38-618: Unter den Linden ( German: [ˈʊntɐ deːn ˈlɪndn̩] , "under the linden trees") is a boulevard in the central Mitte district of Berlin , Germany. Running from the Berlin Palace to the Brandenburg Gate , it is named after the linden trees (known as lime in the UK and Ireland and basswood in North America, not related to citrus lime) that line the grassed pedestrian mall on
76-710: A Proto-Indo-European word *ptel-ei̯ā with a meaning of "broad" (feminine); perhaps "broad-leaved" or similar. The genus is generally called "lime" or "linden" in Britain and "linden", "lime", or "basswood" in North America. "Lime" is an altered form of Middle English lind , in the 16th century also line , from Old English feminine lind or linde , Proto-Germanic *lindō (cf. Dutch /German Linde, plural Linden ), cognate to Latin lentus "flexible" and Sanskrit latā " liana ". Within Germanic languages , English "lithe" and Dutch /German lind for "lenient, yielding" are from
114-715: A 700-year-old T. cordata , is the thickest tree in Slovenia . Next to the 英華殿/Yinghua Temple in the Forbidden City in Beijing , there are two Tilia trees planted by Empress Dowager Li, the biological mother of Wanli Emperor about five hundred years ago. Equestrian statue of Frederick the Great Too Many Requests If you report this error to the Wikimedia System Administrators, please include
152-451: A dripping of excess sap onto the lower branches and leaves, and anything else below. Cars left under the trees can quickly become coated with a film of the syrup ("honeydew") thus dropped from higher up. The ant/aphid "farming" process does not appear to cause any serious damage to the trees. The linden is recommended as an ornamental tree when a mass of foliage or a deep shade is desired. It produces fragrant and nectar-producing flowers and
190-639: A material for drum shells, both to enhance their sound and for their aesthetics. Linden wood is also the material of choice for window blinds and shutters. Real-wood blinds are often made from this lightweight but strong and stable wood, which is well suited to natural and stained finishes. In China, 冻蘑/"dongmo" grows well on decomposing logs of Tilia trees in the old-growth forest ; therefore, people use logs of Tilia trees to cultivate S. edulis and even Black fungus or shiitake mushrooms with excellent results. Currently, "椴木黑木耳/ Tilia -logs-black fungus" or "椴木香菇/ Tilia -logs-shiitake mushrooms" has become
228-630: A ribbon-like, greenish-yellow bract whose apparent purpose is to launch the ripened seed clusters just a little beyond the parent tree. The flowers of the European and American Tilia species are similar, except the American ones bear a petal-like scale among their stamens and the European varieties are devoid of these appendages. All of the Tilia species may be propagated by cuttings and grafting, as well as by seed. They grow rapidly in rich soil, but are subject to
266-476: A term for a method of cultivating black fungus and shiitake mushrooms and "椴木/ Tilia -logs" no longer exclusively refers to Tilia tree wood but also to other woods suitable for black fungus or shiitake mushrooms cultivation. In Russian, "linden-made" (липовый, lipoviy ) is a term for forgery, due to the popularity of the material for making forged seals in the past centuries. Known in the trade as basswood, particularly in North America, its name originates from
304-440: A wide range of fungal symbionts and a preference toward Ascomycota fungal partners. Tilia species are mostly large, deciduous trees, reaching typically 20 to 40 m (65 to 130 ft) tall, with oblique-cordate (heart-shaped) leaves 6 to 20 cm ( 2 + 1 ⁄ 4 to 7 + 3 ⁄ 4 in) across. As with elms , the exact number of species is uncertain, as many of the species can hybridise readily, both in
342-474: Is a genus of about 30 species of trees or bushes, native throughout most of the temperate Northern Hemisphere. The tree is known as linden for the European species, and basswood for North American species. In Great Britain and Ireland they are commonly called lime trees , although they are not related to the citrus lime . The genus occurs in Europe and eastern North America, but the greatest species diversity
380-484: Is an important honey plant for beekeepers, giving rise to a pale but richly flavoured monofloral honey . In European and North American herbal medicine, the flowers are also used for herbal teas and tinctures . The flowers are used for herbal tea in the winter in the Balkans. In China, dried Tilia flowers are also used to make tea. In English landscape gardens , avenues of linden trees were fashionable, especially during
418-721: Is called "white honey" or "snow honey". Heilongjiang is well-known throughout the country for producing high-quality " Tilia honey": Heilongjiang not only has lush Tilia trees, but also a rare and excellent bee species - " 东北黑蜂/Northeast Black Bee " to collect honey（ Raohe County is the location of the national "东北黑蜂自然保护区/Northeast Black Bee Nature Reserve". It is the only nature reserve for bees in Asia. ). " Tilia honey" mainly comes from Tilia amurensis and Tilia mandshurica . " Tilia honey" and southern " longan honey" and " lychee honey" are called "China's three famous honeys". " Tilia honey", " rape honey" and " black acacia honey " are
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#1732870113194456-598: Is found in Asia. Under the Cronquist classification system , this genus was placed in the family Tiliaceae , but genetic research summarised by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group has resulted in the incorporation of this genus, and of most of the previous family, into the Fabaceae . Tilia is the only known ectomycorrhizal genus in the family Malvaceae . Studies of ectomycorrhizal relations of Tilia species indicate
494-556: Is the Straße des 17. Juni (formerly Charlottenburger Chaussee ), which in turn is extended to the west by the straight sequence of Bismarckstrasse and Kaiserdamm , an axis, widened in 1904, that runs from Berlin Palace more than 10 kilometers across the city to the western outskirts where, slightly elevated, one can survey the length of the axis. The extension of the Linden alley to this gigantic axis
532-719: The Crown Prince's Palace (the former palace of the Hohenzollern crown princes), at No. 3, opposite the Neue Wache war memorial, No. 4, Karl Friedrich Schinkel ’s masterpiece built in 1817. Further along, on Bebelplatz , the Berlin State Opera , No. 7, colloquially called Lindenoper , St. Hedwig's Cathedral and the Altes Palais , No. 9, ( Old Palace, Berlin ) a favourite Neoclassical residence of Emperor Wilhelm I ; next, on
570-634: The Friedrichstadt , a city expansion founded in 1691. Eastward the boulevard crosses the Spree river, slightly kinked due to the oblique position of the long side of the palace compared to the boulevard, at the Lustgarten with Berlin Cathedral , and continues as Karl-Liebknecht-Straße , itself continued as Prenzlauer Allee , to the northern outskirts. The western, dead straight continuation behind Brandenburg Gate
608-640: The larvae of some Lepidoptera ; see List of Lepidoptera that feed on Tilia . In Europe, some linden trees reached considerable ages. A coppice of T. cordata in Westonbirt Arboretum in Gloucestershire is estimated to be 2,000 years old. In the courtyard of the Imperial Castle at Nuremberg is a Tilia , which by tradition recounted in 1900, was planted by the Empress Cunigunde ,
646-643: The 19th century, as Berlin grew and expanded to the west, Unter den Linden became the most renowned and grandest street in Berlin. In 1851 the famous equestrian statue of Frederick the Great , designed by Christian Daniel Rauch , was erected on the central strip. Johann Strauss III wrote the waltz " Unter den Linden " in 1900. In the course of the building of the Nord-Süd-Tunnel for the Berlin S-Bahn in 1934–35, most of
684-643: The Netherlands. Linden trees produce soft and easily worked timber, which has very little grain and a density of 560 kg/m . It was often used by Germanic tribes for constructing shields. It is a popular wood for model building and for intricate carving. Especially in Germany, it was the classic wood for sculpture from the Middle Ages onwards and is the material for the elaborate altarpieces of Veit Stoss , Tilman Riemenschneider , and many others. In England, it
722-420: The attack of many insects. Tilia is notoriously difficult to propagate from seed unless collected fresh in fall. If allowed to dry, the seeds go into a deep dormancy and take 18 months to germinate. This list comprises the most widely accepted species, hybrids, and cultivars. The Latin tilia is cognate to Greek πτελέᾱ, ptelea , " elm tree ", τιλίαι, tiliai , " black poplar " ( Hes. ), ultimately from
760-412: The burden of disease - one of the major contributors to pollinator decline. A beverage made from dried linden leaves and flowers is brewed and consumed as a folk medicine and relaxant in many Balkan countries, including Serbia and Greece . Usually, the double-flowered species are used to make perfumes. The leaf buds and young leaves are also edible raw. Tilia species are used as food plants by
798-524: The inner fibrous bark of the tree, known as bast. A strong fibre is obtained from the tree by peeling off the bark and soaking it in water for a month, after which the inner fibres can be easily separated. Bast obtained from the inside of the bark of the Tilia japonica tree has been used by the Ainu people of Japan to weave their traditional clothing, the attus . Excavations in Britain have shown that lime tree fibre
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#1732870113194836-465: The late 17th and early 18th centuries. Many country houses have a surviving "lime avenue" or "lime walk", the example at Hatfield House was planted between 1700 and 1730. The fashion was derived from the earlier practice of planting lindens in lines as shade trees in Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium and northern France. Most of the trees used in British gardens were cultivars propagated by layering in
874-504: The linden trees were cut down and during the last days of World War II the remaining trees were destroyed or cut down for firewood. The present-day linden were replanted in the 1950s. As the location of the pre-1914 German Foreign Ministry building, "the Under den Linden" was sometimes used as a shorthand for the German government when talking of German foreign policy. Since 1937, the numbering of
912-670: The median and the two broad carriageways . The avenue links numerous Berlin sights , landmarks and rivers for sightseeing. Unter den Linden runs east–west from the Berlin Palace , the former main residence of the royal House of Hohenzollern , reconstructed (after the demolition of the communist Palace of the Republic ) on its old site opposite the Lustgarten park, to Pariser Platz and Brandenburg Gate . Major north–south streets crossing Unter den Linden are Friedrichstraße and Wilhelmstrasse , both meeting at Mehringplatz and running across
950-697: The north side lies the main building of the Humboldt University , No. 6, and House I of the Berlin State Library , No. 8. At the western end are the Russian Embassy (former Soviet Embassy, Nos. 63-65, the Hungarian Embassy, No. 76, standing at the junction with Wilhelmstrasse, and finally the Hotel Adlon , No. 77, at the corner of Pariser Platz, which has been completely rebuilt on the site of
988-583: The palace on the Spree river island itself. Bebelplatz itself was planned by Frederick the Great as a much larger Forum Fridericianum , albeit on a smaller scale actually realized with his State Opera , St. Hedwig's Cathedral , the Old Library Building and the Palace of Prince Henry , today the main building of Humboldt University , giving the square an almost complete surround of 18th-century buildings. By
1026-511: The pre-war hotel. Well-known statues of Alexander and Wilhelm von Humboldt in front of the university as well as of the Prussian generals Scharnhorst and Bülow , also adorn the street. A street sign carrying the name Unter den Linden dating from before the 1930s was taken away by British forces and can now be seen at the Imperial War Museum , London. Tilia About 30 Tilia
1064-608: The properties on the street has started at the Schlossbrücke (Palace Bridge), which connects Unter den Linden with the Lustgarten and Museum Island . The reconstructed Alte Kommandantur is at No. 1, standing opposite the Zeughaus arsenal, the oldest building on Unter den Linden, built between 1695 and 1706, now the seat of the Deutsches Historisches Museum , No. 2. Buildings along the street include (from east to west)
1102-417: The same name, such as Key limes ( Citrus × aurantifolia ). Another common name used in North America is basswood, derived from bast , the name for the inner bark (see Uses , below). Teil is an old name for the lime tree. Aphids are attracted by the rich supply of sap, and are in turn often "farmed" by ants for the production of the sap, which the ants collect for their own use, and the result can often be
1140-455: The same root. "Linden" was originally the adjective, "made from linwood or lime-wood" (equivalent to "wooden" or "oaken"); from the late 16th century, "linden" was also used as a noun, probably influenced by translations of German romance, as an adoption of Linden , the plural of Linde in Dutch and German. Neither the name nor the tree is related to Citrus genus species and hybrids that go by
1178-449: The three most productive honeys in China. The dried flowers are mildly sweet and sticky, and the fruit is somewhat sweet and mucilaginous. Linden flower tea has a pleasing taste, due to the aromatic volatile oil found in the flowers. Phytochemicals in the Tilia flowers include flavonoids and tannins with astringent properties. The nectar contains a major secondary metabolite with
Unter den Linden - Misplaced Pages Continue
1216-402: The trivial name tiliaside (1-[4-(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)-1,3-cyclohexadiene-1-carboxylate]-6-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-β-D-glucopyranose) which is transformed in the gut of bumblebees to the aglycone (i.e., the gentiobiose group is cleaved) which is bioactive against a common and debilitating gut parasite of bumblebees, Crithidia bombi . This naturally occurring compound may support bees to manage
1254-514: The wife of Henry II of Germany circa 1000. The Tilia of Neuenstadt am Kocher in Baden-Württemberg, Germany, was estimated at 1000 years old when it fell. The Alte Linde tree of Naters, Switzerland, is mentioned in a document in 1357 and described by the writer at that time as already magnam (large). A plaque at its foot mentions that in 1155, a linden tree was already on this spot. The Najevnik linden tree ( Slovene : Najevska lipa ),
1292-531: The wild and in cultivation. They are hermaphroditic , having perfect flowers with both male and female parts, pollinated by insects. The Tilia 's sturdy trunk stands like a pillar and the branches divide and subdivide into numerous ramifications on which the twigs are fine and thick. In summer, these are profusely clothed with large leaves and the result is a dense head of abundant foliage. The leaves of all Tilia species are heart-shaped, and most are asymmetrical. The tiny, pea-like fruit hangs attached to
1330-512: Was inspired by the Boulevards of Paris . The Kurfürstendamm , the magnificent shopping mile in the historically elegant west of Berlin, was similarly inspired. Unter den Linden, which sits at the heart of the historic section of Berlin, developed from a bridle path laid out by Elector John George of Brandenburg in the 16th century to reach his hunting grounds in the Tiergarten from his palace. It
1368-477: Was preferred for clothing there during the Bronze Age. The Manchu people in the mountains of Northeast China made ropes, baskets, raincoats, large fishing nets, and guide lines for gunpowder from the bast. Similar fibres obtained from other plants are also called bast: see Bast fibre . Tilia is a high-quality wild honey plant. In China, "椴树蜜/ Tilia honey" is produced in the northeast region. White in color, it
1406-665: Was replaced by a boulevard of linden trees when the Electress Dorothea Sophie planned a new suburb in 1674, named after her Dorotheenstadt . She is said to have planted the first linden tree in 1680. Parts of the fortification of Berlin built in the aftermath of the Thirty Years' War (the baroque Berlin Fortress ) were later integrated into the boulevard, around the historic Opernplatz , the present-day Bebelplatz , visible until today as there are no trees on this stretch up to
1444-671: Was the favoured medium of the sculptor Grinling Gibbons (1648–1721). The wood is used in marionette - and puppet -making and -carving. Having a fine, light grain and being comparatively light in weight, it has been used for centuries for this purpose; despite the availability of modern alternatives, it remains one of the main materials used as of 2015 . In China, it was also widely used in carving or furniture, interior decorating, handicrafts, etc. Ease of working and good acoustic properties also make limewood popular for electric and bass guitar bodies and for wind instruments such as recorders . Percussion manufacturers sometimes use Tilia as
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