining operations affect surrounding agriculture. Cocoa farming in Ghana

4042-556: The clearcutting of forests in regions where illegal mining occurs. Deforestation contributes to soil erosion since the roots of trees provide the soil with stability.  There have been many efforts to protect and rehabilitate forest ecosystems in recent years to prevent and limit the effects of deforestation. Illegal mining causes soil erosion and degradation which leads to barren lands where nothing can survive. Soil erosion reduces soil fertility which affects agricultural lands. Soil degradation occurs (1) when removing topsoil affects

4128-473: The control of the department of Casanare between the Bloque Centauros and the paramilitary group of Héctor Germán Buitrago ( aka Martín Llanos), and then was blamed as the author of the death of his own boss, Miguel Arroyave by Salvatore Mancuso , who declared Guerrero a military target. Following the death of Arroyave, Guerrero became one of the leaders of the divided factions of Bloque Centauros. As

4214-477: The country. Members of Clan del Golfo who served as liaisons with other Colombian drug cartels were among those arrested. The cartel was also estimated to have been reduced to having only 1,500 armed men. By August 2019, 16 members of the Úsuga family had also been arrested in less than a six-year period. In December 2019, senior Clan del Gulfo drug trafficker and money launderer Joaquin Guillermo David-Usuga

4300-474: The drug trade in Medellín. In 2017 the Gulf Clan began a "pistol plan" against the police officers because one of their leaders was killed. In April and May 2022, the Gulf Clan held an armed strike in much of rural Northern Colombia after their leader Dairo Antonio Úsuga was extradited to the United States. The Clan del Golfo has, as of recently, been featured and discussed in several documentary programs such as

4386-521: The effects of legal mining into issues such as Naxalism and the distortion of the Indian political system by mixed politics and mining interests, has gained international attention. The Nigerian government does not have the funds needed to enforce the law that prohibits illegal mining. They do not have the capacity and authority for the full enforcement of the law.  Government funds are affected by illegal mining operations because they cannot profit from

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4472-567: The environment because there are no efforts to treat the soil to get rid of toxic chemicals. Soil erosion leads to natural hazards such as landslides due to loose soil and flooding. Latin America is the centre of the global drug trade since that’s where most drugs are produced. Organized crime groups such as drug cartels realized the profitability and began to illegally mine precious metals.  These groups were able to get control of large amounts of land away from government surveillance. This allowed

4558-605: The environment they are mining which causes the environment to be complete destroyed by the illegal activity. Certified mining causes less of a threat and destruction to the environment than illegal mining because of the guidelines they are required to follow to be perverse the environment while extracting resources. Illegal miners create large mining pits that are not back filled when they are finished, many people and animals die from these pits. Due to run off from illegal mining activity contaminates surface water and underground water with mud, mercury and cyanide . This pollution creates

4644-417: The extraction of metals. Nigeria is rich in precious metals which causes foreign illegal mining operations to come to Nigeria. This causes violence and conflict between the local and foreign illegal miners in some parts of Nigeria. The vastness of Nigeria causes remote places where illegal mining operations can occur without the government having any knowledge of it. In Ghana, the government has put together

4730-469: The fertility of the soil and decreases the chance of restoring vegetation. (2) When toxic chemicals pollute soil to an extent where plants cannot grow. The toxins deplete the soil's nutrients and inhibit vegetation.  (3) When large amounts of mining waste such as rock, sediment and soil that lacks nutrients are dumped onto the land it stops the growth of plants. This waste engulfs topsoil taking away fertility. Poorly contained mining tails are hazardous to

4816-419: The financing side. Large-scale mining operations are owned by large companies nationally and use advanced technology to extract metals; these operations use open-pit mining.  Artisanal small-scale mining operations are labour-intensive mining because miners do not use machinery to extract the metals.  Informal mining occurs when artisanal small-scale mining operations proceed in mining activity without

4902-847: The government of Alvaro Uribe started a peace process with the paramilitary organizations, Guerrero demobilized on April 6, 2006, turning a 1.024 weapons arsenal that included grenades, guns, and rifles, but since he mistrusted the process he refused to join the remaining leaders and returned to his territory where he created the Colombian Popular Revolutionary Anti-communist Army (Spanish: Ejército Revolucionario Anticomunista de Colombia – ERPAC), and started trafficking drugs yet again. As he grew up in power, linked to other drug dealers and crime lords like Daniel Barrera Barrera , and members of some fronts of FARC , he got involved in numerous vendettas, particularly as Héctor Germán Buitrago ( aka Martín Llanos) returned to

4988-415: The group has been successful enough in terms of recruitment to move into other key territories like Barrancabermeja, Santander, one of Colombia's oil towns long prized by the Rastrojos. When it comes to drug trafficking, the Gulf Clan are similar to rival DTOS like the Rastrojos or the Paisas in that they are uninterested in controlling the entire chain of drug production. But they have not proved as adept as

5074-402: The hydraulic cycle. The polluted water is used for irrigation of farmland and community use, this further spreads pollution which leads to illness and death. Deforestation occurs during illegal mining operations so mining operations have room to function. As forests are clear-cut and the ground is mined, ecosystems collapse due to habitat loss.  Carbon emissions increase drastically due to

5160-471: The increase in population, mosquitoes have a greater risk of carrying malaria. When illegal mining operations abandon their pits, there is no way for local authorities to track and prevent the open pits to decrease the spread. Illegal miners also do not take proper precautions to protect themselves when mining and it increases the risk of transmission. Spurred by widespread poverty and a lack of alternative income-earning opportunities, illegal artisanal mining

5246-458: The large-scale mining projects fuelled by foreign investment has displaced rural mining communities, many of which revert to illegal mining on concessions given to the formal mining sector. As a response measure, Ghana for instance launched Operation Vanguard in 2017 to restrain illegal artisanal mining in Ghana. Latin America is home to the Amazon rainforest which has many ecosystems living within

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5332-518: The laws and environment while mining.  Corruption in privately owned large-scale mining and artisanal small-scale mining operations occurs because the operations delegate their power to local authorities.  The lack of coordination allows loopholes for corruption. The laws and procedures surrounding mining lessen the impact on the environment and are violated by large and artisanal small-scaling contributing to environmental damage. Illegal miners generally lack knowledge and simply do not care about

5418-460: The main person in charge of maritime trafficking routes to the United States and Europe; Nelson Darío Hurtado Simanca, alias "Marihuano," in command of the Central Urabá Bloc (Bloque Central Urabá) and some 700 men in the Caribbean sub-region; and other commanders of regional blocs. In August 2019, the cartel's chief financier Carlos Mario Úsuga, also known as "Cuarentano," was arrested. He is

5504-512: The maturation of the cocoa pods.  Flooding depletes soil fertility, increases erosion and affects the farmer's ability to grow cocoas trees. These factors contribute to farmers’ fear of losing their livelihood due to the losses that are caused by illegal mining. Abandoned open-pit mines cause an increase in the mosquito population which can increase the spread of malaria . These pits fill up with stagnant or slow-moving bodies of water where mosquitoes can breed and their larvae can grow. Due to

5590-440: The new leader of the Clan del Golfo by April 2020. At the time of this revelation, the Clan del Golfo reduced its drug trafficking route to the Caribbean region and also named a Ciénaga native with the alias "Diana" as the new head trafficker. However, the Clan del Golfo has also been distracted by a direct conflict with FARC dissidents . On October 23, 2021, the group's leader Dario Antonio Úsuga David , better known as Otoniel ,

5676-412: The proper legal licenses. These operations are still illegal but it is not an indictable offence such as illegal mining operations organized by criminal groups.  Organized crime groups lead and control illegal mining activity in extremely rural areas where the state does not have full jurisdiction over the land.  Criminally organized illegal mining controls large-scale operations that violate all

5762-766: The rainforest. Illegal mining causes the deforestation of a protected rainforest. The use of mercury in illegal mining is contaminating the soil, water and air harming surrounding communities and the wildlife living in the forest. In Latin America, the illegal mining population is more likely to be infected with malaria since they are more vulnerable when they are ming deep in the rainforest. Illegal mining operations are often located in remote areas, making it more difficult to enforce mining standards . Furthermore, mining requirements can vary substantially from region to region, further complicating adherence with labor laws, environmental regulations, and tax legislation. Emissions of mercury originating in artisanal mining, most of which

5848-441: The region. He started personally assassinating former Centauros members as he accused them of treason. He also misappropriated many farms that he considered strategic for his drug trafficking routes, leaving many fatalities and forced displaced victims. He also started a war against Colombian emerald tsar Víctor Carranza , and has been blamed as the main author of an attempt on Carranza's life. The Colombian government had started

5934-462: The remnants of his organization had fallen under the control of the Usuga-David brothers , Juan de Dios and Dario Antonio, two former mid-ranking paramilitaries believed to have worked with Rendón since the 1990s. The two started with an estimated 250 men following Rendón's arrest, and have since managed to grow exponentially. On January 1, 2012, Juan de Dios Usuga-David, alias "Giovany," was killed in

6020-512: The series by Vice titled Criminal Planet (2021) as well as the British television program called Cocaine: Living with the Cartels (2019). Participants Timeline Key aspects Former guerrillas Linked to Former government program Linked to Illegal mining Illegal mining is mining activity that is undertaken without state permission. Illegal mining

6106-405: The underground crime world during his teenage years as a member of the private militia of drug lord Gonzalo Rodríguez Gacha , aka El Mexicano. Following the death of El Mexicano, Guerrero escaped to the department of Guaviare where he joined the paramilitary groups that were active in the region. These paramilitary groups grew in number and influence and came to be called the Bloque Centauros of

6192-533: Was a Colombian drug lord and the former leader of the Colombian Popular Revolutionary Anti-communist Army (Spanish: Ejército Revolucionario Anticomunista de Colombia – ERPAC), a drug trafficking , right wing paramilitary organization. His nickname came from the favoured weapon he used on his victims. Member of a family already involved in crime, Guerrero and his siblings were known as Los Cuchillos (the Knives) due to their habit of sporting those weapons. He joined

6278-406: Was also reported that rather than Chiquito Malo, fellow Cuarentano-employed trafficker Darío Úsuga Torres, alias "Pueblo," was named by Colombian police as Cuarentano's most likely successor. Both Pueblo, who is an Úsuga family relative, and Ciquito Malo were high ranking on the declining list of potential successors to Cuarentano. However, by the time she was re-arrested on March 17, 2021, Nini Johana

6364-498: Was ambushed and killed by his former allies, including Pedro Oliverio Guerrero , alias ‘Cuchillo.’ When Freddy Rendón chose to demobilize in 2006, his brother ‘Don Mario’ seized the opportunity to expand his drug trafficking operations in the Urabá gulf . He recruited many of the fighters once under Freddy's command, as well as ex-members from the defunct AUC. From Urabá, the DTO deployed go-fast boats loaded with cocaine to Central America or

6450-468: Was arrested by police in the municipality of Carepa , in Antioquia. Atilio is a cousin of Oteniel. On January 5, 2012, the organization launched an armed strike in much of northern Colombia to protest the killing of their leader 'Giovanni'. The strike completely paralyzed several Colombian departments as shopkeepers and travellers were told to stay at home or face 'consequences'. In 2012 the Gulf Clan also got into conflict with The Office of Envigado over

6536-411: Was arrested on March 13, 2021, while Boyaco, who was believed to have provide financing to the Clan del Golfo by supplying weapons to FARC dissident leader Iván Mordisco , was arrested on March 11, 2021. On August 18, 2021, Colombia security forces arrested Luis Daniel Santan Hernández, alias Machete . Machete , who was wanted by the Colombian government since 2017 and who was captured shortly before he

6622-490: Was captured. At the time of his arrest, Otoniel was Colombia's most wanted drug lord . Following the arrest of Otoniel , President of Colombia Iván Duque Márquez described the weakened Clan del Golfo as "over" and claimed that "its days are numbered". For the "Clan del Golfo," before named "Los Urabeños" from Urabá , the northwestern region near the Panamanian border is highly prized by drug traffickers as it offers access to

6708-480: Was extradited from Colombia to the U.S city of Houston, Texas. In March 2020, Marihuano was revealed to be living in the Darién Jungle in cabins he built himself. His police record was also made public, which revealed that he had court documentation despite still being wanted. It was also suggested that his role in the cartel was exaggerated a little and that while he was heavily involved in the cartel, and serving as

6794-449: Was killed during a shootout with police on March 28, 2018. A successor who used the alias "Samuel" was later arrested on May 21, 2018, while Nicolás was arrested on August 6, 2018. In October 2018, it was reported that as a result of the deaths and arrests of these three senior leaders within a year of either each other, the Gulf Clan saw a major reorganization in its leadership, with Giovanis Ávila Villadiego, alias "Chiquito Malo," reportedly

6880-474: Was once again managing the Clan del Golfo's illicit finances resulting from narco-trafficking and money laundering. Between January and August 2019, Colombian police reported 339 captures and nine members killed in Public Force operations, in addition, the seizure of 12.6 tons of cocaine hydrochloride which, according to the authorities, leads to close the fence over the heir to a structure that spread throughout

6966-416: Was reported to have taken charge of the cartel's Caribbean operations. On May 4, 2020, leader of the cartel's violent Jorge Iván Arboleda Garcés’ fraction Aureliano Pérez Caballero, alias Dávinson, was arraigned in court following his arrest the previous day. On May 27, 2020, the leader of the cartel's Carlos Vazquez fraction, identified as "Fabian," and seven of his associates were arrested. On May 29, 2020,

7052-475: Was revealed that El Soldado was killed in the course of military operations in the Antioquia region of Lower Cacua. Prior to his death El Soldado was serving as the leader of the Julio César Vargas substructure of the Clan del Golfo. In addition to the Colombian military killing El Soldado, the Colombian National Police confirmed the arrests of 13 members of Clan del Golfo's "Héroes del Caribe", which serves

7138-451: Was revealed that the Clan del Golfo had started a direct conflict with FARC dissidents called Operation Mil and dispatched 1,000 of its paramilitaries from Urabá, southern Córdoba and Chocó to remove FARC dissents from northern Antioquia and control the entire municipality of Ituango. On September 19, 2020, The Economist described the Clan del Golfo as now a group "composed of demobilized right-wing paramilitaries." On October 8, 2020, it

7224-568: Was scheduled to get married, was not only the coordinator of security, logistics and criminal activities of other Clan del Golfo leaders stationed in western Antioquia but was also regarded as "leader of the largest criminal gang in Colombia." Wilmer Antonio Giraldo Quiroz, aka "Siopas", number two in the AGC organisation, was found dead in February 2023. He appears to have been the victim of an internal purge. Colombian President Gustavo Petro announced that he

7310-526: Was suspected of being involved in selective killings in the municipalities of Bahía Solano, Nuquí, Juradó, as well as other townships and villages of the area. On June 13, 2020, it was revealed that 26 Clan del Golfo members were arrested in Santa Marta . Among those detained were local leaders thought to be responsible for a recent wave of violence. It was also revealed that 48 Clan del Golfo members, including 5 local leaders, had been detained in Santa Marta since

7396-619: Was suspending a ceasefire between the armed forces of Colombia and the Gulf Clan following an attack on an aqueduct and shooting at police officers. The President also accused the cartel of inciting a protest from informal gold miners. At the time of his New York sentencing in August 2023, Dario Antonio Úsuga David was described by U.S. federal prosecutors as the cartel's "supreme leader" and “the most violent and significant” Colombian drug trafficker since Pablo Escobar. On 26 December 2023 Clan del Golfo boss Jacob Rodríguez Úsuga, also known as "Atilio,"

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