Paris-Sud University (French: Université Paris-Sud ), also known as the University of Paris — XI (or as the Orsay Faculty of Sciences, University of Paris before 1971), was a French research university distributed among several campuses in the southern suburbs of Paris , including Orsay , Cachan , Châtenay-Malabry , Sceaux , and Kremlin-Bicêtre campuses. In 2020, the university was replaced by the Paris-Saclay University .
75-745: On 16 January 2019, Alain Sarfati was elected President of the Université Paris-Sud. He succeeded Sylvie Retailleau, who was elected as President of ComUE Université Paris-Saclay . Paris-Sud, as the Orsay Faculty of Sciences , was originally part of the University of Paris , which was subsequently split into several universities. After World War II , the rapid growth of nuclear physics and chemistry meant that research needed more and more powerful accelerators, which required large areas. The University of Paris,
150-706: A big-picture view, with more emphasis on societal implications than engineering details. Nanomaterials can be classified in 0D, 1D, 2D and 3D nanomaterials . Dimensionality plays a major role in determining the characteristic of nanomaterials including physical , chemical , and biological characteristics. With the decrease in dimensionality, an increase in surface-to-volume ratio is observed. This indicates that smaller dimensional nanomaterials have higher surface area compared to 3D nanomaterials. Two dimensional (2D) nanomaterials have been extensively investigated for electronic , biomedical , drug delivery and biosensor applications. The atomic force microscope (AFM) and
225-484: A debate among advocacy groups and governments on whether special regulation of nanotechnology is warranted. The concepts that seeded nanotechnology were first discussed in 1959 by physicist Richard Feynman in his talk There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom , in which he described the possibility of synthesis via direct manipulation of atoms. The term "nano-technology" was first used by Norio Taniguchi in 1974, though it
300-437: A field in the 1980s occurred through the convergence of Drexler's theoretical and public work, which developed and popularized a conceptual framework, and high-visibility experimental advances that drew additional attention to the prospects. In the 1980s, two breakthroughs sparked the growth of nanotechnology. First, the invention of the scanning tunneling microscope in 1981 enabled visualization of individual atoms and bonds, and
375-729: A fuel catalyst. In the electric car industry, single wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) address key lithium-ion battery challenges, including energy density, charge rate, service life, and cost. SWCNTs connect electrode particles during charge/discharge process, preventing battery premature degradation. Their exceptional ability to wrap active material particles enhanced electrical conductivity and physical properties, setting them apart multi-walled carbon nanotubes and carbon black. Further applications allow tennis balls to last longer, golf balls to fly straighter, and bowling balls to become more durable. Trousers and socks have been infused with nanotechnology to last longer and lower temperature in
450-602: A full university, the University of Paris-Sud (Paris XI) in 1971. The Faculty of Sciences was joined by the Faculty of Medicine at Kremlin-Bicêtre , the Jean Monnet Faculty of Law and Economics at Sceaux and the Faculty of Pharmacy at Châtenay-Malabry , creating a multidisciplinary university in the south of Paris. In 2007, a research and higher education hub was created in Orsay and Saclay . The hub has three founding members:
525-436: A larger scale and come under the description of microtechnology . To put that scale in another context, the comparative size of a nanometer to a meter is the same as that of a marble to the size of the earth. Two main approaches are used in nanotechnology. In the "bottom-up" approach, materials and devices are built from molecular components which assemble themselves chemically by principles of molecular recognition . In
600-467: A manufacturing technology based on the mechanical functionality of these components (such as gears, bearings, motors, and structural members) that would enable programmable, positional assembly to atomic specification. The physics and engineering performance of exemplar designs were analyzed in Drexler's book Nanosystems: Molecular Machinery, Manufacturing, and Computation . In general, assembling devices on
675-547: A model similar to the one adopted by University of Oxford and Cambridge , where each constituent college keeps its independence while being grouped under a 'university'. According to Dominique Vernay, chairman of the foundation developing Paris-Saclay, the university aims at a top-ten position in the Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU), but "the first goal is to be the top university in continental Europe". Confronted with disagreements between its members (between
750-761: A protein . Thus, components can be designed to be complementary and mutually attractive so that they make a more complex and useful whole. Such bottom-up approaches should be capable of producing devices in parallel and be much cheaper than top-down methods, but could potentially be overwhelmed as the size and complexity of the desired assembly increases. Most useful structures require complex and thermodynamically unlikely arrangements of atoms. Nevertheless, many examples of self-assembly based on molecular recognition in exist in biology , most notably Watson–Crick basepairing and enzyme-substrate interactions. Molecular nanotechnology, sometimes called molecular manufacturing, concerns engineered nanosystems (nanoscale machines) operating on
825-667: A public debate between Drexler and Smalley in 2001 and 2003. Meanwhile, commercial products based on advancements in nanoscale technologies began emerging. These products were limited to bulk applications of nanomaterials and did not involve atomic control of matter. Some examples include the Silver Nano platform for using silver nanoparticles as an antibacterial agent, nanoparticle -based sunscreens, carbon fiber strengthening using silica nanoparticles, and carbon nanotubes for stain-resistant textiles. Governments moved to promote and fund research into nanotechnology, such as American
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#1733084953024900-983: A surface with scanning probe microscopy techniques. Various techniques of lithography, such as optical lithography , X-ray lithography , dip pen lithography, electron beam lithography or nanoimprint lithography offer top-down fabrication techniques where a bulk material is reduced to a nano-scale pattern. Another group of nano-technological techniques include those used for fabrication of nanotubes and nanowires , those used in semiconductor fabrication such as deep ultraviolet lithography, electron beam lithography, focused ion beam machining, nanoimprint lithography, atomic layer deposition , and molecular vapor deposition , and further including molecular self-assembly techniques such as those employing di-block copolymers . In contrast, bottom-up techniques build or grow larger structures atom by atom or molecule by molecule. These techniques include chemical synthesis, self-assembly and positional assembly. Dual-polarization interferometry
975-401: A useful conformation through a bottom-up approach. The concept of molecular recognition is important: molecules can be designed so that a specific configuration or arrangement is favored due to non-covalent intermolecular forces . The Watson–Crick basepairing rules are a direct result of this, as is the specificity of an enzyme targeting a single substrate , or the specific folding of
1050-463: A wide variety of useful chemicals such as pharmaceuticals or commercial polymers . This ability raises the question of extending this kind of control to the next-larger level, seeking methods to assemble single molecules into supramolecular assemblies consisting of many molecules arranged in a well-defined manner. These approaches utilize the concepts of molecular self-assembly and/or supramolecular chemistry to automatically arrange themselves into
1125-724: Is also connected with two grande écoles: École polytechnique and CentraleSupélec , which are known as the top 2 engineering schools in France. In August 2024, Paris-Saclay University ranked 12th in Shanghai Ranking 's top 1000 universities in the world, and 2nd worldwide for Mathematics by Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU) and 3rd worldwide for Physics (1st in Europe). Paris-Saclay University formally replaced several pre-existing Parisian universities, grande écoles and research institutes. These continue to exist as departments within
1200-795: Is common to see the plural form "nanotechnologies" as well as "nanoscale technologies" to refer to research and applications whose common trait is scale. An earlier understanding of nanotechnology referred to the particular technological goal of precisely manipulating atoms and molecules for fabricating macroscale products, now referred to as molecular nanotechnology . Nanotechnology defined by scale includes fields of science such as surface science , organic chemistry , molecular biology , semiconductor physics , energy storage , engineering , microfabrication , and molecular engineering . The associated research and applications range from extensions of conventional device physics to molecular self-assembly , from developing new materials with dimensions on
1275-1053: Is controlled via changing voltage: a nanotube nanomotor , a molecular actuator, and a nanoelectromechanical relaxation oscillator. Ho and Lee at Cornell University in 1999 used a scanning tunneling microscope to move an individual carbon monoxide molecule (CO) to an individual iron atom (Fe) sitting on a flat silver crystal and chemically bound the CO to the Fe by applying a voltage. Many areas of science develop or study materials having unique properties arising from their nanoscale dimensions. The bottom-up approach seeks to arrange smaller components into more complex assemblies. These seek to create smaller devices by using larger ones to direct their assembly. Functional approaches seek to develop useful components without regard to how they might be assembled. These subfields seek to anticipate what inventions nanotechnology might yield, or attempt to propose an agenda along which inquiry could progress. These often take
1350-401: Is facing a leadership crisis. The Board of Administrators has still not been able to elect its future chairman and has been under the supervision of a provisional administrator for several months. After several months of crisis, the former provisional administrator Camille Galap was elected to head the flagship French university on 11 June 2024, with the promise of getting the institution out of
1425-612: Is home to the new buildings of the Faculty of Pharmacy, the departments of chemistry, biology and physics of the Faculty of Sciences , The Lumen , the university's main library, the École normale supérieure , the CentraleSupélec engineering grande école . The adjacent areas of the Plateau , in the neighboring commune of Palaiseau , include the main buildings of AgroParisTech , the university's Institute of Life Sciences and Industries and
1500-698: Is located on the site of the Bicêtre University Hospital , a few meters from the metro station Hôpital Bicêtre . It has historic buildings and a new 8,000 square meter building dedicated to research. Each member school of the Paris-Saclay University organizes training in a given scientific field. Depending on the needs of their registered program, a student enrolled in a particular graduate school will have access to academic resources from other schools. The various fields of study available at Paris-Saclay University are broadly categorized into
1575-434: Is one tool suitable for characterization of self-assembled thin films. Another variation of the bottom-up approach is molecular-beam epitaxy or MBE. Researchers at Bell Telephone Laboratories including John R. Arthur . Alfred Y. Cho , and Art C. Gossard developed and implemented MBE as a research tool in the late 1960s and 1970s. Samples made by MBE were key to the discovery of the fractional quantum Hall effect for which
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#17330849530241650-621: Is part of the larger Paris-Saclay cluster, which is a research-intensive academic campus encompassing Paris-Saclay University, the Polytechnic Institute of Paris , combined with a business cluster for high-technology corporations. Paris-Saclay notably also includes the Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques , where many contributions to the development of modern mathematics have been made, among them modern algebraic geometry and catastrophe theory . Paris-Saclay has two main campuses:
1725-663: Is still a slow process because of low velocity of the microscope. The top-down approach anticipates nanodevices that must be built piece by piece in stages, much as manufactured items are made. Scanning probe microscopy is an important technique both for characterization and synthesis. Atomic force microscopes and scanning tunneling microscopes can be used to look at surfaces and to move atoms around. By designing different tips for these microscopes, they can be used for carving out structures on surfaces and to help guide self-assembling structures. By using, for example, feature-oriented scanning approach, atoms or molecules can be moved around on
1800-403: Is the science and engineering of functional systems at the molecular scale. In its original sense, nanotechnology refers to the projected ability to construct items from the bottom up making complete, high-performance products. One nanometer (nm) is one billionth, or 10 , of a meter. By comparison, typical carbon–carbon bond lengths , or the spacing between these atoms in a molecule , are in
1875-617: The École normale supérieure and the Collège de France looked for space in the south of Paris near Orsay . Later some of the teaching activity of the Faculty of Sciences in Paris was transferred to Orsay in 1956 at the request of Irène Joliot-Curie and Frédéric Joliot-Curie . The rapid increase of students led to the independence of the Orsay Campus on 1 March 1965 (sometimes called "Faculté des sciences d'Orsay" thereafter). The institution became
1950-541: The 1998 Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded. MBE lays down atomically precise layers of atoms and, in the process, build up complex structures. Important for research on semiconductors, MBE is also widely used to make samples and devices for the newly emerging field of spintronics . Therapeutic products based on responsive nanomaterials , such as the highly deformable, stress-sensitive Transfersome vesicles, are approved for human use in some countries. As of August 21, 2008,
2025-513: The Collège de France looked for space in the south of Paris near Orsay . As early as the 1940s, the French physicists Irène Joliot-Curie and Frédéric Joliot-Curie , professors at the Faculty of Science at the University of Paris , had already envisaged decentralising the university to the southern suburbs of Paris, near Versailles . In 1942, Irène Joliot-Curie even informed the university's rector of
2100-506: The Digiteo and Triangle de la physique advanced research thematic networks (RTRA) and create the community. With the planned development of the Paris-Saclay technology hub, many institutions are planning to move there. In 2014, the various members adopted the statutes of the Paris-Saclay University system (ComUE), enabling it to award bachelor's, master's and doctoral degrees. Ultimately,
2175-831: The Institut d'Optique Graduate School , with two associate institutions: Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines University (UVSQ) and University of Évry Val d'Essonne (UEVE). It combines resources from the following French universities and grandes écoles , as well as partial resources from various research organizations and the Systematic Paris-Region cluster: Initially, the community of universities also included five other grandes écoles : École Polytechnique , Télécom Paris , Telecom SudParis , ENSTA Paris and ENSAE Paris . However, due to differences in University set-up, these five grandes écoles created their own separate university Polytechnic Institute of Paris . This
2250-661: The National Nanotechnology Initiative , which formalized a size-based definition of nanotechnology and established research funding, and in Europe via the European Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development . By the mid-2000s scientific attention began to flourish. Nanotechnology roadmaps centered on atomically precise manipulation of matter and discussed existing and projected capabilities, goals, and applications. Nanotechnology
2325-567: The Orsay Institute of Molecular Chemistry and Materials in a single centre. More than 3,000 students and 1,000 researchers-teachers and administrative staff have gradually moved in since the start of the new academic year in September 2022. Since October 2023, the university has been a partner the French private Grande École IPSA for double degrees in aerospace . In February 2024, Paris-Saclay, which brings together nearly 50,000 students,
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2400-650: The Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies estimated that over 800 manufacturer-identified nanotech products were publicly available, with new ones hitting the market at a pace of 3–4 per week. Most applications are "first generation" passive nanomaterials that includes titanium dioxide in sunscreen, cosmetics, surface coatings, and some food products; Carbon allotropes used to produce gecko tape ; silver in food packaging , clothing, disinfectants, and household appliances; zinc oxide in sunscreens and cosmetics, surface coatings, paints and outdoor furniture varnishes; and cerium oxide as
2475-567: The Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM) are two versions of scanning probes that are used for nano-scale observation. Other types of scanning probe microscopy have much higher resolution, since they are not limited by the wavelengths of sound or light. The tip of a scanning probe can also be used to manipulate nanostructures (positional assembly). Feature-oriented scanning may be a promising way to implement these nano-scale manipulations via an automatic algorithm . However, this
2550-580: The Sorbonne (the main campus of the University of Paris) was becoming increasingly critical. So in 1958 it was decided to transfer some of the science teaching at the University of Paris to Orsay . In 1965, the Orsay science campus officially became independent from the University of Paris . After being the Orsay Faculty of Sciences of the University of Paris, separate from the Paris Faculty of Sciences, it became
2625-516: The Technion in order to increase youth interest in nanotechnology. One concern is the effect that industrial-scale manufacturing and use of nanomaterials will have on human health and the environment, as suggested by nanotoxicology research. For these reasons, some groups advocate that nanotechnology be regulated. However, regulation might stifle scientific research and the development of beneficial innovations. Public health research agencies, such as
2700-473: The University of Paris-Sud , the University of Versailles and the École normale supérieure de Cachan, the future ‘ ENS Paris-Saclay ’. In 2008, the University of Paris-Sud and the University of Versailles were among the 21 winning institutions of the France's Plan Campus , with which the Saclay research and higher education hub is associated. These institutions then embarked on a larger-scale cooperation, namely
2775-470: The university system is to become a full university. The university system 's first academic year started in September 2015. To be recognized as an entity of sufficient size and quality, the university regroups some of the top grandes écoles in France with public universities under a single campus on the Saclay plateau . Each member institution will remain independent but share a significant portion of existing and newly invested resources. This follows
2850-788: The " quantum size effect" in which the electronic properties of solids alter along with reductions in particle size. Such effects do not apply at macro or micro dimensions. However, quantum effects can become significant when nanometer scales. Additionally, physical (mechanical, electrical, optical, etc.) properties change versus macroscopic systems. One example is the increase in surface area to volume ratio altering mechanical, thermal, and catalytic properties of materials. Diffusion and reactions can be different as well. Systems with fast ion transport are referred to as nanoionics. The mechanical properties of nanosystems are of interest in research. Modern synthetic chemistry can prepare small molecules of almost any structure. These methods are used to manufacture
2925-557: The "University of Paris-Sud (Paris XI)" in 1971. Paris-Sud hosted a great number of laboratories on its large (236 ha) campus. Many of the top French laboratories were among them especially in particle physics , nuclear physics , astrophysics , atomic physics and molecular physics , condensed matter physics , theoretical physics , electronics , nanoscience and nanotechnology . University of Paris-Sud comprised some 104 research units. Pierre-Gilles de Gennes and Albert Fert , two Nobel Prize winners of physics, were affiliated to
3000-421: The "top-down" approach, nano-objects are constructed from larger entities without atomic-level control. Areas of physics such as nanoelectronics , nanomechanics , nanophotonics and nanoionics have evolved to provide nanotechnology's scientific foundation. Several phenomena become pronounced as system size. These include statistical mechanical effects, as well as quantum mechanical effects, for example,
3075-466: The 1996 Nobel Prize in Chemistry . C 60 was not initially described as nanotechnology; the term was used regarding subsequent work with related carbon nanotubes (sometimes called graphene tubes or Bucky tubes) which suggested potential applications for nanoscale electronics and devices. The discovery of carbon nanotubes is largely attributed to Sumio Iijima of NEC in 1991, for which Iijima won
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3150-632: The 495-acre Plateau urban campus , straddling Orsay , Gif-sur-Yvette and Palaiseau (with the Campus Agro Paris-Saclay ) and centered on the Quartier de Moulon ; and the historic campus in the valley, centered around the Château de Launay , the university's former headquarters. It also has several decentralized campuses, such as the medical campus in Bicêtre Hospital at Kremlin-Bicêtre , and
3225-645: The Environment, and the university's Center for Nanosciences and Nanotechnologies (C2N). Also, the campus historically extends to the south of the Bois de la Guyonnerie , in the Valley. Close to the city center of Orsay and the RER station Orsay-Ville , the Valley campus is centered around the Château de Launay. It houses the other departments of the Faculty of Sciences, the university science libraries such as Hadamard Library, and
3300-508: The Paris-Saclay University as a collegiate university , and integrating the schools into the future institution as component institutions. This stalemate led President Emmanuel Macron to announce on 25 October 2017, during his inauguration of CentraleSupélec 's new buildings at Paris-Saclay, the separation of the various members into two university entities: the Paris-Saclay University and the Polytechnic Institute of Paris . On 25 October 2017, French President Emmanuel Macron inaugurated
3375-631: The University of Paris-Saclay is fully integrated, its research centers are expected to achieve a profile similar to the Jet Propulsion Laboratory of Caltech : The main Paris-Saclay campus , covering 495 acres (200 ha), is centered on the Saclay Plateau and its Quartier de Moulon ("the Urban Campus") in Orsay , around 20 km south of downtown Paris, and extends into the surrounding areas of Gif-sur-Yvette and Palaiseau . The Plateau
3450-528: The University of Paris-Sud. A number of the most renowned French mathematicians were affiliated with the University of Paris-Sud as well. Among them are the Fields medalists Pierre Deligne , Laurent Lafforgue , Jean-Christophe Yoccoz , Wendelin Werner and Ngô Bảo Châu . Paris-Sud also comprised biology and chemistry laboratories, engineering and technology schools and had established partnerships with many of
3525-482: The ability to make existing medical applications cheaper and easier to use in places like the doctors' offices and at homes. Cars use nanomaterials in such ways that car parts require fewer metals during manufacturing and less fuel to operate in the future. Nanoencapsulation involves the enclosure of active substances within carriers. Typically, these carriers offer advantages, such as enhanced bioavailability, controlled release, targeted delivery, and protection of
3600-777: The atomic scale requires positioning atoms on other atoms of comparable size and stickiness. Carlo Montemagno 's view is that future nanosystems will be hybrids of silicon technology and biological molecular machines. Richard Smalley argued that mechanosynthesis was impossible due to difficulties in mechanically manipulating individual molecules. This led to an exchange of letters in the ACS publication Chemical & Engineering News in 2003. Though biology clearly demonstrates that molecular machines are possible, non-biological molecular machines remained in their infancy. Alex Zettl and colleagues at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratories and UC Berkeley constructed at least three molecular devices whose motion
3675-586: The broader structure of Paris-Saclay. The list below therefore includes those pre- and post-2019 laureates whose institutions were later subsumed by the university. Nanoscience Nanotechnology is the manipulation of matter with at least one dimension sized from 1 to 100 nanometers (nm). At this scale, commonly known as the nanoscale , surface area and quantum mechanical effects become important in describing properties of matter. This definition of nanotechnology includes all types of research and technologies that deal with these special properties. It
3750-570: The commune of Palaiseau , near Orsay . It will be hosting nearly 2,000 students and 1,350 teacher-researchers, researchers, technicians and staff from the AgroParisTech Grande École of the Paris-Saclay University. On 18 April 2023, Paris-Saclay University opened France's largest academic research hub for pharmaceuticals , the Henri-Moissan Centre, bringing together its School of Pharmacy, its chemistry and biology departments and
3825-631: The creation of a collegiate university: the Université Paris-Saclay. The university project was launched following its validation by the French Ministry of Higher Education and Research as part of the Campus Plan. The Campus Paris-Saclay scientific cooperation foundation, chaired at the time by Alain Bravo , was set up to bring together the various academic and scientific establishments, manage
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#17330849530243900-641: The encapsulated substances. In the medical field, nanoencapsulation plays a significant role in drug delivery . It facilitates more efficient drug administration, reduces side effects, and increases treatment effectiveness. Nanoencapsulation is particularly useful for improving the bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs, enabling controlled and sustained drug release, and supporting the development of targeted therapies. These features collectively contribute to advancements in medical treatments and patient care. Nanotechnology may play role in tissue engineering . When designing scaffolds, researchers attempt to mimic
3975-509: The existence of a potential site near Orsay , on the Saclay plateau . In the 1950s, a number of Grandes Ecoles and university research departments were set up in the immediate vicinity of the Saclay plateau . In 1954, France decided to combine its participation in CERN with the development of its own nuclear physics research. In 1955, the University of Paris moved into the Saclay plateau with
4050-637: The following: The academic programs in each of the 8 schools is expected to follow the Anglo-American model: The Paris-Saclay University gathers together more than 300 research units, organized into 10 doctoral schools: The university is remarkably acclaimed for Mathematics, Physics and Computer Science, which are rank 1st national in many reputable global rankings such as QS World University Rankings , Times Higher Education World University Rankings , Academic Ranking of World Universities , U.S. News & World Report , ... and many domestic magazines. It
4125-597: The inaugural 2008 Kavli Prize in Nanoscience. In the early 2000s, the field garnered increased scientific, political, and commercial attention that led to both controversy and progress. Controversies emerged regarding the definitions and potential implications of nanotechnologies, exemplified by the Royal Society 's report on nanotechnology. Challenges were raised regarding the feasibility of applications envisioned by advocates of molecular nanotechnology, which culminated in
4200-848: The institutional difficulties it is going through. Indeed, the greater presence of qualified external figures on the board of directors, than representatives of teachers, researchers or students, represents an institutional blockage. A situation made possible because of the university's exceptional statuses. The Paris-Saclay University consists of five faculties in Sciences, Medicine, Pharmacy, Law-Economics-Management, and Sports Sciences; an Engineering school; three technical institutes specialised in scientific and technical subjects in Cachan , Orsay , and Sceaux ; and an undergraduate university school. The university also brings together four grandes écoles : CentraleSupélec , AgroParisTech , ENS Paris-Saclay and
4275-652: The law faculty campus at Sceaux . The University of Versailles and the University of Évry , both part of Paris-Saclay, have campuses in Versailles , Guyancourt , Vélizy-Villacoublay , Saint-Germain-en-Laye and Évry-Courcouronnes . As of 2021, 11 Fields Medalists and 4 Nobel Prize winners have been affiliated with the university and its associated research institutes. In 2019, the Paris-Saclay University succeeded University of Paris-Sud founded in 1971, which itself succeeded to University of Paris (in Orsay ), founded c. 1150 . The Paris-Saclay University
4350-463: The main laboratories. J. Monnet Law School is located on a 4.5-acre campus in the town of Sceaux , 6 kilometers south of Paris. It is the successor to the University of Paris 's Sceaux Center for Legal Studies, which opened in 1968. A few meters to the south is the IUT of Sceaux, a professional school of the university which offers bachelor's level programs very focused on practice. The Faculty of Medicine
4425-443: The molecular scale. Molecular nanotechnology is especially associated with molecular assemblers , machines that can produce a desired structure or device atom-by-atom using the principles of mechanosynthesis . Manufacturing in the context of productive nanosystems is not related to conventional technologies used to manufacture nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes and nanoparticles. When Drexler independently coined and popularized
4500-405: The nanoscale features of a cell 's microenvironment to direct its differentiation down a suitable lineage. For example, when creating scaffolds to support bone growth, researchers may mimic osteoclast resorption pits. Researchers used DNA origami -based nanobots capable of carrying out logic functions to target drug delivery in cockroaches. A nano bible (a .5mm2 silicon chip) was created by
4575-501: The nanoscale to direct control of matter on the atomic scale . Nanotechnology may be able to create new materials and devices with diverse applications , such as in nanomedicine , nanoelectronics , biomaterials energy production, and consumer products. However, nanotechnology raises issues, including concerns about the toxicity and environmental impact of nanomaterials, and their potential effects on global economics, as well as various doomsday scenarios . These concerns have led to
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#17330849530244650-523: The new Orsay Graduate School of Mathematics, which brings together the mathematics laboratory teams of the Paris-Saclay University and the CNRS , some of the teaching staff, and the Jacques Hadamard University Library. In January 2020, it replaced University of Paris-Sud and in 2025, University of Versailles and University of Evry will merge with it as well. They should evolve towards
4725-594: The purchase of 50 hectares of land in Orsay . Irène Joliot-Curie proposed the creation of the Orsay Institute of Nuclear Physics, and construction work began in 1955. She died in 1956, and Frédéric became the Institute's first director. At the same time, the Orsay Linear Accelerator Laboratory (LAL) of the University of Paris was built. The rapid increase of students and the teaching situation at
4800-499: The range 0.12–0.15 nm , and DNA 's diameter is around 2 nm. On the other hand, the smallest cellular life forms, the bacteria of the genus Mycoplasma , are around 200 nm in length. By convention, nanotechnology is taken as the scale range 1 to 100 nm , following the definition used by the American National Nanotechnology Initiative . The lower limit is set by the size of atoms (hydrogen has
4875-486: The schools and universities, or between their supervisory ministries), the project stagnated, as the Cour des Comptes noted in its report of 8 February 2017, pointing in particular to a lack of housing and transport facilities, as well as a lack of strategic vision, despite the five billion euros planned (committed or envisaged). In 2017, the University of Paris-Sud proposed merging with the university system (ComUE) to create
4950-407: The smallest atoms, which have an approximately ,25 nm kinetic diameter ). The upper limit is more or less arbitrary, but is around the size below which phenomena not observed in larger structures start to become apparent and can be made use of. These phenomena make nanotechnology distinct from devices that are merely miniaturized versions of an equivalent macroscopic device; such devices are on
5025-526: The status of an ‘integrated university’, and be renamed Paris-Saclay University in Versailles and Paris-Saclay University in Évry . Every year since 2020, Paris-Saclay has achieved its best performance in the Shanghai rankings , ranking 1st in the world in mathematics and 9th in physics. In April 2022, the Paris-Saclay University inaugurated the new ' Agro Paris-Saclay Campus', which covers 4.2 hectares in
5100-399: The summer. Bandages are infused with silver nanoparticles to heal cuts faster. Video game consoles and personal computers may become cheaper, faster, and contain more memory thanks to nanotechnology. Also, to build structures for on chip computing with light, for example on chip optical quantum information processing, and picosecond transmission of information. Nanotechnology may have
5175-426: The surrounding technology centres and Grandes Ecoles . It also included Schools of Law, Economics and Management. In 2020, University Paris–Sud was replaced by the University of Paris-Saclay . Universit%C3%A9 Paris-Saclay Paris-Saclay University ( French : Université Paris-Saclay ) is a combined technological research institute and public research university in Orsay , France. Paris-Saclay
5250-487: The term "nanotechnology", he envisioned manufacturing technology based on molecular machine systems. The premise was that molecular-scale biological analogies of traditional machine components demonstrated molecular machines were possible: biology was full of examples of sophisticated, stochastically optimized biological machines . Drexler and other researchers have proposed that advanced nanotechnology ultimately could be based on mechanical engineering principles, namely,
5325-451: Was announced by French President Emmanuel Macron during a speech in Paris-Saclay . Both of these clusters plan to co-operate and they engage in organization of several master's degrees with the Paris-Saclay University. The following research organizations have established research centers within the Paris-Saclay University. The resources contributed by these organizations will remain largely independent from other member institutions. Once
5400-404: Was established in 2015 as a universities community (ComUE) and in 2019 as a collegiate university , with the aim to become a top-ranking, research-focused French university. After World War II , the rapid growth of nuclear physics and chemistry meant that research needed more and more powerful accelerators, which required large areas. The University of Paris , the École Normale Supérieure and
5475-697: Was established in 2019 after the merger of four technical grandes écoles , as well as several technological institutes, engineering schools, and research facilities; giving it fifteen constituent colleges with over 48,000 students combined. With the merger, the French government has explicitly voiced their wish to rival top American technological research institutes, such as the MIT . The university has over 275 laboratories in particle physics , nuclear physics , astrophysics , atomic physics and molecular physics , condensed matter physics , theoretical physics , electronics , nanoscience and nanotechnology . It
5550-530: Was not widely known. Inspired by Feynman's concepts, K. Eric Drexler used the term "nanotechnology" in his 1986 book Engines of Creation: The Coming Era of Nanotechnology , which proposed the idea of a nanoscale "assembler" that would be able to build a copy of itself and of other items of arbitrary complexity with atom-level control. Also in 1986, Drexler co-founded The Foresight Institute to increase public awareness and understanding of nanotechnology concepts and implications. The emergence of nanotechnology as
5625-433: Was successfully used to manipulate individual atoms in 1989. The microscope's developers Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer at IBM Zurich Research Laboratory received a Nobel Prize in Physics in 1986. Binnig, Quate and Gerber also invented the analogous atomic force microscope that year. Second, fullerenes (buckyballs) were discovered in 1985 by Harry Kroto , Richard Smalley , and Robert Curl , who together won
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