Misplaced Pages

#790209

76-731: The historic University of Paris first appeared in the second half of the 12th century, but was reorganised in 1970 as 13 autonomous universities after the student protests of the French May . Sorbonne Nouvelle, or "Paris III", is one of the inheritors of University of Paris faculty of humanities ("arts et lettres"). The Sorbonne Nouvelle has sites at various locations in Paris. The Sorbonne Nouvelle has one central (the Sorbonne Nouvelle Library, known as 'BSN') and five specialised libraries (Foreign language and culture and French literature). It

152-598: A Communist takeover of the country in 1948. Socialist voters were divided; in a February 1968 survey a majority had favored allying with the Communists, but 44% believed that Communists would attempt to seize power once in government (30% of Communist voters agreed). On Bastille Day , there were resurgent street demonstrations in the Latin Quarter, led by socialist students, leftists and communists wearing red armbands and anarchists wearing black armbands. The Paris police and

228-399: A destination for migrants from other parts of Europe, France's situation before World War II was not unlike that of Germany today.) France experienced a baby boom after 1945; it reversed a long-term record of low birth rates. The government's pro-natalist policy of the 1930s do not explain this sudden recovery, which was often portrayed inside France as a "miracle". It was also atypical of

304-402: A government, claims that the "moderate, nonviolent and essentially antirevolutionary" Communists opposed revolution because they sincerely believed that the party must come to power through legal elections, not armed conflict that might provoke harsh repression from political opponents. Not knowing that the Communists did not intend to seize power, officials prepared to position police forces at

380-435: A historic low in the early 1990s. The table below gives the average number of children according to the place of birth of women. An immigrant woman is a woman who was born outside France and who did not have French citizenship at birth. In 2021 there was 11.8 births/1,000 population. Total fertility rate (2020 data by INSEE ) 1.83 children born/woman. The total fertility rate is the number of children born per woman. It

456-456: A key role in avoiding revolution by both speaking to and spying on the revolutionaries, and by avoiding the use of force. While Communist leaders later denied that they had planned an armed uprising, and extreme militants only comprised 2% of the populace, they had overestimated de Gaulle's strength, as shown by his escape to Germany. Historian Arthur P. Mendel, otherwise skeptical of French Communists' willingness to maintain democracy after forming

532-531: A march. The strikes spread to all sectors of the French economy, including state-owned jobs, manufacturing and service industries, management, and administration. Across France, students occupied university structures and up to one-third of the country's workforce was on strike. These strikes were not led by the union movement; on the contrary, the CGT tried to contain this spontaneous outbreak of militancy by channeling it into

608-426: A meeting in the university council room about class discrimination in French society and the political bureaucracy that controlled the university's funding. The university's administration called the police, who surrounded the university. After the publication of their wishes, the students left the building without any trouble. After this, some leaders of what was named the " Movement of 22 March " were called together by

684-1050: A member of Sorbonne Paris Cité Alliance , which groups together several Parisian universities. Due to opposition from students and professors, the project did not succeed. In 2023, the QS World University Rankings ranked the Sorbonne Nouvelle University as follows: This ranking includes both universities and public and private educational institutions without distinction. French May [REDACTED] Opposition: Students: Unions: [REDACTED] Government [REDACTED] Non-centralised leadership Some notable people participating: [REDACTED] François Mitterrand [REDACTED] Pierre Mendès France [REDACTED] Charles de Gaulle ( President of France ) [REDACTED] Georges Pompidou ( Prime Minister of France ) Incidents Beginning in May 1968,

760-699: A parliamentary bill that would have permitted the collection of data for the purpose of measuring discrimination was rejected by the Conseil Constitutionnel in November 2007. However, that law does not concern surveys and polls, which are free to ask those questions if they wish. The law also allows for an exception for public institutions such as the INED or the INSEE whose job it is to collect data on demographics, social trends and other related subjects, on condition that

836-406: A period of civil unrest occurred throughout France, lasting seven weeks and punctuated by demonstrations, general strikes , and the occupation of universities and factories . At the height of events, which have since become known as May 68 ( French : Mai 68 ), the economy of France came to a halt. The protests reached a point that made political leaders fear civil war or revolution ;

SECTION 10

#1732863197791

912-493: A rally in the Charléty stadium with about 22,000 attendees. Its range of speakers reflected the divide between student and Communist factions. While the rally was held in the stadium partly for security, the speakers' insurrectionist messages were dissonant with the relative amenities of the sports venue. The Socialists saw an opportunity to act as a compromise between de Gaulle and the Communists. On 28 May, François Mitterrand of

988-496: A revolution, with the military moving from the provinces to retake Paris as in 1871 . Minister of Defence Pierre Messmer and Chief of the Defence Staff Michel Fourquet prepared for such an action, and Pompidou had ordered tanks to Issy-les-Moulineaux . While the military was free of revolutionary sentiment, using an army mostly of conscripts the same age as the revolutionaries would have been very dangerous for

1064-427: A struggle for higher wages and other economic demands. Workers put forward a broader, more political and more radical agenda, demanding an ouster of de Gaulle's government and attempting, in some cases, to run their factories. When the trade union leadership negotiated a 35% increase in the minimum wage, a 7% wage increase for other workers, and half normal pay for the time on strike with the major employers' associations,

1140-662: A tentative appearance on television at 8 p.m. The national government had effectively ceased to function. Édouard Balladur later wrote that as prime minister, Pompidou "by himself was the whole government", as most officials were "an incoherent group of confabulators" who believed that revolution would soon occur. A friend of Pompidou offered him a weapon, saying, "You will need it"; Pompidou advised him to go home. One official reportedly began burning documents, while another asked an aide how far they could flee by automobile should revolutionaries seize fuel supplies. Withdrawing money from banks became difficult, gasoline for private automobiles

1216-827: Is also connected to the Sainte-Geneviève Library , the Sorbonne Library , the Inter-University Library for Oriental Languages and the Sainte-Barbe Library . The Presses Sorbonne Nouvelle publishes research carried out by the university. The Crous de Paris ( Centre régional des œuvres universitaires et scolaires ) is the organisation responsible for both student accommodation and refectories in Paris. It runs various student halls of residence and student restaurants both in central Paris and in its outskirts. Sorbonne Nouvelle University tried to become

1292-705: Is based on fairly good data for the entire period. Sources: Our World In Data and Gapminder Foundation . About 22% of newborns in France between 2006 and 2008 had at least one foreign-born grandparent (9% born in another European country, 8% born in the Maghreb and 2% born in another region of the world). As of 2022, 32.4% of newborns in France had at least one foreign-born parent and 28.5% had at least one parent born outside of Europe (EU 28) (parents born in overseas territories are considered as born in France). The table below gives

1368-473: Is known as a soixante-huitard (a "68-er")—a term that has entered the English language. Sous les pavés, la plage! ("Under the paving stones, the beach!") is a slogan coined by student activist Bernard Cousin in collaboration with public relations expert Bernard Fritsch. The phrase became an emblem of the events and movement of the spring of 1968, when the revolutionary students began to build barricades in

1444-529: Is lower than that of the United States, largely because of the latter's higher net migration rate . The following compares the past, present, and future size of the French population with other entities in Europe and in the world. All statements refer to France as understood in its modern borders; this pertains also to other countries. Historians suggest that France was the most populous state in Europe from at least

1520-460: Is predicted to hit the 70 million mark between the year 2025/2030 and to overtake Germany's between 2050/2060, with 75.6 million French for 71 million Germans in 2060, while the UK is predicted to overtake France by 2030. By 2080, the population of France is estimated to reach 78.8 million (including the overseas departments, but not the overseas territories). Figures from eurostat for metropolitan France and

1596-575: The Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques (INSEE). As of 1 January 2021, 66,142,961 people lived in Metropolitan France , while 2,230,472 lived in overseas France, for a total of 68,373,433 inhabitants in the French Republic. In March 2017, the population of France officially reached the 67,000,000 mark. It had reached 66,000,000 in early 2014. Between the years 2010–17,

SECTION 20

#1732863197791

1672-524: The April 1969 referendum would show, the country was ready for " Gaullism without de Gaulle". May 1968 is an important reference point in French politics, representing for some the possibility of liberation and for others the dangers of anarchy. For some, May 1968 meant the end of traditional collective action and the beginning of a new era to be dominated mainly by the so-called new social movements . Someone who took part in or supported this period of unrest

1748-471: The Arc de Triomphe to demand that (1) all criminal charges against arrested students be dropped, (2) the police leave the university, and (3) the authorities reopen Nanterre and Sorbonne. Negotiations broke down, and students returned to their campuses after a false report that the government had agreed to reopen them, only to discover the police still occupying the schools. This led to near revolutionary fervor among

1824-612: The CIA World Factbook , unless otherwise indicated. Please note: Source: Source: Louis Henry and Yves Blayo. Life expectancy in Metropolitan France from 1818 to 1950. Source: Our World In Data . Death rate 9.6 deaths/1,000 population (2021 est.) Age structures of the France métropolitaine from the year 1740 to 2021. Source: Louis Henry and Yves Blayo. France has a high fertility rate compared to other European countries; this rate has increased after reaching

1900-562: The Federation of the Democratic and Socialist Left declared that "there is no more state" and said he was ready to form a new government. He had received a surprisingly high 45% of the vote in the 1965 presidential election . On 29 May, Pierre Mendès France also said he was ready to form a new government; unlike Mitterrand, he was willing to include the Communists. Although the Socialists lacked

1976-589: The French Section of the Workers' International formed an electoral alliance. Communists had long supported Socialist candidates in elections, but in the "February Declaration" the two parties agreed to attempt to form a joint government to replace President Charles de Gaulle and his Gaullist Party. On 22 March, far-left groups, a small number of prominent poets and musicians, and 150 students occupied an administration building at Paris University at Nanterre and held

2052-520: The Maghreb and 2% born in another region of the world). Censuses on race and ethnic origin were banned by the French government in 1978. In 2021, the Total Fertility Rate of France was 1.82, and 7.7% was the percent of births to women that were their 4th+ child. Starting around 1800, the historical evolution of the population in France has been atypical in Europe. Unlike the rest of Europe, there

2128-587: The National Assembly , as he believed that their party, the Gaullists, would lose the resulting election. At 11:00 am, he told Pompidou, "I am the past; you are the future; I embrace you." The government announced that de Gaulle was going to his country home in Colombey-les-Deux-Églises before returning the next day, and rumors spread that he would prepare his resignation speech there. However,

2204-510: The 'consumer society ' ". Nonetheless, in the weeks that followed, approximately 401 popular action committees were set up in Paris and elsewhere to take up grievances against the government and French society, including the Sorbonne Occupation Committee . By the middle of May, demonstrations extended to factories, though workers' demands significantly varied from students'. A union-led general strike on 13 May included 200,000 in

2280-602: The Champs-Élysées waving the national flag ; the Gaullists had planned the rally for several days, which attracted a crowd of diverse ages, occupations, and politics. The Communists agreed to the election, and the threat of revolution was over. From that point, the revolutionary feeling of the students and workers faded away. Workers gradually returned to work or were ousted from their plants by police. The national student union called off street demonstrations. The government banned several leftist organizations. The police retook

2356-618: The Communists' ability to form large street demonstrations, they had more than 20% of the country's support. On the morning of 29 May, de Gaulle postponed the meeting of the Council of Ministers scheduled for that day and secretly removed his personal papers from Élysée Palace . He told his son-in-law Alain de Boissieu : "I do not want to give them a chance to attack the Élysée. It would be regrettable if blood were shed in my personal defense. I have decided to leave: nobody attacks an empty palace." De Gaulle refused Pompidou's request that he dissolve

Université Sorbonne Nouvelle - Misplaced Pages Continue

2432-538: The Compagnies Républicaines de Sécurité (CRS) harshly responded starting around 10 pm and continuing through the night, on the streets, in police vans, at police stations, and in hospitals where many wounded were taken. There was, as a result, much bloodshed among students and tourists there for the evening's festivities. No charges were filed against police or demonstrators, but the governments of Britain and West Germany filed formal protests, including for

2508-467: The French government to produce the Grenelle agreements , which would increase the minimum wage 35% and all salaries 10%, and granted employee protections and a shortened working day. The unions were forced to reject the agreement, based on opposition from their members, underscoring a disconnect in organizations that claimed to reflect working class interests. The UNEF student union and CFDT trade union held

2584-587: The June elections, the Gaullists emerged stronger than before. The events of May 1968 continue to influence French society. The period is considered a cultural, social and moral turning point in the nation's history. Alain Geismar , who was one of the student leaders at the time, later said the movement had succeeded "as a social revolution, not as a political one". In February 1968, the French Communist Party and

2660-487: The National Assembly and call a new election by threatening to resign. At 4:30 pm, de Gaulle broadcast his refusal to resign. He announced an election, scheduled for 23 June, and ordered workers to return to work, threatening to institute a state of emergency if they did not. The government had leaked to the media that the army was outside Paris. Immediately after the speech, about 800,000 supporters marched through

2736-582: The Sorbonne on 16 June. Contrary to de Gaulle's fears, his party won the greatest victory in French parliamentary history in the legislative election held in June , taking 353 of 486 seats to the Communists' 34 and the Socialists' 57. The February Declaration and its promise to include Communists in government likely hurt the Socialists in the election. Their opponents cited the example of the Czechoslovak National Front government of 1945, which led to

2812-409: The Sorbonne. However, the surge of strikes did not recede. Instead, the protesters became even more active. When the Sorbonne reopened, students occupied it and declared it an autonomous "people's university". Public opinion at first supported the students, but turned against them after their leaders, invited to appear on national television, "behaved like irresponsible utopianists who wanted to destroy

2888-575: The Third Republic, France has prohibited the collection of data on a citizen’s race, ethnicity, or their beliefs, such as religion, through national censuses, however, estimates have been made of the ethnic and racial demography of the country in the present. Some organizations, such as the Representative Council of Black Associations of France (French: Conseil représentatif des associations noires de France , CRAN), have argued in favour of

2964-596: The Western world: although there was a baby boom in other Western countries after the war, the baby boom in France was much stronger, and lasted longer than in most other Western countries (the United States was one of the few exceptions). In the 1950s and 1960s, France's population grew at 1% per year: the highest growth in the history of France, higher even than the high growth rates of the 18th or 19th century. Since 1975, France's population growth rate has significantly diminished, but it still remains slightly higher than that of

3040-435: The aftermath shown on television the next day. It was alleged that the police had participated in the riots, through agents provocateurs , by burning cars and throwing Molotov cocktails . The government's heavy-handed reaction brought on a wave of sympathy for the strikers. Many of the nation's more mainstream singers and poets joined after the police brutality came to light. American artists also began voicing support of

3116-454: The belief that women's suffrage in other countries caused birth rates to decline helped defeat proposals before World War II to permit women to vote . The birth rate declined again after a brief baby boom from 1920 to 1923, and reached an all-time low during peacetime in the late 1930s. During the "hollow years" of the decade, the number of new conscripts declined because of the lack of births during World War I. From 1935 deaths exceeded births;

Université Sorbonne Nouvelle - Misplaced Pages Continue

3192-612: The birth rate began to fall in the late 18th century; thus population growth was quite slow in the 19th century, and the nadir was reached in the first half of the 20th century when France, surrounded by the rapidly growing populations of Germany and the United Kingdom, had virtually zero growth. The slow growth of France's population in the 19th century was reflected in the country's very low emigration rate. The French population only grew by 8.6% between 1871 and 1911, while Germany's grew by 60% and Britain's by 54%. French concerns about

3268-575: The birthrate. France lost 10% of its active male population in World War I; the 1.3 million French deaths, along with even more births forgone by potential fathers being off at war, caused a drop of 3 million in the French population, and helped make Dénatalité a national obsession; by 1920 ANAPF had 40,000 members, and in July that year a new law strictly regulated abortion and contraception. ANAPF proposed that parents of large families receive extra votes, and

3344-466: The country annually. One out of two was born in Europe and one in three in Africa. Between 2009 and 2012, the number of Europeans migrating to France increased sharply (plus 12% per year on average), but the percentage would steadily decrease by 2022, supplanted by a rise in the number of immigrants from Africa. The national birth rate , after dropping for a time, began to rebound in the 1990s and currently

3420-703: The country's fertility rate is close to the replacement level . According to a 2006 INSEE study, "the natural increase is close to 300,000 people, a level that has not been reached in more than thirty years." With a total fertility rate of 1.83 in 2020, France however remains the most fertile country in the European Union . Among the 802,000 babies born in metropolitan France in 2010, 80.1% had two French parents, 13.3% had one French parent, and 6.6% had two non-French parents. Between 2006 and 2008, about 22% of newborns in France had at least one foreign-born grandparent (9% born in another European country, 8% born in

3496-658: The country's slow population growth began after its defeat in the Franco-Prussian War . For four years in the 1890s, the number of deaths exceeded the number of births. The National Alliance for the Growth of the French Population (ANAPF) was formed in 1896, and the Cognacq-Jay and other prizes were created for the parents of large families. Émile Zola 's 1899 novel Fécondité is representative of contemporary concerns about

3572-599: The disciplinary committee of the university. After months of conflicts between students and authorities at the Nanterre campus of the University of Paris (now Paris Nanterre University ), the administration shut the university down on 2 May 1968. Students at the University of Paris's Sorbonne campus (today Sorbonne University ) met on 3 May to protest the closure and the threatened expulsion of several Nanterre students. On 6 May,

3648-514: The flow of events had changed. The Grenelle accords , concluded on 27 May between the government, trade unions and employers, won significant wage gains for workers. A counter-demonstration organised by the Gaullist party on 29 May in central Paris gave De Gaulle the confidence to dissolve the National Assembly and call parliamentary elections for 23 June 1968. Violence evaporated almost as quickly as it arose. Workers returned to their jobs, and after

3724-441: The government. A survey conducted immediately after the crisis found that 20% of Frenchmen would have supported a revolution, 23% would have opposed it, and 57% would have avoided physical participation in the conflict. 33% would have fought a military intervention, while only 5% would have supported it and a majority of the country would have avoided any action. At 2:30 p.m. on 30 May, Pompidou persuaded de Gaulle to dissolve

3800-441: The income of a family with six children. The Vichy government approved of the laws and implemented them as part of its Travail, famille, patrie national motto, as did the postwar Provisional Government of the French Republic . Also, France encouraged immigration, chiefly from other European countries such as Italy, Poland, and Spain. (In fact, with its low birth rate, stagnating or declining native-born population, and role as

3876-445: The indecent assault of two English schoolgirls by police in a police station. Despite the size of de Gaulle's triumph, it was not a personal one. A post-crisis survey conducted by Mattei Dogan showed that a majority of the country saw de Gaulle as "'too sure of himself' (70%), 'too old to govern' (59%), 'too authoritarian' (64%), 'too concerned with his personal prestige' (69%), 'too conservative' (63%), and 'too anti-American' (69%)"; as

SECTION 50

#1732863197791

3952-439: The introduction of data collection on minority groups but this has been resisted by other organizations and ruling politicians, often on the grounds that collecting such statistics goes against France's secular principles and harks back to Vichy -era identity documents . During the 2007 presidential election , however, Nicolas Sarkozy , polled on the issue, stated that he favoured the collection of data on ethnicity. Part of

4028-469: The marchers approached. While the crowd dispersed, some began to create barricades out of whatever was at hand, while others threw paving stones, forcing the police to retreat for a time. The police then responded with tear gas and charged the crowd again. Hundreds more students were arrested. High school student unions spoke in support of the riots on 6 May. The next day, they joined the students, teachers and increasing numbers of young workers who gathered at

4104-625: The military's support, de Gaulle rescheduled the meeting of the Council of Ministers for the next day, 30 May, and returned to Colombey by 6:00 pm. However, his wife Yvonne gave the family jewels to their son and daughter-in-law —who stayed in Baden for a few more days—for safekeeping, indicating that the de Gaulles still considered Germany a possible refuge. Massu kept as a state secret de Gaulle's loss of confidence until others disclosed it in 1982; until then most observers believed that his disappearance

4180-531: The national government briefly ceased to function after President Charles de Gaulle secretly fled France to West Germany on the 29th. The protests are sometimes linked to similar movements around the same time worldwide that inspired a generation of protest art in the form of songs, imaginative graffiti, posters, and slogans. The unrest began with a series of far-left student occupation protests against capitalism , consumerism , American imperialism and traditional institutions. Heavy police repression of

4256-538: The national student union, the Union Nationale des Étudiants de France (UNEF, the National Union of Students of France)—still France's largest student union today—and the union of university teachers called a march to protest the police invasion of the Sorbonne. More than 20,000 students, teachers and supporters marched toward the Sorbonne, still sealed off by the police, who charged, wielding their batons, as soon as

4332-399: The number of children born in metropolitan France according to the place of birth of both parents. As of 2022, 74.0% of newborns in France had two parents with French citizenship, 14.4% had one French parent, and 11.5% had two non-French parents. The table below gives the number of children born in metropolitan France according to the citizenship of both parents. The population of France

4408-402: The overseas departments: Source: The vital statistics below refer to France Métropolitaine and do not include the overseas departments, territories and New Caledonia. For the purpose of compatibility, all data refers to Metropolitan France As of 2023, 66.4% of newborn babies had both parents born in France, 15.1% had one foreign-born parent, and 18.5% had two foreign-born parents. In

4484-591: The period of Charlemagne and the Frankish Empire , if not earlier, to the 19th century. Population statistics prior to the modern era are historical estimates as official counts were not made. In the above list, Turkey is not considered a European country. Turkey was less populous than metropolitan France until 1992 but is now more populous. Demographic statistics according to the World Population Review in 2020. Demographic statistics according to

4560-495: The population of France grew from 64,613,000 to 66,991,000 (i.e. about 2.4 million people in a span of 7 years), making France one of the fastest-growing countries in Europe. The population of France is growing by 1,000,000 people every three years- an average annual increase of 340,000 people, or +0.6%. France was historically Europe's most populous country. During the Middle Ages , more than one-quarter of Europe's total population

4636-498: The presidential helicopter did not arrive in Colombey, and de Gaulle had told no one in the government where he was going. For more than six hours the world did not know where he was. The canceling of the ministerial meeting and de Gaulle's mysterious disappearance stunned the French, including Pompidou, who shouted, "He has fled the country!" With de Gaulle's closest advisors saying they did not know what he intended, Pompidou scheduled

SECTION 60

#1732863197791

4712-455: The press widely discussed the country's decreasing population. Both left and right supported pro-natalist policies; even the French Communist Party ended its opposition to anti-birth control and anti-abortion laws in 1936, and its leader, Maurice Thorez , advocated for the "protection of family and childhood". New laws in November 1938 and July 1939, the code de la famille , provided enough financial incentives for large families to double

4788-400: The protesters led France's trade union confederations to call for sympathy strikes , which spread far more quickly than expected to involve 11 million workers, more than 22% of France's population at the time. The movement was characterized by spontaneous and decentralized wildcat disposition; this created contrast and at times even conflict among the trade unions and leftist parties. It

4864-449: The rest of Europe, and much faster than at the end of the 19th century and during the first half of the 20th century. In the first decade of the third millennium, population growth in France was the highest in Europe, matched only by that of the Republic of Ireland , which has also historically undergone stagnant growth and even decline relative to the rest of Europe until recently. However, it

4940-404: The same year, 72.6% of newborn babies had both parents with French citizenship, 14.6% had one French and one foreign parent, and 12.8% had both parents with foreign citizenship. INSEE counts individuals born alive in mainland France according to the detailed place of birth of the parents: Note: In 2010 some foreigners not declared country : father - 17,536; mother - 3,754 In 2020, there

5016-496: The streets of major cities by tearing up street pavement stone . As the first barricades were raised, the students recognized that the stone setts were placed atop sand. The slogan encapsulated the movement's views on urbanization and modern society both literally and metaphorically. Other examples: Demographics of France The demography of France is monitored by the Institut national d'études démographiques (INED) and

5092-524: The strikers. The major left union federations, the Confédération Générale du Travail (CGT) and the Force Ouvrière (CGT-FO), called a one-day general strike and demonstration for Monday, 13 May. Well over a million people marched through Paris that day; the police stayed largely out of sight. Prime Minister Georges Pompidou personally announced the release of the prisoners and the reopening of

5168-556: The students. On 10 May, another huge crowd congregated on the Rive Gauche . When the Compagnies Républicaines de Sécurité again blocked them from crossing the river, the crowd again threw up barricades, which the police then attacked at 2:15 a.m. after negotiations once again floundered. The confrontation, which produced hundreds of arrests and injuries, lasted until dawn. The events were broadcast on radio as they occurred and

5244-499: The workers occupying their factories refused to return to work and jeered their union leaders. On 24 May, two people died at the hands of out-of-control rioters. In Lyon, Police Inspector Rene Lacroix died when he was crushed by a driverless truck rioters sent careering into police lines. In Paris, Phillipe Metherion, 26, was stabbed to death during an argument among demonstrators. As the upheaval reached its apogee in late May, major trade unions met with employers' organizations and

5320-483: The Élysée with orders to shoot if necessary. That it did not also guard Paris City Hall despite reports that it was the Communists' target was evidence of governmental chaos. The Communist movement largely centered around the Paris metropolitan area , and not elsewhere. Had the rebellion occupied key public buildings in Paris, the government would have had to use force to retake them. The resulting casualties could have incited

5396-402: Was French ; by the seventeenth century, this had decreased slightly to one-fifth. By the beginning of the nineteenth century, other European countries, such as Germany and Russia, had caught up with France and overtaken it in number of people. However, the country's population sharply increased with the baby boom following World War II. According to INSEE, since 2004, 200,000 immigrants entered

5472-399: Was a total of 154,581 marriages in France. Unemployment, youth ages 15–24: Note: people born outside of France (including the overseas departments) are referred to as immigrants regardless of their nationality (French or foreign). People without French nationality are referred to as foreigners regardless of their birthplace (France or abroad). Due to a law dating from 1872 at the start of

5548-421: Was intended to remind the French people of what they might lose. Although the disappearance was real and not intended as motivation, it indeed had such an effect on France. On 30 May, 400,000 to 500,000 protesters (many more than the 50,000 the police were expecting) led by the CGT marched through Paris, chanting: " Adieu, de Gaulle! " ("Farewell, de Gaulle!"). Maurice Grimaud , head of the Paris police , played

5624-468: Was no strong population growth in France in the 19th and first half of the 20th century. The birth rate in France diminished much earlier than in the rest of Europe in part because inheritance laws dictated distribution of estates whereas in the UK wealth could be passed to the eldest son or child. The country's large population gave Napoleon a seemingly limitless supply of men for the Grande Armée , but

5700-482: Was the largest general strike ever attempted in France, and the first nationwide wildcat general strike. The student occupations and general strikes across France met with forceful confrontation by university administrators and police. The de Gaulle administration's attempts to quell the strikes by police action only inflamed the situation, leading to street battles with the police in Paris's Latin Quarter . By late May

5776-587: Was unavailable, and some people tried to obtain private planes or fake national identity cards . Pompidou unsuccessfully requested that military radar be used to follow de Gaulle's two helicopters, but soon learned that he had gone to the headquarters of the French Forces in Germany , in Baden-Baden , to meet General Jacques Massu . Massu persuaded the discouraged de Gaulle to return to France; now knowing that he had

#790209