The Uruguayan Military School ( Spanish : Escuela Militar de Uruguay ) is the service academy that trains cadets for the Uruguayan National Army . Founded in 1885, it has had its headquarters in Toledo , Canelones Department since 1969.
87-555: In March 1884, within the framework of the militarism (1875–1890), a bill was presented proposing the creation of a training center for candidates for service in the officer corps. Due to this, the Colegio Militar del Uruguay ( Spanish for 'Military College of Uruguay') was founded on August 25, 1885 through a decree promulgated by the then Minister of War, Máximo Tajes . It was established in Quinta de Casaravilla, an estate on
174-451: A human zoo . On 20 September, Guyunusa gave birth to a girl biologically fathered by Sira: initially given the name María Mónica Micaëla Igualdad Libertad, her French birth certificate lists her name as Caroliné Tacouavé. Sénaqué, Sira and Guyunusa all died within the first year of their arrival, with Guyunusa's widower Tacuavé adopting the infant girl as his own. She died the following year, surmised by historian Darío Arce Asenjo to be from
261-510: A 10,000-strong British force. The British forces were unable to invade Buenos Aires for the second time, however, and Liniers demanded the liberation of Montevideo in the terms of capitulation. The British gave up their attacks when the Peninsular War turned Great Britain and Spain into allies against Napoleon . The May Revolution of 1810 in Buenos Aires marked the end of Spanish rule in
348-469: A blockade of Buenos Aires, while Brazil joined in the war against Argentina. Rosas reached peace deals with Great Britain and France in 1849 and 1850, respectively. The French agreed to withdraw their legion if Rosas evacuated Argentinian troops from Uruguay. Oribe still maintained a loose siege of the capital. In 1851, the Argentinian provincial strongman Justo José de Urquiza turned against Rosas and signed
435-579: A cohesive community with an identity, territory and common historical memory. The Charrúa language is today considered extinct; although the massacre is commonly thought of as having led to their complete destruction, several Charrúa communities did survive in neighbouring Argentina and Brazil after the massacre, with official numbers estimating their descendants to number between 160,000 and 300,000 in Uruguay, Argentina, and Brazil. Among them, many of them have publicly promoted and reclaimed their Charrúa identity:
522-528: A local cabildo was created. In 1776, the new Viceroyalty of Rio de la Plata was established with its capital at Buenos Aires, and it included the territory of Banda Oriental. By this time, the land had been divided among cattle ranchers, and beef was becoming a major product. By 1800, more than 10,000 people lived in Montevideo and another 20,000 in the rest of the province. Out of these, about 30 percent were African slaves. Uruguay's early 19th-century history
609-538: A pact with the exiled Unitarios, the Uruguayan Colorados, and Brazil against him. Urquiza crossed into Uruguay, defeated Oribe, and lifted the siege of Montevideo. He then overthrew Rosas at the Battle of Caseros on 3 February 1852. With Rosas's defeat and exile, the "Guerra Grande" finally came to an end. Slavery was officially abolished in 1852. A ruling triumvirate consisting of Rivera, Lavalleja, and Venancio Flores
696-739: A piece of land located in the town of Toledo , in the Canelones Department . In 1993, the Military School was recognized by the Ministry of Education and Culture as a tertiary education center. Likewise, in December 1997, a decree opening the service academy to women was promulgated by President Julio María Sanguinetti . The Military School is a full-time residential academy, which provides four-year tertiary education in professional, scientific-technical subjects and physical education. The academy
783-684: A political thesis that postulates that the president in office must choose candidates for high elective positions. Thus, collectivism emerged, in which the members of La Colectividad , a sector of the Colorado Party , ensured successive control of the presidency. In the months after Herrera and Obes took office, the Baring Crisis broke out, greatly affecting the Uruguayan economy. In 1894 Juan Idiarte Borda —a member of La Colectividad — succeeded Herrera y Obes as president. During his administration,
870-527: A riverbank of what is today known as the Great Salsipuedes Creek . As a cover story, Rivera had told the chiefs that the army was in need of their help to protect the border region. When the Charrúa arrived by the hundreds on 11 April 1831, one of the army generals furthered the ruse by releasing his horses as a gesture of good faith, and the chiefs reciprocated by releasing most of their horses as well. As
957-491: A wave of mass immigration from Europe. In the 1860s Uruguay was going through a period of prosperity. Montevideo became a major economic center of the region. Thanks to its natural harbor, it became an entrepôt , or distribution hub, for goods from Argentina, Brazil, and Paraguay. The towns of Paysandú and Salto , both on the Uruguay River , also experienced similar development. In addition, new neighborhoods emerged in
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#17328729250571044-472: Is about 7,000 years old. Examples of ancient rock art have been found at Chamangá . About 4,000 years ago, Charrúa and Guarani people arrived here. During precolonial times, Uruguayan territory was inhabited by small tribes of nomadic Charrúa, Chaná , Arachán , and Guarani peoples who survived by hunting and fishing and probably never reached more than 10,000 to 20,000 people. It is estimated that there were about 9,000 Charrúa and 6,000 Chaná and Guaraní at
1131-599: Is located approximately 13 miles (21 km) north of Montevideo, in the town of Toledo , in the Canelones Department . History of Uruguay#Militarism and modernization, 1875–1890 The history of Uruguay comprises different periods: the pre-Columbian time or early history (up to the 16th century), the Colonial Period (1516–1811), the Period of Nation-Building (1811–1830), and the history of Uruguay as an independent country (1830–present). Written history began with
1218-494: Is unknown if he left any descendants. The sculpture Los Últimos Charrúas ("The Final Charrúans") was erected in their memory in Montevideo , Uruguay. Regardless of the survivors' ultimate fates, it has been argued by historian Diego Bracco that the massacre represented the death blow to the indigenous nations of Uruguay at the time; to him, the massacre marked the disappearance of the Charrúa from public memory and their end as
1305-632: The Asociación de Descendientes de la Nación Charrúa (ADENCH, English: Association of the Descendants of the Charrúa Nation ) was founded in August 1989 to conserve and promote the history, knowledge and culture of the Charrúa, and the organisation Consejo de la Nación Charrúa (CONACHA, English: Council of the Charrúa Nation ) was founded in 2005 by 10 communities and organisations to advocate for
1392-592: The Reforma Vareliana ( Spanish for 'Varelian Reform'), it established universal, compulsory and free education. At first it was intended that it would also be secular, but it was decided not to so as not to deteriorate relations between the government and the Catholic Church. On the other hand, it was established that parents had to clarify if they wanted catechism classes to be taught to their children. The establishment of public education contributed to
1479-516: The Cisplatine War . This war ended on 27 August 1828 when Treaty of Montevideo was signed. After mediation by Viscount Ponsonby , a British diplomat, Brazil and Argentina agreed to recognize an independent Uruguay as a buffer state between them. As with Paraguay, however, Uruguayan independence was not completely guaranteed, and only the Paraguayan War secured Uruguayan independence from
1566-474: The Cisplatine War . In 1828, with British mediation, a peace agreement was signed and the independence of Uruguay was recognized. In 1830 the country's first constitution was promulgated. The earliest traces of human presence are about 10,000 years old and belong to the hunter-gatherer cultures of Catalanense and Cuareim cultures, which are extensions of cultures originating in Brazil. The earliest discovered bolas
1653-683: The Liga Federal frightened the Portuguese government, which did not want the League's republicanism to spread to the adjoining Portuguese colony of Brazil. In August 1816, forces from Brazil invaded and began the Portuguese conquest of the Banda Oriental with the intention of destroying Artigas and his revolution. The Portuguese forces included a fully armed force of disciplined Portuguese European veterans of
1740-547: The Napoleonic Wars with local Brazilian troops. This army, with more military experience and material superiority, occupied Montevideo on 20 January 1817. In 1820, Artigas's forces were finally defeated in the Battle of Tacuarembó , after which Banda Oriental was incorporated into Brazil as its Cisplatina province. During the War of Independence of Brazil in 1823–1824, another siege of Montevideo occurred. On 19 April 1825, with
1827-515: The Pedro Varela Olivera government and established a strong executive Presidency, which began the period known as Militarismo ( Spanish for 'Militarism'). The main objectives of the Latorre's regime were the achievement of internal peace, order (especially in the countryside) and the affirmation of the right to private property. To achieve them, reforms were implemented that led to
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#17328729250571914-532: The Queguay Grande River and the "La cueva del Tigre" passage respectively, in order to track down and eliminate the Charrúa that had either escaped or not been present. On 17 August, Bernabé Rivera's army ambushed a group of Charrúa in Mataojo led by the chiefs El Adivino and Juan Pedro, of which 15 were killed and 80 were taken prisoner; 18 Charrúa, including the chief Polidoro, managed to escape. On 17 June of
2001-639: The Revolution of 1897 . The confrontation ended with the signing of the Pacto de la Cruz , in which greater political representation and coparticipation was agreed upon. Thus, the governors of the departments of Cerro Largo , Treinta y Tres , Rivera , Maldonado , Flores and San José would be appointed by the Honorable Board, the National Party's central body. On August 25, 1897, President Juan Idiarte Borda
2088-655: The Revolution of the Lances , which started in September 1870 under the leadership of Blanco Timoteo Aparicio . After two years of struggle, a peace agreement was signed on 6 April 1872 when a power-sharing agreement was signed giving the Blancos control over four out of the thirteen departments of Uruguay — Canelones , San Jose , Florida , and Cerro Largo —and a guaranteed, if limited representation in Parliament. This establishment of
2175-672: The Río Cuareim , thereby reducing its area to about 176,000 square kilometers (68,000 sq mi) and recognized Brazil's exclusive right of navigation in the Laguna Merin and the Rio Yaguaron , the natural border between the countries. In accordance with the 1851 treaties, Brazil intervened militarily in Uruguay as often as it deemed necessary. In 1865, the Treaty of the Triple Alliance
2262-778: The Slaughter of Salsipuedes ( Spanish : Matanza de Salsipuedes ), was a genocidal attack carried out on 11 April 1831 by the Uruguayan Army , led by Fructuoso Rivera , as the culmination of the state's efforts to eradicate the Charrúa from Uruguay . The massacre took place on the riverbanks of the Great Salsipuedes Creek , whose name is a contraction of the Spanish phrase sal si puedes (" get out if you can "). According to official reports, 40 were killed and 300 were taken prisoner, with an uncertain number managing to escape; following
2349-659: The Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata , which began to disintegrate with the Revolution of May 1810 . The territory of present-day Uruguay was invaded by the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarve , initially becoming part of the Portuguese kingdom as Cisplatina Province . Between 1824 it was annexed to the Empire of Brazil , and a year later it declared its independence, which began
2436-472: The country's main port , as well as enabling the faster movement of troops to any part of the territory in the event of an armed uprising. In addition, the telegraph line was expanded throughout the country. In 1879, the Civil Status Registry was created for the registration of births, marriages and deaths, which until then was in charge of the Catholic Church. That year, the existing vicariate in
2523-471: The Argentinian army overran Uruguay on Oribe's behalf. They seized most of the country but failed to take the capital. The Great Siege of Montevideo , which began in February 1843, lasted nine years. The besieged Uruguayans called on resident foreigners for help. French and Italian legions were formed. The latter was led by the exiled Giuseppe Garibaldi , who was working as a mathematics teacher in Montevideo when
2610-659: The Army under the command of Lorenzo Latorre . Between 1875 and 1890, the military became the center of political power. The country was going through an unstable situation, so representatives of the two major pressure groups, the Asociación Rural del Uruguay —which brought together the hacendados — and the Alto Comercio Montevideano —which brought together businessmen dedicated to foreign trade—, offered Latorre to take power. On March 10, 1876, Lorenzo Latorre overthrew
2697-597: The Blancos (with attacks upon Brazilian and Argentine provinces) not led to the long and costly Paraguayan War . In February 1868, former Presidents Bernardo Berro and Venancio Flores were assassinated. With the inauguration of Venancio Flores as president of Uruguay, the fusionist policy ended, once again strengthening and separating the Blanco and Colorado factions. The Colorados ruled without interruption from 1865 until 1958 despite internal conflicts, conflicts with neighboring states, political and economic fluctuations, and
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2784-673: The Chaná and Guarani in José Gervasio Artigas ' forces during Uruguay's struggle for independence against the Spanish and Portuguese-Brazilian empires. Some indigenous soldiers, like the Guarani Andrés Guazurary , even reached the rank of caudillo and led vital battles to secure what is today Uruguay's northeastern border. In the years leading up to Salsipuedes, however, indigenous peoples' place in Uruguay had been put into question: although they were instrumental in securing
2871-479: The Charrúa during his military campaigns. According to historian Lincoln Maiztegui Casas , "The disappearance of the Charrúa was a gradual process that took more than 200 years and was generated from the occupation of the territory by Europeans". Through a combination of land theft and colonization, their lack of amenability to assimilation, affliction by disease, and the disruption of their nomadic way of life, their fortunes were severely affected. with few holding on to
2958-442: The Charrúa way of life by the early 19th century. The remaining that did, however, were steadfastly committed and continued to move freely throughout northern Uruguay as in pre-colonial times, in spite of their increasingly violent encounters with encroaching white settlers. Because of this, the authorities increasingly saw them as an insurmountable "obstacle" to establishing what they saw as an organised society; as their way of life
3045-591: The Colorado leader Rivera, overthrew Oribe who fled to Argentina. The Argentinian Unitarios then formed a government-in-exile in Montevideo, and, with secret French encouragement, Rivera declared war on Rosas in 1839. The conflict would last 13 years and become known as the Guerra Grande (the Great War). In 1840, an army of exiled Unitarios attempted to invade northern Argentina from Uruguay but had little success. In 1842,
3132-676: The Empire of Brazil was drawn into the conflict. Brazil decided to intervene to reestablish the security of its southern frontiers and its influence over regional affairs. In a combined offensive against Blanco strongholds, the Brazilian–Colorado troops advanced through Uruguayan territory, eventually surrounding Montevideo . Faced with certain defeat, the Blanco government capitulated on 20 February 1865. The short-lived war would have been regarded as an outstanding success for Brazilian and Argentine interests, had Paraguayan intervention in support of
3219-470: The Proclamation of 26 February 1811, which called for a war against the Spanish rule. With the help from Buenos Aires, Artigas defeated Spaniards on 18 May 1811 at the Battle of Las Piedras and began Siege of Montevideo . At this point, Spanish viceroy invited Portuguese from Brazil to launch a military invasion of Banda Oriental . Afraid to lose this province to the Portuguese, Buenos Aires made peace with
3306-569: The Rural Code was also drafted, which provided for the mandatory fencing of fields, and the Oficina de Marcas y Señales ( Spanish for 'Trademark and Signals Office') was created to keep track of livestock and their owner. In 1877 the "Common Education Law" was passed, which was based on a bill by José Pedro Varela and which laid the foundations of the Uruguayan educational system . Also known as
3393-474: The Spanish in kind. By the of the Treaty of Montevideo , the nascent Uruguayan state had established an uncertain but effective relationship with its indigenous subjects. The Thirty-Three Orientals enjoyed fervent support among the Charrúa, who saw them as bulwarks against the Brazilian Empire that had previously displaced them. Many Charrúa (including one of the survivors sent to France) served alongside
3480-542: The Spanish viceroy. British pressure persuaded the Portuguese to withdraw in late 1811, leaving the royalists in control of Montevideo. Angered by this betrayal by Buenos Aires, Artigas, with some 4,000 supporters, retreated to Entre Ríos Province . During the Second Banda Oriental campaign in 1813, Artigas joined José Rondeau 's army from Buenos Aires and started the second siege of Montevideo , resulting in its surrender to Río de la Plata. Artigas participated in
3567-641: The Vice-royalty and the establishment of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata . The Revolution divided the inhabitants of Montevideo between royalists , who remained loyal to the Spanish crown (many of which remained so), and revolutionaries, who supported the independence of the provinces from Spain. This soon led to the First Banda Oriental campaign between Buenos Aires and the Spanish viceroy. Local patriots under José Gervasio Artigas issued
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3654-512: The arrival of Spanish chroniclers in the expedition of Juan Díaz de Solís in 1516 to the Río de la Plata , which marks the beginning of Spanish occupation of the region. In 1527 the first European settlement was established in the territory of present-day Uruguay. It was called Sán Lázaro and founded by Sebastian Cabot who was in command of a Spanish expedition. In 1777 the Spanish Crown established
3741-549: The business interests of Montevideo; the Blancos were headed by the second President Manuel Oribe , who looked after the agricultural interests of the countryside and promoted protectionism. Both parties took their informal names from the color of the armbands that their supporters wore. Initially, the Colorados wore blue, but, when it faded in the sun, they replaced it with red. The parties became associated with warring political factions in neighboring Argentina. The Colorados favored
3828-511: The city and numerous buildings began to be built. In addition, the European immigration that had begun after the Civil War continued, and Villa Cosmópolis —current Villa del Cerro — expanded. The economy saw a steep upswing after the Civil War, above all in livestock raising and export. Between 1860 and 1868, the number of sheep rose from 3 to 17 million. The reason for this increase lay above all in
3915-456: The colonial era, the present-day territory of Uruguay was known as Banda Oriental (east bank of River Uruguay ) and was a buffer territory between the competing colonial pretensions of Portuguese Brazil and the Spanish Empire . The Portuguese first explored the region of present-day Uruguay in 1512–1513. The first European explorer to land there was Juan Díaz de Solís in 1516, but he
4002-400: The command of Bernabé Rivera, President Rivera's nephew. According to official historiography, 40 people were killed and 300 were taken prisoner, with a number of Charrúa managing to escape; among the soldiers, 9 were wounded and 1 was killed. The survivors were forcibly marched 260 km to Montevideo , where they were sold into slavery. The massacre was followed by two other attacks by
4089-480: The country was promoted to the Diocese of Montevideo on 13 July 1878 by Pope Leo XIII and Jacinto Vera was appointed as the first bishop of Montevideo. During the militarism the arrival of a large number of European immigrants that had begun after the Civil War continued. It led to the creation of large Italian Uruguayan and Spanish Uruguayan communities that heavily influenced the culture and demographics of
4176-615: The country's independence, the nascent Mestizaje argued that maintaining the indigenous peoples' way of life was no longer necessary for the organisation of the state, with some arguing from a Marxist perspective that occupying their lands in Northern Uruguay was necessary to uplift the social class they embodied. Artigas and Rivera looked positively upon the Guarani and preferred to maintain peace with them, as they had become compatible with their view of an independent Uruguayan society (from
4263-449: The country. Within a few decades, the population of Uruguay doubled and Montevideo's tripled as most of the recent immigrants settled there. The number of immigrants rose from 48 percent of the population in 1860 to 68 percent in 1868. In the 1870s, a further 100,000 Europeans arrived, so that, by 1879, about 438,000 people were living in Uruguay, a quarter of them in Montevideo. Due to immigration, Uruguay's population reached one million in
4350-564: The early 20th century. In addition, the economy was stabilized and exports, mainly of Hereford beef and Merino wool, increased. In Fray Bentos corned beef production started. In 1880, Lorenzo Latorre resigned from the presidency, being succeeded by Francisco Antonino Vidal , who finished his term. In 1882 he was succeeded by Máximo Santos . In 1886 the Quebracho Revolution took place, in which revolutionary forces that brought together Blanco and Colorado supporters faced off against
4437-571: The event that exterminated the Charrúa as a people. At the time of first contact with Europeans in the 16th century, the Charrúa were the predominant people in the lands between the Paraná and Uruguay River , with smaller populations of Chaná and Guarani peoples residing in the area as well; conflicts with Europeans spurred their movement to the Banda Oriental , which contains the modern-day territory of Uruguay. The Charrúa predominated particularly in
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#17328729250574524-501: The exiled Argentinian liberal Unitarios , many of whom had taken refuge in Montevideo, while the Blanco president Manuel Oribe was a close friend of the Argentine ruler Juan Manuel de Rosas . Oribe took Rosas's side when the French navy blockaded Buenos Aires in 1838. This led the Colorados and the exiled Unitarios to seek French backing against Oribe, and, on 15 June 1838, an army, led by
4611-477: The first permanent European settlements through the 17th and early 18th century, Uruguay became a center of conflict between the British, Spanish and Portuguese colonial forces as part of their struggle for dominance over the La Plata Basin . Following decades of fierce fighting between the Charrúa and the Spanish colonists, a peace treaty was signed on 22 March 1732 where the Charrúa, in exchange for recognising Spanish laws, had their laws and sovereignty recognised by
4698-414: The following year, a failed ambush at the Yacaré Cururú Creek resulted in Bernabé Rivera, along with 2 officers and 9 soldiers, being killed by a group of Charrúa that had survived the previous attacks. Hearing of the Charrúan prisoners being put up for sale, the director of the Oriental School of Montevideo thought that the story of a nearly extinct people would spark the interest of French scientists and
4785-423: The forces of the militarist government. In August 1886, President Santos survived an assassination attempt that led him to leave office. Máximo Santos was succeeded by General Máximo Tajes , who had led the government forces during the Quebracho Revolution. He carried out an opening policy, which allowed the reorganization of the then existing political parties. Furthermore, during the Tajes administration there
4872-421: The formation of the League of the Free People , which united several provinces that wanted to be free from the dominance of Buenos Aires and create a centralized state as envisaged by the Congress of Tucumán . Artigas was proclaimed Protector of this League. Guided by his political ideas ( Artiguism ), he launched a land reform, dividing land to small farmers. The steady growth of the influence and prestige of
4959-433: The improved methods of husbandry introduced by European immigrants. In 1866 the country's first railway network was built. The Italians set up the Camera di Commercio Italiana di Montevideo ( lit. ' Italian Chamber of Commerce of Montevideo ' ) which played a strategic role in trade with Italy and building up the Italian middle class in the city. The government of General Lorenzo Batlle y Grau suppressed
5046-485: The influence of the Jesuit missions ) through their adoption of a sedentary way of life and progressive assimilation into the Mestizo communities. The Charrúa, however, were not so amenable to assimilation and were under severe pressure; in addition to the pressures of assimilation, they were harmed even further by ferocious conflict with the state and other indigenous forces alike, with Guazurary (considered by Artigas to be his indigenous political heir) clashing fiercely with
5133-405: The massacre, the survivors were forcibly marched to Montevideo and sold into slavery, with 4 notably being sent to a human zoo in Paris. While descendants of the Charrúa are today believed to number between 160,000 and 300,000 across Uruguay, Brazil and Argentina , the massacre decimated their communities and erased them from Uruguayan public memory; for this reason, it is popularly thought of as
5220-406: The meeting progressed, the Charrúa became increasingly drunk and off their guard; the details of the subsequent events are uncertain and subject to dispute. According to Eduardo Acevedo Díaz , the signal to trigger the attack came when Rivera asked for Chief Venado's knife in order to chop tobacco, whereupon Venado was shot dead. In any case, the Charrúa were suddenly surrounded by 1200 soldiers under
5307-400: The mid-17th century, their number had greatly multiplied. The first permanent settlement on the territory of present-day Uruguay was founded by Spanish Jesuits in 1624 at Villa Soriano on the Río Negro , where they tried to establish a Misiones Orientales system for the Charrúas. In 1680, Portuguese colonists established Colônia do Sacramento on the northern bank of La Plata river, on
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#17328729250575394-448: The middle class. In the political sphere, the period that would last until 1903 was characterized by the political predominance of the upper bourgeoisie, to the detriment of the caudillismo that had prevailed for decades. In 1890, Colorado Julio Herrera y Obes took office as president which marked the end of militarism and the return to civil rule. He proposed the Influencia directriz ( Spanish for 'Directive influence'),
5481-476: The modernization of the country and the establishment of a modern state apparatus. To ensure peace and order, the security forces were professionalized and modernized. The National Army obtained a monopoly on Mauser and Remington rifles, which allowed it to have supremacy against any uprising, while also serving as a deterrent method for seditionists.In addition, the Rural Police was created to prevent livestock theft and rustling. To guarantee private property,
5568-405: The north of the region (today split between Uruguay and Brazil) and lived semi-nomadically; their migration was influenced by rain, drought, and the availability of prey. Compared to the rest of South America, European settlers were relatively late to the area due to fierce indigenous resistance along with the lack of natural resources attractive to the various empires. Following the establishment of
5655-481: The opposite coast from Buenos Aires . Spanish colonial activity increased as Spain sought to limit Portugal 's expansion of Brazil 's frontiers. In 1726, the Spanish established San Felipe de Montevideo on the northern bank and its natural harbor soon developed into a commercial center competing with Buenos Aires . They also moved to capture Côlonia del Sacramento. The 1750 Treaty of Madrid secured Spanish control over Banda Oriental, settlers were given land here and
5742-404: The outskirts of Montevideo . In 1909, the architect and military officer Alfredo Campos was commissioned to construct a new building to house the institution. On August 25, 1910, the new headquarters located in the Jacinto Vera neighborhood was inaugurated. In 1935 a preparatory year was added to the curriculum and in 1966 the curriculum was reformed. In 1969 the headquarters were moved again to
5829-440: The policy of coparticipation represented the search for a new formula of compromise, based on the coexistence of the party in power and the party in opposition. The power-sharing agreement of 1872 split the Colorados into two factions—the principistas , who were open to cooperation with the Blancos, and the netos , who were against it. In the 1873 Presidential election, the netos supported election of José Eugenio Ellauri , who
5916-509: The public. Thusly, French ex-general François Curel agreed to purchase four Charrúa to be exhibited in Paris: medicine man Senacua Sénaqué, warrior Vaimaca-Pirú Sira (who had previously served under Artigas), and the young couple Laureano Tacuavé Martínez and María Micaela Guyunusa ; Guyunusa was pregnant at the time. The four Charrúa disembarked with Curel on 25 February 1833, arriving in Saint-Malo on 7 May of that year before being transported to Paris, where they were exhibited as part of
6003-445: The recognition and self-identification of Uruguayan indigenous peoples. In present-day Uruguay, the name of the Charrúa has acquired mythical connotations of strength, valor, pride and victory in war, especially in a sporting context. The phrase garra charrúa ("Charrúa claw/Charrúa strength") became associated with the Uruguayan national football team following their victory in the 1935 South American Championship , referring to
6090-454: The same disease that took Guyunusa. The ultimate fate of Tacauvé, the last survivor of the group, is unknown; his later activities are scantly documented and no record of his death has been found, but Asenjo theorised from the few existing records that he integrated into the French lifestyle, adopting the Francophone spelling of his name and working as a medicine salesman and maker of card decks for some time before dying of sickness of old age; it
6177-406: The settlers' demands for protection. Rivera, who had maintained friendly relations with the Charrúa up and still enjoyed widespread popularity for his role in the war for independence, agreed to spearhead the Campaña de Salsipuedes — The Salsipuedes campaign. In early 1831, Rivera summoned the leading Charrúa chiefs — Venado, Polidoro, Rondeau and Juan Pedro — and their families to a meeting on
6264-540: The state bank, Banco de la Republica , was established. Due to collectivism, which left state politics in the president's inner circle and ensured the supremacy of the Colorado Party, the National Party was excluded and without representation due to electoral legislation, in addition to denouncing fraud in the 1896 elections. In March 1897 there was an uprising led by the Blanco caudillo Aparicio Saravia , known as
6351-438: The strengthening of the Spanish language in areas close to the borders of Portuguese-speaking Brazil as well as to the integration of immigrants. With the passing of the “General Law of Railway Routes”, the railway network was regulated and expanded, with the formation of the first companies with British capital. The railways converged in Montevideo, which made it possible to transport raw materials and manufactured products to
6438-601: The support of Buenos Aires, the Thirty-Three Orientals , led by Juan Antonio Lavalleja , landed in Cisplatina. They reached Montevideo on 20 May. On 14 June, in La Florida , a provisional government was formed. On 25 August, the newly elected provincial assembly declared the secession of Cisplatina province from Empire of Brazil and allegiance to the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata . In response, Brazil launched
6525-445: The territorial ambitions of its larger neighbors. The Constitution of 1830 was approved in September 1829 and adopted on 18 July 1830. Soon after achieving independence, the political scene in Uruguay became split between two new parties, both splinters of the former Thirty-Three: the conservative Blancos ("Whites") and the liberal Colorados ("Reds"). The Colorados were led by the first President Fructuoso Rivera and represented
6612-552: The time of first contact with Europeans in the 1500s. The native peoples had almost disappeared by the time of Uruguay's independence as a result of European diseases and constant warfare. European genocide culminated on 11 April 1831 with the Massacre of Salsipuedes , when most of the Charrúa men were killed by the Uruguayan army on the orders of President Fructuoso Rivera . The remaining 300 Charrúa women and children were divided as household slaves and servants among Europeans. During
6699-457: The war broke out. Garibaldi was also made head of the Uruguayan navy. During this siege, Uruguay had two parallel governments: The Argentinian blockade of Montevideo was ineffective as Rosas generally tried not to interfere with international shipping on the River Plate, but, in 1845, when access to Paraguay was blocked, Great Britain and France allied against Rosas, seized his fleet, and began
6786-533: Was a surprise candidate with no political powerbase. Five days of rioting in Montevideo between the two Colorado factions led to a military coup on 15 January 1875. Ellauri was exiled and neto representative Pedro Varela assumed the Presidency. In May 1875, the principistas began the Tricolor Revolution , which was defeated later in the year by an unexpected coalition of Blanco leader Aparicio Saravia and
6873-519: Was aided by Argentina's President Bartolomé Mitre . The Fusionist coalition collapsed as Colorados joined Flores's ranks. The Uruguayan civil war developed into a crisis of international scope that destabilized the entire region. Even before the Colorado rebellion, the Blancos had sought an alliance with Paraguayan dictator Francisco Solano López . Berro's now purely Blanco government also received support from Argentine Federalists , who opposed Mitre and his Unitarians . The situation deteriorated as
6960-456: Was an inherent disruption to their settler-colonial ambitions, the white settlers began to raise allegations of murder, rape, robbery and banditry. Preceding his assumption of the presidency, Rivera was petitioned in February 1830 by his rival Juan Antonio Lavalleja that the Charrúa, whom the latter described as "wicked people who know no restraint (...) (and could not) be left to their natural inclinations", should be confronted in order to satisfy
7047-607: Was assassinated while attending Independence Day celebrations. He was succeeded by Juan Lindolfo Cuestas who held the position until 1903. Due to the high educational and cultural level of Uruguayan society at the end of the 19th century, the "Generation of 900" emerged, an influential group of writers, poets and intellectuals. It was made up of Florencio Sánchez , María Eugenia Vaz Ferreira , Julio Herrera y Reissig , Delmira Agustini and Horacio Quiroga , among others. Massacre of Salsipuedes The Massacre of Salsipuedes ( Spanish : Masacre de Salsipuedes ), also known as
7134-400: Was economic prosperity in which the construction of European-style buildings increased in Montevideo, and the gas lighting service was replaced by electric lighting in a large part of the city. By 1890 the country continued to undergo transformations, with increasing urbanization, mass European immigration, an increase in the educational level due to compulsory education and the development of
7221-410: Was established, but Lavalleja died in 1853, Rivera in 1854, and Flores was overthrown in 1855. The government of Montevideo rewarded Brazil's financial and military support by signing five treaties in 1851 that provided for a perpetual alliance between the two countries. Montevideo confirmed Brazil's right to intervene in Uruguay's internal affairs. Uruguay also renounced its territorial claims north of
7308-409: Was killed by natives. Ferdinand Magellan anchored at the future site of Montevideo in 1520. Sebastian Cabot in 1526 explored Río de la Plata , but no permanent settlements were established at that time. The absence of gold and silver limited the settlement of the region during the 16th and 17th centuries. In 1603, cattle and horses were introduced by the order of Hernando Arias de Saavedra , and, by
7395-579: Was shaped by an ongoing conflict between the British, Spanish, Portuguese, and local colonial forces for dominance of the La Plata Basin. In 1806 and 1807, during the Anglo-Spanish War (1796–1808) , the British launched invasions . Buenos Aires was taken in 1806 and then liberated by forces from Montevideo led by Santiago de Liniers . In a new and stronger British attack in 1807, Montevideo was occupied by
7482-580: Was signed by the Emperor of Brazil , the President of Argentina , and the Colorado general Venancio Flores , the Uruguayan head of government whom they had both helped to gain power. The Triple Alliance was created to wage a war against the Paraguayan leader Francisco Solano López . The resulting Paraguayan War ended with the invasion of Paraguay and its defeat by the armies of the three countries. Montevideo, which
7569-639: Was used as a supply station by the Brazilian navy, experienced a period of prosperity and relative calm during this war. The Uruguayan War was fought between the governing Blancos and an alliance of the Empire of Brazil with the Colorados who were supported by Argentina . In 1863, the Colorado leader Venancio Flores launched the Liberating Crusade aimed at toppling President Bernardo Berro and his Colorado–Blanco coalition ( Fusionist ) government. Flores
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