Upskirting or upskirt photography is the practice of taking photographs or videos under a person's skirt or kilt , capturing an image or video of the crotch area , showing underwear such as panties , and sometimes genitalia . An " upskirt " is a photograph, video, or illustration which incorporates such an image, although the term may also be used to refer to the area of the body inside a skirt, usually from below and while being worn.
70-403: The practice is regarded as a form of sexual fetishism or voyeurism and is similar in nature to downblouse photography. The ethical and legal issue relating to upskirt photography is one of a reasonable expectation of privacy , even in a public place . In a few countries, nonconsensual upskirting is a criminal sexual offense . The sudden popularity in the 1960s of the miniskirt brought
140-654: A guinea baboon , would become erect while rubbing and smelling the boot, but not masturbate or touch it with his penis. Clothing fetishism and fetish-related Information Technology Act The Information Technology Act, 2000 (also known as ITA-2000 , or the IT Act ) is an Act of the Indian Parliament (No 21 of 2000) notified on 17 October 2000. It is the primary law in India dealing with cybercrime and electronic commerce . Secondary or subordinate legislation to
210-492: A mental disorder if it causes significant psychosocial distress for the person or has detrimental effects on important areas of their life. Sexual arousal from a particular body part can be further classified as partialism . While medical definitions restrict the term sexual fetishism to objects or body parts, fetish can, in common discourse, also refer to sexual interest in specific activities, peoples, types of people, substances, or situations. In common parlance,
280-509: A 1980 study reported fetishistic fantasies. Fetishism to the extent that it is seen as a disorder appears to be rare, with less than 1% of general psychiatric patients presenting fetishism as their primary problem. It is also uncommon in forensic populations. The word fetish derives from the French fétiche , which comes from the Portuguese feitiço ("spell"), which in turn derives from
350-688: A Delhi-based law student, Shreya Singhal , filed a Public Interest Litigation (PIL) in the Supreme Court of India . She argued that Section 66A was vaguely phrased, and as a result, it violated Article 14, 19 (1)(a) and Article 21 of the Constitution. The PIL was accepted on 29 November 2012. In August 2014, the Supreme Court asked the central government to respond to petitions filed by the Internet and Mobile Association of India (IAMAI) which claimed that
420-604: A crime to videotape or transmit upskirt videos of other people without their consent. A 2014 Chicago ordinance made the crime punishable by a $ 500 fine. In March 2014, the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court overruled a lower court upskirt ruling because the women photographed were not nude or partially nude, saying that existing so-called Peeping Tom laws protect people from being photographed in dressing rooms and bathrooms when nude or partially nude, but it does not protect clothed people in public areas. A law
490-509: A disorder when they impair normal functioning or cause distress. Goals of treatment can include elimination of criminal activity, reduction in reliance on the fetish for sexual satisfaction, improving relationship skills, reducing or removing arousal to the fetish altogether, or increasing arousal towards more acceptable stimuli. The evidence for treatment efficacy is limited and largely based on case studies , and no research on treatment for female fetishists exists. Cognitive behavioral therapy
560-498: A fetish or non-sexual object". A content analysis of the sample's favorite fantasies found that 14% of the male fantasies involved fetishism (including feet , nonsexual objects, and specific clothing), and 4.7% focused on a specific body part other than feet. None of the women's favorite fantasies had fetishistic themes. Another study found that 28% of men and 11% of women reported fetishistic arousal (including feet, fabrics, and objects "like shoes, gloves, or plush toys"). 18% of men in
630-554: A fine of 15,000 euros. In November 2019, the German Bundestag approved a bill to criminalize both upskirting and "criminalize photographing victims of accidents or pictures that" show a dead person in a grossly offensive way; German media has referred to the latter as rubbernecking . In India, under section 66E, of the Information Technology Act , "Whoever, intentionally or knowingly captures, publishes or transmits
700-532: A fine of up to 3 million Japanese yen. In New Zealand, it is illegal to make a visual recording of a person's intimate parts in any setting in which the person has a " reasonable expectation of privacy ". This includes public and private settings. It is also illegal to possess or distribute such images. In South Korea, the Sexual Violence Punishment Act prohibits secret photography, the photographing of people without their permission. Such filming
770-462: A male rat during its first exposure to scented females has the same effect. Rats will also develop sexual preferences for the location of their early sexual experiences, and can be conditioned to show increased arousal in the presence of objects such as a plastic toy fish. One experiment found that rats which are made to wear a Velcro tethering jacket during their formative sexual experiences exhibit severe deficits in sexual performance when not wearing
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#1732895381983840-554: A person as a whole but always is the product of the interaction of individual features. He stated that nearly everyone had special interests and thus suffered from a healthy kind of fetishism, while only detaching and overvaluing of a single feature resulted in pathological fetishism. Today, Hirschfeld's theory is often mentioned in the context of gender role specific behavior: females present sexual stimuli by highlighting body parts, clothes or accessories; males react to them. Sigmund Freud believed that sexual fetishism in men derived from
910-410: A person can have a reasonable expectation that any part of his or her private area would not be visible to the public, regardless of whether that person is in a public or private place. In Japan, prefecture level Trouble Prevention Ordinances (迷惑防止条例) prohibit secret photography , along with stalking , chikan and other offenses. Although every prefecture in the country has adopted some variation of
980-453: A person's right to personal privacy, especially in a public place , but the legal position does vary considerably. All jurisdictions within Australia have passed laws making it illegal to take upskirt photos in public places without the person's consent. In 2010, an elderly man had his camera confiscated and was fined 12 day-fines for the act of public obscenity (which was thought to be
1050-782: A plea to strike down sections 69A and 79 of the Act, which deal with the procedure and safeguards for blocking certain websites. Despite this, as per a research paper by Abhinav Sekhri and Apar Gupta, Section 66A of the Information Technology Act 2000 continues to be used by police departments across India in prosecutions. The data privacy rules introduced in the Act in 2011 have been described as too strict by some Indian and US firms. The rules require firms to obtain written permission from customers before collecting and using their personal data. This has affected US firms which outsource to Indian companies. However, some companies have welcomed
1120-572: A resolution seeking to amend Section 66A. He was supported by D. Bandyopadhyay, Gyan Prakash Pilania , Basavaraj Patil Sedam , Narendra Kumar Kashyap, Rama Chandra Khuntia and Baishnab Charan Parida . P Rajeev pointed out that the cartoons and editorials allowed in the traditional media were being censored in the new media. He also said that the law was barely debated before being passed in December 2008. Rajeev Chandrasekhar suggested that 66A should only apply to person-to-person communication pointing to
1190-442: A role in some cases. Vilayanur S. Ramachandran observed that the region processing sensory input from the feet lies immediately next to the region processing genital stimulation, and suggested an accidental link between these regions could explain the prevalence of foot fetishism . In one unusual case, an anterior temporal lobectomy relieved an epileptic man's fetish for safety pins. Various explanations have been put forth for
1260-540: A sexual interest in non-living objects, body parts or secretions. The publication of the DSM-III in 1980 changed that, by excluding arousal from body parts in its diagnostic criteria for fetishism. In 1987, the revised DSM-III-R introduced a new diagnosis for body part arousal called partialism . The DSM-IV retained this distinction. Martin Kafka argued that partialism should be merged into fetishism because of overlap between
1330-598: A similar section under the Indian Post Office Act, 1898. Shantaram Naik opposed any changes, saying that the misuse of law was insufficient to warrant changes. The then Minister for Communications and Information Technology , Mr Kapil Sibal , defended the existing law, saying that similar laws existed in the US and the UK. He also said that a similar provision existed under the Indian Post Office Act, 1898. However, P Rajeev said that
1400-704: Is a specific offence in Scotland under the Criminal Justice and Licensing (Scotland) Act 2010. This act, which was passed by the Scottish Parliament , extended the definition of voyeurism to cover upskirting. As in England and Wales before 2019, there is no specific offence of upskirting in Northern Ireland , but can in certain circumstances be prosecuted as the common law offence of outraging public decency . In
1470-525: Is one popular approach. Cognitive behavioral therapists teach clients to identify and avoid antecedents to fetishistic behavior, and substitute non-fetishistic fantasies for ones involving the fetish. Aversion therapy and covert conditioning can reduce fetishistic arousal in the short term, but requires repetition to sustain the effect. Multiple case studies have also reported treating fetishistic behavior with psychodynamic approaches. Antiandrogens may be prescribed to lower sex drive. Cyproterone acetate
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#17328953819831540-470: Is presently little evidence for their efficacy, they have fewer side effects than other antiandrogens. A number of studies support the use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), which may be preferable over antiandrogens because of their relatively benign side effects. Pharmacological agents are an adjunctive treatment which are usually combined with other approaches for maximum effect. Relationship counselors may attempt to reduce dependence on
1610-400: Is subject to criminal penalties and results in those convicted being registered as sex offenders. This applies to activities such as upskirting and also to filming a clothed person from a long distance. If the person being photographed is a minor, the punishment is more severe. It is the filming, not the distribution, that constitutes the crime. When a person is photographed from a long distance,
1680-633: Is the most commonly used antiandrogen, except in the United States, where it may not be available. A large body of literature has shown that it reduces general sexual fantasies. Side effects may include osteoporosis , liver dysfunction , and feminization. Case studies have found that the antiandrogen medroxyprogesterone acetate is successful in reducing sexual interest, but can have side effects including osteoporosis, diabetes , deep vein thrombosis , feminization, and weight gain. Some hospitals use leuprorelin and goserelin to reduce libido, and while there
1750-460: The Constitution of India ensuring freedom of speech and expression to all, as well as possibly in conflict with WTO agreements. The Internet Freedom Foundation has criticized the ban for not following the required protocols and thus lacking transparency and disclosure. On 2 April 2015, the then Chief Minister of Maharashtra , Devendra Fadnavis revealed to the state assembly that a new law
1820-506: The Latin facticius ("artificial") and facere ("to make"). A fetish is an object believed to have supernatural powers, or in particular, a human-made object that has power over others. Essentially, fetishism is the attribution of inherent value or powers to an object. Fétichisme was first used in an erotic context by Alfred Binet in 1887. A slightly earlier concept was Julien Chevalier's azoophilie . Alfred Binet suspected fetishism
1890-617: The Ministry of Home Affairs cited Section 69 in the issue of an order authorising ten central agencies to intercept, monitor, and decrypt “any information generated, transmitted, received or stored in any computer.” While some claim this to be a violation of the fundamental right to privacy , the Ministry of Home Affairs has claimed its validity on the grounds of national security. The bans on Chinese apps based on Section 69A has been criticized for possibly being in conflict with Article 19(1)(a) of
1960-464: The Sexual Offences Act 2003 . It is defined as creating images of or operating equipment to view genitals, buttocks or underwear beneath clothing where they would not normally be visible, for the purpose of sexual gratification or to cause humiliation, alarm or distress. The maximum sentence for the offence is two years' imprisonment and in the more serious sexual cases those convicted are added to
2030-601: The Violent and Sex Offender Register . Before 2019, there were no specific laws against upskirting in England and Wales . When upskirting took place in public, it was outside of the scope of the offence of voyeurism under the Sexual Offences Act 2003. Nevertheless, prosecutions for upskirting were successful under the common law offence of outraging public decency , which requires the presence of at least two other people and for
2100-514: The IT Act gave the government power to arbitrarily remove user-generated content. On 24 March 2015, the Supreme Court of India gave the verdict that Section 66A is unconstitutional in entirety. The court said that Section 66A of IT Act 2000 "arbitrarily, excessively and disproportionately invades the right of free speech" provided under Article 19(1) of the Constitution of India . But the Court turned down
2170-628: The IT Act includes the Intermediary Guidelines Rules 2011 and the Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2021 . The bill was passed in the budget session of 2000 and signed by President K. R. Narayanan on 9 May 2000. The bill was finalised by a group of officials headed by the then Minister of Information Technology , Pramod Mahajan . The original Act contained 94 sections, divided into 13 chapters and 4 schedules , out of which
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2240-663: The Ministry of Information Technology, Milind Deora has supported a new "unambiguous section to replace 66A". In 2022, it was reported that there has been a proposal to replace the Information Technology Act with a more comprehensive and updated Digital India Act, which would cover a wider range of information technology issues and concerns. This law could ostensibly have focal areas around privacy, social media regulation, regulation of over-the-top platforms, internet intermediaries, introducing additional contraventions or offences, and governance of new technologies. The Indian government closely connects data to citizens' privacy and this
2310-550: The UK law dealt only with communication from person to person. In November 2012, IPS officer Amitabh Thakur and his wife, social activist Nutan Thakur, filed a petition in the Lucknow bench of the Allahabad High Court claiming that Section 66A violated the freedom of speech guaranteed under Article 19(1)(a) of the Constitution of India . They said that the section was vaguely worded and frequently misused. In November 2012,
2380-516: The United States, laws vary by state. At the federal level the United States enacted the Video Voyeurism Prevention Act of 2004 to punish those who intentionally make an image of an individual's private areas without consent, when the person knew the subject had an expectation of privacy . This act applies only in areas under federal jurisdiction. Additionally, many state laws address the issue as well. A 2005 Illinois law made it
2450-660: The WHO ( World Health Organization ) published ICD-11 , in which fetishism and fetishistic transvestism ( cross-dressing for sexual pleasure) are now removed as psychiatric diagnoses. Moreover, discrimination against fetish-having and BDSM individuals is considered inconsistent with human rights principles endorsed by the United Nations and The World Health Organization. According to the World Health Organization , fetishistic fantasies are common and should only be treated as
2520-529: The act to be done in a public place. Following a public campaign to change the law, a government bill was introduced to the House of Commons on 21 June 2018. Speaking on the government's behalf in the House of Lords, Baroness Vere of Norbiton said the legislation would also protect men wearing kilts . The Voyeurism (Offences) Act 2019 received royal assent on 12 February 2019, taking effect two months later. Upskirting
2590-709: The arousal must persist for at least six months and cause significant psychosocial distress or impairment in important areas of their life. In the DSM-IV , sexual interest in body parts was distinguished from fetishism under the name partialism (diagnosed as Paraphilia NOS ), but it was merged with fetishistic disorder for the DSM-5. The ReviseF65 project campaigned for the International Classification of Diseases (ICD)’s fetish-related diagnoses to be abolished completely to avoid stigmatizing fetishists. On 18 June 2018,
2660-466: The beach in a swimsuit or in street wear, and were even relaxed when in some situations their underwear would be visible. Some upskirt and downblouse images originate as innocent fun images which are made with the knowledge and lack of objection of the females affected. However, some of these images can end up being more widely distributed or being posted onto the Internet without the knowledge and consent of
2730-484: The closest match in the criminal code), having taken dozens of upskirt photos in a shopping centre in Turku . In August of 2018, France passed its first law specifically criminalizing upskirt voyeurism, defined as " using any means in order to perceive the private parts of a person which that person... when committed without the knowledge or consent of the person ". The law makes such offenses punishable by one year in prison and
2800-457: The concept out onto the streets and was viewed by many as mass exhibitionism . One commentator in the 1960s said, "In European countries ... they ban mini-skirts in the streets and say they're an invitation to rape ..." By contrast, many women viewed the new style as rebellion against previous clothing styles and as women's liberation of their own bodies. For the first time, many women felt comfortable exposing their thighs, whether on
2870-431: The court judges whether there is "sexual intention" or a "sexual body part" is photographed or "sexual shame" is the result. The law has been criticized for having no clear standards for legal interpretation. Some South Korean lawyers suggest that posting videos of street events such as Halloween on social media may constitute a sex crime. Since April 2019, upskirting has constituted the specific offence of voyeurism under
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2940-483: The defendant's mind' that the First Amendment was designed to guard against." [REDACTED] Media related to Upskirt at Wikimedia Commons Sexual fetishism Sexual fetishism or erotic fetishism is a sexual fixation on a nonliving object or body part. The object of interest is called the fetish ; the person who has a fetish for that object is a fetishist . A sexual fetish may be regarded as
3010-432: The evidence base for these techniques is weak). The prevalence of fetishism is not known with certainty. Fetishism is more common in males. In a 2011 study, 30% of men reported fetishistic fantasies, and 24.5% had engaged in fetishistic acts. Of those reporting fantasies, 45% said the fetish was intensely sexually arousing. In a 2014 study, 26.3% of women and 27.8% of men acknowledged any fantasies about "having sex with
3080-448: The fetish and improve partner communication using techniques like sensate focusing . Partners may agree to incorporate the fetish into their activities in a controlled, time-limited manner, or set aside only certain days to practice the fetishism. If the fetishist cannot sustain an erection without the fetish object, the therapist might recommend orgasmic reconditioning or covert sensitization to increase arousal to normal stimuli (although
3150-673: The formation of a Controller of Certifying Authorities to regulate the issuance of digital signatures. It also established a Cyber Appellate Tribunal to resolve disputes rising from this new law. The Act also amended various sections of the Indian Penal Code, 1860 , the Indian Evidence Act, 1872 , the Banker's Books Evidence Act, 1891, and the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934 to make them compliant with new technologies. A major amendment
3220-401: The groups about clothing, 33% belonged to groups about clothes worn on the legs or buttocks (such as stockings or skirts), 32% about footwear ( shoe fetishism ), 12% about underwear ( underwear fetishism ), and 9% about whole-body wear such as jackets. Less popular object groups focused on headwear, stethoscopes, wristwear, pacifiers , and diapers ( diaper fetishism ). Erotic asphyxiation is
3290-445: The image of a private area of any person without his or her consent, under circumstances violating the privacy of that person, shall be punished with imprisonment which may extend to three years or with fine not exceeding two lakh (200,000) rupees, or with both". The words "private area" mean the naked or undergarment-clad genitals, pubic area, buttocks or female breast; "under circumstances violating privacy" means circumstances in which
3360-417: The issue of hyperactive pleasure seeking which can result in strangulation when there is no one to help if the device gets too tight and strangles the user. Devotism involves being attracted to disability or body modifications on another person that are the result of amputation for example. Devotism is only a sexual fetish when the person who has the fetish considers the amputated body part on another person
3430-433: The jacket. Similar sexual conditioning has been demonstrated in gouramis , marmosets and Japanese quails . Possible boot fetishism has been reported in two different primates from the same zoo. Whenever a boot was placed near the first, a common chimpanzee born in captivity, he would invariably stare at it, touch it, become erect, rub his penis against the boot, masturbate, and then consume his ejaculate. The second,
3500-510: The material of a woman's dress) came into use. Of particular concern were images of minors and of people who could be identified. Celebrities were popular victims of such efforts. Issues of privacy and reputation began to be raised. The creation and viewing of this type of image came increasingly to be described as forms of voyeurism and pornography. This was not that most of such images were sexual in nature, with most of them being quite innocent by themselves, but because of their association with
3570-426: The nature of the website on which they were posted and because of the size of the collections. One of the things that skirt-wearers do to avoid upskirts, particularly those who are prominently in public such as female athletes and celebrities as well as schoolgirls, is the wearing of "safety shorts" or simply shorts under their skirts to protect themselves from upskirting. Many countries do not have laws which protect
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#17328953819833640-625: The object of sexual interest. Fetishism usually becomes evident during puberty, but may develop prior to that. No single cause for fetishism has been conclusively established. Some explanations invoke classical conditioning . In several experiments, men have been conditioned to show arousal to stimuli like boots, geometric shapes or penny jars by pairing these cues with conventional erotica. According to John Bancroft , conditioning alone cannot explain fetishism, because it does not result in fetishism for most people. He suggests that conditioning combines with some other factor, such as an abnormality in
3710-423: The ordinance, details vary greatly. In June 2023, as a part of the sex crime reform, Japanese parliament passed a new law that replaces the prefecture-dependent implementations of Trouble Prevention Ordinances. Under the new law, the act of secretly photographing or filming a person's sexual appearance, as well as providing such photos or videos to a third person, are subject to imprisonment of up to three years or
3780-696: The rarity of female fetishists. Most fetishes are visual in nature, and males are thought to be more sexually sensitive to visual stimuli. Roy Baumeister suggests that male sexuality is unchangeable, except for a brief period in childhood during which fetishism could become established, while female sexuality is fluid throughout life. Under the DSM-5 , fetishism is sexual arousal from nonliving objects or specific nongenital body parts, excluding clothes used for cross-dressing (as that falls under transvestic disorder ) and sex toys that are designed for genital stimulation. In order to be diagnosed as fetishistic disorder ,
3850-543: The sexual learning process. Theories of sexual imprinting propose that humans learn to recognize sexually desirable features and activities during childhood. Fetishism could result when a child is imprinted with an overly narrow or incorrect concept of a sex object. Imprinting seems to occur during the child's earliest experiences with arousal and desire, and is based on "an egocentric evaluation of salient reward- or pleasure-related characteristics that differ from one individual to another." Neurological differences may play
3920-532: The source of manifold adult behavior, amongst many others fetishism. He speculated that the child's transitional object became sexualized. Human fetishism has been compared to Pavlovian conditioning of sexual response in other animals. Sexual attraction to certain cues can be artificially induced in rats . Both male and female rats will develop a sexual preference for neutrally or even noxiously scented partners if those scents are paired with their early sexual experiences. Injecting morphine or oxytocin into
3990-458: The strict rules, saying it will remove fears of outsourcing to Indian companies. Section 69 allows intercepting any information and ask for information decryption. To refuse decryption is an offence. The Indian Telegraph Act, 1885 allows the government to tap phones. But according to a 1996 Supreme Court verdict, the government can tap phones only in case of a "public emergency". But there is no such restriction on Section 69. On 20 December 2018,
4060-429: The subject, for example as revenge porn following a relationship breakup . Some upskirt and downblouse photos and videos are made specifically to upload onto the Internet, where many viewers seek such images taken surreptitiously (and presumably without the subject's consent). Such photographs are common on fetish and pornographic websites , as well as on video sharing sites such as YouTube . Attitudes hardened with
4130-480: The third and fourth schedule were omitted later. The law applies to the whole of India. If a crime involves a computer or network located in India, persons of other nationalities can also be indicted under the law. The Act provides a legal framework for electronic governance by giving recognition to electronic records and digital signatures . It also defines cyber crimes and prescribes penalties for them. The Act directed
4200-799: The two conditions. The DSM-5 subsequently did so, in 2013. In a review of 48 cases of clinical fetishism in 1983, fetishes included clothing (58.3%), rubber and rubber items (22.9%), footwear (14.6%), body parts (14.6%), leather (10.4%), and soft materials or fabrics (6.3%). A 2007 study counted members of Internet discussion groups with the word fetish in their name. Of the groups about body parts or features, 47% belonged to groups about feet ( podophilia ), 9% about body fluids (including urophilia , scatophilia , lactaphilia , menophilia , mucophilia ), 9% about body size, 7% about hair ( hair fetish ), and 5% about muscles ( muscle worship ). Less popular groups focused on navels ( navel fetishism ), legs, body hair, mouth, and nails, among other things. Of
4270-400: The unconscious fear of the mother's genitals, from men's universal fear of castration, and from a man's fantasy that his mother had had a penis but that it had been cut off. He did not discuss sexual fetishism in women. In 1951, Donald Winnicott presented his theory of transitional objects and phenomena , according to which childish actions like thumb sucking and objects like cuddly toys are
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#17328953819834340-404: The use of choking to increase the pleasure in sex. The fetish also includes an individualized part that involves choking oneself during the act of masturbation, which is known as auto-erotic asphyxiation. This usually involves a person being connected and strangled by a homemade device that is tight enough to give them pleasure but not tight enough to suffocate them to death. This is dangerous due to
4410-412: The very widespread availability and use of digital photographic and video technology, most recently camera phones . Such technology was also being used to record upskirt and downblouse images for uploading onto the internet. Specialist websites came into existence where people could share such images, and terms such as "upskirt", "downblouse" and "nipple dress" (i.e., when an erect nipple is evident through
4480-465: The word fetish is used to refer to any sexually arousing stimuli, not all of which meet the medical criteria for fetishism. This broader usage of fetish covers parts or features of the body (including obesity and body modifications), objects, situations and activities (such as smoking or BDSM ). Paraphilias such as urophilia , necrophilia and coprophilia have been described as fetishes. Originally, most medical sources defined fetishism as
4550-598: Was announced that the Ministry of Home Affairs would form a committee of officials from the Intelligence Bureau , Central Bureau of Investigation , National Investigation Agency , Delhi Police and the ministry itself to produce a new legal framework. This step was reportedly taken after complaints from intelligence agencies that they were no longer able to counter online posts that involved national security matter or incited people to commit an offence, such as online recruitment for ISIS . Former Minister of State with
4620-446: Was being framed to replace the repealed Section 66A. Fadnavis was replying to a query by Shiv Sena leader Neelam Gorhe. Gorhe had said that the repeal of the law would encourage online miscreants and asked whether the state government would frame a law in this regard. Fadnavis said that the previous law had resulted in no convictions, so the law would be framed such that it would be strong and result in convictions. On 13 April 2015, it
4690-510: Was made in 2008. It introduced Section 66A which penalized sending "offensive messages". It also introduced Section 69, which gave authorities the power of "interception or monitoring or decryption of any information through any computer resource". Additionally, it introduced provisions addressing pornography , child porn , cyber terrorism and voyeurism . The amendment was passed on 22 December 2008 without any debate in Lok Sabha. The next day, it
4760-479: Was passed by the Rajya Sabha. It was signed into law by the then President Pratibha Patil , on 5 February 2009. Following is a list of offences and the corresponding penalties under the 2000 Act: From its establishment as an amendment to the original act in 2008, Section 66A attracted controversy over its unconstitutional nature: In December 2012, P Rajeev , a Rajya Sabha member from Kerala, tried to pass
4830-571: Was the pathological result of associations . He argued that, in certain vulnerable individuals, an emotionally rousing experience with the fetish object in childhood could lead to fetishism. Richard von Krafft-Ebing and Havelock Ellis also believed that fetishism arose from associative experiences, but disagreed on what type of predisposition was necessary. The sexologist Magnus Hirschfeld followed another line of thought when he proposed his theory of partial attractiveness in 1920. According to his argument, sexual attractiveness never originates in
4900-537: Was then passed in Massachusetts to ban the practice. In September 2014, the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals voided the state's statute against "improper photography or visual recording" including "upskirt" photos, saying its wording was overly broad. The court's opinion stated: "Protecting someone who appears in public from being the object of sexual thoughts seems to be the sort of 'paternalistic interest in regulating
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