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131-476: Started and briefly based in Le Locle , co-founder Ulysse Perret would relocate Universal to Geneva in 1919, solidifying the company's status as a Genève brand. During the company's tenure in much smaller Le Locle ( Neuchâtel region), Perret had conceptualized the company as Universal Watch in 1894 with classmate Numa-Emile Descombes, both of whom were horology students at the time. Although Universal began only as

262-445: A GMT complication . GMT watches were designed for long-haul aircrew and other users who want to track time in different time zones . These watches have an additional GMT watch hand and in the case of diving watches can have a rotating bezel with 24-hours markings instead of minute markings used for reading of elapsed time. With the help of the GMT hand and a correctly adjusted 24-hours bezel

393-543: A fief from Count Louis of Neuchâtel. The heavily wooded portion of the Jura Mountains around Le Locle, were cleared by colonists who later received the status of free peasants. These first free farmers received a charter in 1372 which codified their rights and freedoms. At the beginning of the 15th century, this charter was reconfirmed during the foundation of the Mairie or town government. The inhabitants of Le Locle were given

524-628: A water resistance greater than 1.1 MPa (11 atm), the equivalent of 100 m (330 ft). The typical diver's watch will have a water resistance of around 200 to 300 m (660 to 980 ft), though modern technology allows the creation of diving watches that can go much deeper. A true contemporary diver's watch is in accordance with the ISO 6425 standard, which defines test standards and features for watches suitable for diving with underwater breathing apparatus in depths of 100 m (330 ft) or more. Watches conforming to ISO 6425 are marked with

655-522: A 'panda dial' (black subdials on a white main dial) Compax in the pit lane at Formula One race meets. That Compax variation has come to be nicknamed the 'Nina Rindt watch' in her honour, and its 'reverse panda' (white subdials on a black main dial) counterpart has since been given, in the lexicon of watch collectors, the corresponding nickname 'Evil Nina'. The 1997 and 1998 Universal Ayrton Senna sports chronograph watches were named after another late Formula One world drivers' champion, Ayrton Senna . As

786-509: A Cal 138SS Bumper movement. The following year it was replaced with the innovative Cal 215 microtor movement which, with minor changes and a name change (from Polarouter to Polerouter, in 1955), was produced until late 1969. In its initial fifteen years of production, the watch was produced in many variations including the Polerouter de luxe, Polerouter Jet, Polerouter Super, Polerouter Genève, Polerouter Compact, Polerouter "NS", Polerouter III, and

917-516: A defensive alliance with Bern. In 1502, 37 people in Le Locle were given the opportunity to pay £1780 for the title of "Citizen of Valangin". These citizens had the privilege to lead the community and to choose their own mayor and bailiff. The tower of the Church of Mary Magdalene, the landmark of the city, arose early in the 16th century. A few years after the tower was built, in 1536, Le Locle converted to

1048-407: A diver's watch consists of: Except the thermal shock resistance test all further ISO 6425 testing should be conducted at 18 °C to 25 °C temperature. The required 125% test pressure provides a safety margin against dynamic pressure increase events, water density variations (seawater is 2 to 5% denser than freshwater ) and degradation of the seals. Movement induced dynamic pressure increase

1179-495: A large number of "canteen" style dive watches by Hamilton , Elgin or Waltham were made to military specification during and after World War II . However, these watches were made in small numbers, and were not intended for large-scale commercial distribution. Today, interest in these watches is limited to collectors. Various models were issued by Blancpain in small quantities to the military in several countries, including US and French Navy combat diver teams. The Fifty Fathoms

1310-744: A large, easily identifiable minute hand. The markers for 3, 6, 9 and (especially) 12 o'clock on the watch face and the zero marker on the bezel of analogue diver's watches are usually conspicuously styled to prevent disorientation induced read out errors. A styling of the hands where no hand can temporarily totally overlay and hence obscure the position of another hand is also desirable to promote constant legibility and prevent read out errors. For low light conditions luminous phosphorescent non-toxic strontium aluminate based lume pigments marketed under brand names like Super-LumiNova , Lumibrite or NoctiLumina and tritium based self-powered lighting devices called "gaseous tritium light source" (GTLS) are applied on

1441-510: A limited line of Universal tourbillons had etched verses of Cocteau's poetry. Jon Voight owned a personalized Compax and Joan Rivers owned a Golden Shadow before both actors donated their watches to Antiquorum. Actor and comedian Jerry Lewis owned and donned a Universal Genève dress watch in the 1970s. Rock and roll luminary Elvis Presley owned a 14k gold Universal Genève dress watch which he gifted to his personal doctor in Las Vegas in

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1572-497: A manufacturer and retailer of cases, crowns, dials and movements , the company whilst under Perret and Descombes patented the brand's first 24-hour indication watch . After Descombes' death in 1897 at the age of 34, Perret recruited Louis Edouard Berthoud as a co-manufacturer of complications , and both briefly operated under the registered name Perret & Berthoud before switching to Universal Watch et Company (UWEC) Genève, Ltd. after relocating to Geneva. Under both trademarks,

1703-640: A movement containing a Breguet balance spring, and an Arabic-numeral dial. Hermès' Paris headquarters would in turn act as a major sales hub for all Universal brand watches in Europe until the 1950s, while the Henri Stern Watch Agency in Manhattan , the U.S. distributorship of Patek Philippe , would be an official Universal Genève dealer in North America. Universal's popularity with the chronographs caught

1834-513: A pink gold and enamel Universal Genève, ostensibly given as a diplomatic gift. Because of Swiss neutrality during World War II , Swiss made goods had been exported to international buyers with no basis on their country's alliance, reputation or political standing in the world. Although Hermann Göring owned many different brands of watches, the Reichsmarschall had given his Universal Genève Compax to Nuremberg Trials guard Lt. Jack Wheelis

1965-399: A population (as of December 2020 ) of 9,864. As of 2008 , 26.0% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (2000–2010) the population has changed at a rate of −2.8%. It has changed at a rate of 0% due to migration and at a rate of −2.2% due to births and deaths. Most of the population (as of 2000 ) speaks French (9,264 or 88.0%) as their first language, Italian

2096-448: A rotating bezel is considered a rudimentary diving technique in the 21st century, suitable for basic, shallow single gas (air) diving only. Non-basic diving profiles and depths past 30 m (98 ft) require other more advanced timing and measuring methods to establish suitable decompression profiles to avoid decompression sickness . Besides for basic diving and as a backup for monitoring time during more complex preplanned diving,

2227-541: A suitable device for soldiers during training exercises and full-fledged combat operations . The Compax was produced in many variations including the Moon Phase, Medico, Tri-, Uni-, and Master Vortex. During the same period, Universal briefly collaborated with Parisian high fashion brand Hermès and designed the Pour Hermès ("For Hermès") chronographs, which featured square button registers, telemeters and tachometers,

2358-573: A trade school in 1897. The watchmaking school was established in 1868 which was the foundation for the technical school established in 1901–02. This school eventually became the Engineering Department of the Haute école d'arts appliqués Arc as well as the engineering school of the inter-regional vocational education center Montagnes neuchâteloises . The city made great efforts in the construction of railways. The first line to La Chaux-de-Fonds (1857)

2489-461: A young man and still wearing it at the present, according to a personal memoir. Deposed Iraq President Saddam Hussein 's extensive watch collection included Universal Genèves. Many pieces were customized with his face and the nation's emblem on the dial, and gifted to visiting dignitaries. French writer, poet, filmmaker and one-time Cannes Film Festival president Jean Cocteau was an outspoken fan of Universal Genève's style of manufacture, and

2620-772: Is a device used by a scuba diver to measure the time and depth of a dive so that a safe ascent profile can be calculated and displayed so that the diver can avoid decompression sickness . Diving watches and depth gauges are however still commonly used by divers as backup instruments for overcoming dive computer malfunctions. Many companies offer highly functional diving watches. Whilst diving watches are primarily tool watches, some companies offer models that can in addition to this be regarded by some as jewellery or fine mechanical devices . Diving watches can be analog or digital . Besides pure analog and digital models some diving watch models combine digital and analog elements. The standards and features for diver's watches are regulated by

2751-598: Is an active member of the Federation of the Swiss Watch Industry , maintains three offices in Switzerland and oversees La Chaux-de-Fonds -based watchmaker Cyma. It was announced on 12th December 2023, that Stelux Holdings had sold Universal Genève to Breitling SA . Many celebrities, writers, business executives and diplomats from around the globe have owned both contemporary and vintage Universal Genève watches: In

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2882-429: Is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 0.0% is used for growing crops and 33.8% is pastures and 19.6% is used for alpine pastures. The former capital of the Le Locle district, until its elimination in 2018, is located at an elevation of 946 m (3,104 ft). On 1 January 2021 the former municipality of Les Brenets merged into the municipality of Le Locle. The blazon of

3013-461: Is equivalent to a 200-meter watch. Some watches are rated in atmospheres (atm), which are about 1% greater than bars. In the United Kingdom, scuba divers and others often use the word atmosphere interchangeably with bar (1 atm = 1.01325 bar, or 101,325  Pa ). The design and actual availability of divers' watches certified for more than 1,000 to 1,200 metres (3,300 to 3,900 ft)

3144-415: Is however still often used as case material in contemporary diving watches. Analog diving watches will often feature a rotating bezel , that allows for an easier reading of elapsed time of under one hour from a specific point. This is used to compute the length of a dive. (See Tachymeter .) Upon entering the water, the diver aligns the zero on the bezel with the minute (or sometimes second) hand, allowing

3275-494: Is located on the Swiss side of the cluse Col des Roches , which forms the border between France and Switzerland. Le Locle has an area, (as of the 2004/09 survey), of 34.69 km (13.39 sq mi). Of this area, 12.41 km (4.79 sq mi) or 53.6% is used for agricultural purposes, while 6.91 km (2.67 sq mi) or 29.9% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 3.69 km (1.42 sq mi) or 15.9%

3406-489: Is not explicable solely by practical diving needs nor crewed deep diving experiments, because of the constraints set by physiological limits for fit humans. The diving depth record for off-shore (saturation) diving was achieved in 1988 by a team of professional divers of the Comex S.A. , industrial deep-sea diving company performing pipe line connection exercises at a depth of 534 m (1,752 ft) of seawater ( msw /fsw) in

3537-676: Is part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site : La Chaux-de-Fonds/Le Locle, Watchmaking Town Planning (since 2009) and the entire town of Le Locle and village of Les Brenets are part of the Inventory of Swiss Heritage Sites . In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the PdA Party which received 24.8% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the SP (22.38%), the SVP (20.57%) and

3668-400: Is settled (buildings or roads) and 0.05 km (12.36 acres) or 0.2% is unproductive land. Of the built up area, industrial buildings made up 1.4% of the total area while housing and buildings made up 7.7% and transportation infrastructure made up 4.7%. while parks, green belts and sports fields made up 1.3%. Out of the forested land, 26.7% of the total land area is heavily forested and 3.2%

3799-511: Is sometimes the subject of urban myths and marketing arguments for diver's watches with high water resistance ratings. When a diver makes a fast swimming movement of 10 m/s (32.8 ft/s) (the best competitive swimmers and finswimmers can not swim nearly that fast) physics dictates that the diver generates a dynamic pressure of 0.5 bars (50 kPa) or the equivalent of 5 meters of additional water depth. Watches are classified by their degree of water resistance, which roughly translates to

3930-510: Is the second most common (423 or 4.0%) and German is the third (203 or 1.9%). There are 6 people who speak Romansh . As of 2008 , the population was 49.2% male and 50.8% female. The population was made up of 3,593 Swiss men (35.7% of the population) and 1,354 (13.5%) non-Swiss men. There were 3,949 Swiss women (39.3%) and 1,156 (11.5%) non-Swiss women. Of the population in the municipality, 3,884 or about 36.9% were born in Le Locle and lived there in 2000. There were 1,882 or 17.9% who were born in

4061-479: Is very resistant to breakage; it can easily be scratched, but small scratches can be buffed out with polishing compounds. Hardened glass is more scratch-resistant than acrylic glass and less brittle than sapphire. Sapphire is very scratch-resistant but less shatterproof than the other options. Anti-reflective coatings are generally applied on sapphire crystals to enhance the legibility of the watch. Some manufacturers use sapphire/hardened glass laminate crystals, where

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4192-583: Is voluntary and involves costs, so not every manufacturer present their watches for certification according to this standard. The watch cases of diving watches must be adequately water (pressure) resistant and be able to endure the galvanic corrosiveness of seawater, so the cases are generally made out of materials like grade 316L or 904L austenitic stainless steel and other steel alloys with higher Pitting Resistance Equivalent factors (PRE-factors), titanium , ceramics and synthetic resins or plastics . If metal bracelets are used they should be made of

4323-591: The Arbeiterverein testify that by the end of the 19th century, many workers from the German-speaking Switzerland worked in Le Locle. The Socialists organized themselves into a political party in 1897 and by 1912 were a majority in the municipality. In 1956, they allied and were supported by the Swiss Party of Labour . The Socialists lost their seat in the local government council in the 1992 elections, to

4454-532: The Breitling Avenger Seawolf Chronograph or Sinn U1000 - have specially-designed push pieces that can be operated at depth without allowing water to enter the case. Some diving watches intended for saturation diving at great depths are fitted with a helium or mixed breathing gas release or escape valve to prevent incidents such as the crystal from being blown off by an internal pressure build up caused by helium that has seeped into

4585-411: The ISO 6425 divers' watches standard . Normal surface air filled watch cases and crystals designed for extreme depths must be dimensionally large to cope with the encountered water pressure. The Rolex Deepsea Challenge normal surface air filled watch case has a diameter of 50.0  mm (1.97  in ) and a thickness of 23.0 mm (0.91 in) (domed crystal thickness 9.5 mm (0.37 in)) and

4716-490: The International Organization for Standardization in the ISO 6425 standard; German Industrial Norm DIN 8306 is an equivalent standard. Besides water resistance standards to a minimum of 100 m depth rating ISO 6425 also provides minimum requirements for mechanical diver's watches (quartz and digital watches have slightly differing readability requirements) such as: Testing diving watches for ISO 6425 compliance

4847-634: The Jacobin club in Morteau to swear their support of the Constitution of 1792. The revolutionary spirit led to conflicts between supporters of the revolution and the old government. The subsequent government repression drove many residents of Le Locle into exile in the spring of 1793. Several hundred people moved to Besançon , where they found work at the National Watch Factory which had been established by

4978-530: The Jura Mountains , a few kilometers from the city of La Chaux-de-Fonds. It is the third smallest city in Switzerland (in Switzerland a place needs more than 10,000 inhabitants to be considered a city). Le Locle is known as a center of Swiss watchmaking , even cited as the birthplace of the industry, with roots dating back to the 1600s. The municipality has been home to manufactures such as Favre-Leuba , Mido , Zodiac , Tissot , Ulysse Nardin , Zenith , Montblanc , Certina as well as Universal Genève , before

5109-489: The LPS Party (16.13%). In the federal election, a total of 3,204 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 49.3%. As of  2010 , Le Locle had an unemployment rate of 7.6%. As of 2008 , there were 95 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 38 businesses involved in this sector. 5,355 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 196 businesses in this sector. 2,409 people were employed in

5240-806: The Mediterranean Sea as part of the Hydra 8 programme. In 1992, a Comex diver achieved a simulated 701 m (2,300 ft) of seawater depth in an on-shore hyperbaric chamber as part of the Hydra 10 programme. A Hydreliox (hydrogen-helium-oxygen) gas mixture was used as breathing gas . The watches used during this scientific record dives were Rolex Sea-Dwellers with a 1,220 m (4,000 ft) depth rating and these feats were used in advertising. The complexity, medical problems and physiological limits such as those imposed by high pressure nervous syndrome and accompanying high costs of professional saturation diving to depths exceeding 300 m (984 ft) and

5371-689: The National Convention . When they returned to Le Locle, they brought skilled watchmakers along with a republican attitude. In 1707, the Principality of Neuchâtel went to King Frederick I in Prussia of the Berlin-based Hohenzollern , who then ruled Neuchâtel in personal union . Napoléon Bonaparte deposed King Frederick William III of Prussia as prince of Neuchâtel and appointed instead his chief of staff Louis-Alexandre Berthier . In 1814

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5502-743: The Old City of Bern , the Rhaetian Railway , and the Abbey and Convent of St. Gall . Le Locle is first mentioned in 1332 as dou Locle . The earliest traces of human settlements come from the end of the Mesolithic period (6000–5000 BC) in shelter in the Col des Roches. The site includes the oldest pottery found in the Canton of Neuchâtel, along with many tools, the molar of a mammoth and deer and wild boar bones. The shelter

5633-578: The Polerouter Sub diver's watch . The Polerouter's durability under extreme temperatures and fluctuating altitudes made it a preferred timepiece among Scandinavian Airlines' pilots who made flights over the arctic. The worldwide acclaim of the Polerouter Date was comparable to the reputation of similar Genève automatics like the Rolex Oyster Date and Omega Seamaster Date . The Shadow series

5764-619: The Protestant faith . This old church was rebuilt in the mid-18th century. A German church was built in 1844, but demolished in 1967. The Catholic chapel was built in 1861. In 1592, the Valangin fiefs returned to the County of Neuchâtel, but neither the legal status of residents of the Mairie of Le Locle or its function as a district court was affected. The 1476 alliance with Bern remained in effect and during

5895-672: The Thirty Years' War as well as the invasion of Louis XIV in Franche-Comté , Bernese soldiers came to support the town. Le Locle sent soldiers to support their ally in 1712 during the battles of Mellingen and Villmergen . Le Locle's location near the French border meant that the town often enjoyed a close relationship with France. This was especially true during the years leading up to the French Revolution . Many residents of Le Locle met in

6026-604: The art deco "Couture Diamond" watch, which featured a mother of pearl dial rimmed with diamonds and manufactured in either gold, stainless steel or platinum metals. The feminine cuff watch, which earned Universal Genève the title of "watch couturier", was sold in affluent boutiques worldwide and was most popular among actresses, socialites and wives of world leaders. The Martel Watch Company in Les Ponts-de-Martel had supplied movements for many of Universal Genève's chronographic timepieces since 1918, with Universal adapting

6157-520: The movement Droit de parole , which does not have a traditional party platform. In 2004, for the first time the council was determined by a plebiscite , which gave the Swiss Party of Labour (PdA) three seats, the Social Democratic Party of Switzerland (PS) and the liberale Parti progressiste national one seat each. Les Brenets is first mentioned in 1325 as chiez le Bruignet . Le Locle

6288-440: The tertiary sector , with 300 businesses in this sector. There were 4,855 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which women made up 44.0% of the workforce. In 2008 the total number of full-time equivalent jobs was 7,160. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 71, of which 49 were in agriculture, 17 were in forestry or lumber production and 5 were in fishing or fisheries. The number of jobs in

6419-456: The 'Golden Janus', a 1994 centennial of the 1930s Cabriolet, which were limited to 10 in number and have realized at an upwards $ 50,000 (43,700 CHF) at auction. Universal Genève's 'A. Cairelli Rattrapante', an aviator's chronograph, consists of a 24-hour dial with a 16-minute register. Manufactured in Rome , the wristwatch was produced only sporadically between 1939 and 1945 and was originally meant for

6550-505: The 15 or 20 minute "count-down" bezel is quite antiquated, yet still the only useful mechanical dive timing device available to date. A different type of bezels used on dive watches are (multiple) decompression time interval bezels as featured on Doxa and Jenny watches. The bezel inlay containing the markings in the bezel ring can be made of metal or feature more scratch-resistant top materials like technical ceramic or synthetic sapphire . There are some analog dive watches available with

6681-524: The 17th century. In the 19th century water and dust resistant watches were usually one-off pieces custom made for a particular customer and described as "Explorer's Watches". Hard hat divers of that period sometimes placed common pocketwatches on the inside of their helmets in order to know the time spent under water. Early in the 20th century such watches were industrially produced for military and commercial distribution. Like their predecessors early 20th century dive watches were developed in response to meet

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6812-742: The 1953 Basel Fair as well. The Rolex Submariner , the first modern dive watch, was introduced at the Basel Watch Fair in 1954. This coincided with the development of self-contained underwater breathing apparatus, known as scuba . In 1959, the United States Navy Experimental Diving Unit evaluated five diving watches that included the Bulova US Navy Submersible Wrist Watch, Enicar Sherpa Diver 600, Enicar Seapearl 600, Blancpain Fifty Fathoms, and

6943-413: The 1970s. English rock musician Eric Clapton donned a 'panda dial' Tri-Compax during his years with the rock band Cream in the mid to late 1960s, leading to this particular model being nicknamed the "Eric Clapton". Finnish fashion model Nina Rindt , best known for being the wife, and later the widow, of 1970 Formula One world drivers' champion Jochen Rindt , was often seen and photographed wearing

7074-414: The 19th century the town was known for its pocket and marine chronometers. The watchmaking industry transformed Le Locle into an industrial city. Initially all the work was done by hand in small shops, but by the last quarter of the 19th century the first factories were built. The introduction of mechanized production, pushed the industry from completed watches toward machine tools and watch components. During

7205-411: The 19th century, as it became a center of the watch industry. Because the small Bied river often flooded the valley, a channel was cut through the valley to the Col des Roches at the beginning of the 19th century. Until 1898 the river was used to provide power for several underground mills. The city government established the high school in 1855 and opened a teacher training college in 1866 followed by

7336-463: The 20th century, the micro-mechanical industry was added. The watchmaking cities of Le Locle and La Chaux-de-Fonds have jointly received recognition from UNESCO for their exceptional universal value. Due to the altitude (around 1,000 m (3,300 ft)) and the lack of water (porous limestone underground) the land is ill-suited to farming. Planning and buildings reflect the watch-making artisans' need for rational organization. They were rebuilt in

7467-451: The ISO 6425 international standard. The watches are tested in static or still water under 125% of the rated (water) pressure, thus a watch with a 200 m rating will be water resistant if it is stationary and under 250 m of static water. The testing of the water resistance is fundamentally different from non-dive watches, because every watch has to be fully tested. ISO 6425 water resistance testing of

7598-471: The Le Locle region, there were only some 77 watchmakers who were active in 1750. By 1800, that number had increased to over 800. Watchmaking began to replace agriculture and lace making as the main industries. By the end of the 18th century, the city employed about 500 lace makers. Le Locle was home to a number of famous watchmakers and inventors, including Abraham-Louis Perrelet , Jacques-Frédéric Houriet, Frédéric-Louis Favre-Bulle and David-Henri Grandjean. In

7729-512: The Oyster Perpetual Deepsea Challenge Sea-Dweller (reference 126067), a full ocean depth capable watch with an official depth rating of 11,000 metres (36,090 ft). This watch represented in its launch year the most water resistant mechanical watch in serial production. To obtain this official depth rating, the watch is tested to a depth of 13,750 metres (45,110 ft) to offer the 25% safety reserve required by

7860-662: The Rolex Oyster Perpetual. In 1961, Edox launched the Delfin line of watches, with industry-first double case backs for water resistance to 200 meters. They later released the Hydrosub line in 1963 featuring the first crown system with tension ring allowing depths of 500 meters. In 1961, Rolex began to include a skindiver handbook with the Submariner, then available in two models, one water resistant to 200 m (660 ft),

7991-592: The Royal Italian Air Force (Regia Aeronautica Italiana). At private dealers and auction houses such as Sotheby's and Christie 's, the Universal Genève Cairellis have closed between an estimated $ 90,000 and $ 130,000. Le Locle Le Locle ( French pronunciation: [lə lɔkl] ; German : Luggli ) is a municipality in the Canton of Neuchâtel in Switzerland. It is situated in

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8122-518: The Sinn UX (EZM 2B) stainless steel watch case has a diameter of 44 mm, thickness of 13.3 mm and the case and bracelet weigh 105 g. This is dimensionally modest compared to air filled diving watches designed for extreme depths. In January 1960, a Rolex Deep Sea Special prototype diving watch attached to the hull of the bathyscaphe Trieste reached a record depth of 10,913 m (35,804 ft) ±5 m (16 ft) of seawater during

8253-562: The US Navy Experimental Diving Unit evaluated several digital watches for use by US Navy divers. In 1996, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) introduced the standards and features for diving watches regulated by the ISO 6425 - Divers' watches international standard. Many contemporary sports watches owe their design to diving watches. The vast majority of divers now use electronic , wrist-worn dive computers . A dive computer or decompression meter

8384-523: The UX (EZM 2B), the case back contains a large movable piston with an o-ring seal, allowing the liquid inside the watch case to expand and contract to adjust internal fluid volume and equalize with outside pressure. The liquid filling improves the watch face legibility under water significantly, due to reduced refractive index differences between the watch crystal and its adjacent media and eliminates crystal fogging due to condensation. To obtain its water resistance

8515-622: The attention of high-ranking government officials throughout Europe, including the Dutch royal family , who granted the Swiss brand a royal warrant in 1939 to issue a military watch for the nation's army, with then-Queen Wilhelmina 's initials embossed on the dial. The Dutch army utilized this watch up until Nazi Germany bombed Rotterdam in May of the same year and occupied the Netherlands until 1945. For female civilians during that era, Universal distributed

8646-572: The brand as piquing his interest in watches. 29th and 41st Argentine President Juan Perón was a wearer of a Universal Tri-Compax, as was 33rd U.S. President Harry S. Truman , who donned the popular model at the Potsdam Conference . 45th U.S. President Donald Trump owned a Universal Genève Senna watch before donating the timepiece to Antiquorum for charity. 40th President of the Dominican Republic Hector Trujillo owned

8777-434: The canton of Neuchâtel most municipalities provide two years of non-mandatory kindergarten , followed by five years of mandatory primary education. The next four years of mandatory secondary education is provided at thirteen larger secondary schools, which many students travel out of their home municipality to attend. During the 2010–11 school year, there were 10 kindergarten classes with a total of 185 students in Le Locle. In

8908-528: The case must also be tested in order to pass as water resistant. None of the tests defined by ISO 2281 for the Water Resistant mark are suitable to qualify a watch for scuba diving. Such watches are designed for everyday life and must be water resistant during exercises such as swimming. They can be worn in different temperature and pressure conditions but are under no circumstances designed for scuba diving. The standards for diving watches are regulated by

9039-576: The chocolate and confectionery factory Klaus operated until 1992. As in most watchmaking cities in the Jura, the political and social life in Le Locle was heavily influenced by the ideas of radicalism, socialism and later anarchism . Professor James Guillaume proposed the creation of a section of the Workers International in 1866. German-speaking socialist organizations including the Grütliverein and

9170-508: The complications as Cal 285's. However, the mechanisms would be rechristened as Zenith 146's, 146D's and 146H's when competing Le Locle watchmaker Zenith acquired Martel, and effectively all of its patents, by 1960. Arguably the most well-known Universal watch of the post-war era was the Polerouter. Designed by Gérald Genta , it was originally produced as the Polarouter in 1954, appearing with

9301-482: The crown touching the wearers (left) wrist or back of the hand. Often the crown has to be unscrewed to set or adjust the time and date and afterwards retightened to restore the water resistance of the watch and minimize the chance of unintentional operation under water. There are also watch models where a locking handle, separate knob or an extra crown cover has to be manipulated before the crown can be operated. There are however models that have crowns that are operated like

9432-448: The crowns of non diver's analog watches. Screw down or otherwise locking crowns and traditionally operated water resistant crowns should not be operated under water. The watch case of diving and other tool watches often feature protruding crown protectors or (integrated) crown guards/shoulders for (semi-)recessing the crown and hence reduce mechanical damage and snagging risks. Digital and some analog chronograph diving watches - such as

9563-414: The current power status of the watch. The International Organization for Standardization issued a standard for water resistant watches which also prohibits the term waterproof to be used with watches, which many countries have adopted. Water resistance is achieved by the gaskets which forms a watertight seal, used in conjunction with a sealant applied on the case to help keep water out. The material of

9694-420: The development of deep water atmospheric diving suits and remotely operated underwater vehicles in offshore oilfield drilling and production effectively nixed the need for ever deeper non-atmospheric crewed intervention in the ocean. These practical factors make watch depth ratings of more than 1,000 to 1,200 metres (3,300 to 3,900 ft) marketing and technical show off curiosities. In 2022 Rolex introduced

9825-530: The development of the first 'ultra water resistant' watches like the Rolex Sea-Dweller 2000 (2000 ft = 610 m), that became available in 1967, and was produced in several variations, and the Omega Seamaster Professional 600m/2000 ft, also known as the " Omega PloProf " (Plongeur Professionnel), that became available in 1970, and was produced in several variations. In 1983,

9956-500: The dials and markers. On digital diving watches, lighted displays are used for legibility under low light conditions. A diving watch with an electric battery powered movement must have an End Of Life (EOL) indicator, usually in the form of a two or four second jump of the second hand or a warning message on a digital display to safeguard against insufficient power reserve during underwater activities. Some electric and mechanical powered movement models have power reserve indicators that show

10087-457: The dive. This is an important " fail safe " feature. If the bezel could be turned clockwise, this could suggest to a diver that the elapsed time is shorter than reality, thus indicating a falsely short elapsed time reading, and therefore falsely short saturation period, an assumption that can be highly dangerous. Some diving watch models feature a lockable bezel to minimize the chance of unintentional bezel operation under water. The exclusive use of

10218-453: The early 19th century, after extensive fires. Along an open-ended scheme of parallel strips on which residential housing and workshops intermingle, their town planning reflects the needs of the local watch-making culture that dates back to the 17th century, and which is still alive today. Both towns present outstanding examples of mono-industrial manufacturing towns, which are still well-preserved and active. Their urban planning has accommodated

10349-426: The elapsed time to be read from the bezel. This saves the diver having to remember the exact water entry moment and having to perform arithmetic that would be necessary if the watch's regular dial was used. On diving watches the bezel is "unidirectional", i.e., it contains a ratchet so it can only be turned anti-clockwise to "increase" the apparent elapsed time, should the bezel be unintentionally rotated further during

10480-403: The first 15 or 20 minutes – on their bezels are the result of copying old bezel designs. In the past divers typically planned a dive to a certain maximum depth based on now obsolete US Navy dive tables , and dived according to the planned dive profile. If the dive profile allowed a bottom time of 35 minutes the diver, upon entering the water, would set the marker on the bezel, 35 minutes ahead of

10611-534: The flag of the Helvetic Republic, a symbol of the republic, was hoisted over the city. The new republic and canton established the Le Locle Prefecture, which existed until 1935. During the unsuccessful counter-revolution of 1856 the town was briefly occupied by the royalists. Le Locle was repeatedly burned by large fires (1683, 1765, 1833). It was rebuilt to its present appearance in the second quarter of

10742-409: The following (1 meter ≈ 3.28 feet): Note: The depth specified on the watch dial or case represents the results of tests done in the lab, not in the ocean. Some watches are rated in bars instead of meters. Since 1 bar is approximately the pressure exerted by 10 m of water, a rating in bars may be multiplied by 10 to be approximately equal to that based on meters. Therefore, a 20 bar watch

10873-428: The galvanic corrosiveness of seawater. In practical terms most diving watches feature a rubber , silicone rubber , polyurethane or fabric watch strap or a stainless steel or titanium metal link or mesh bracelet of adequate length to facilitate wearing the watch over a diving suit sleeve. For a wrist with a 200 mm (7.9 in) circumference wearing a 4 mm (0.16 in) thick diving suit sleeve increases

11004-658: The grade 5 titanium case and bracelet weigh 251  g (8.9  oz ). . The German H2O watch GmbH offers custom-made H2O Kalmar 2 25000M mechanical diving watches, that have been certified to a depth of 25,000 metres (82,020 ft), which is much deeper than full ocean depth. The titanium H2O Kalmar 2 25000M watch case has a diameter of 42.5  mm (1.67  in ) and a thickness of 22.85 mm (0.900 in) (domed crystal thickness 8.25 mm (0.325 in)) and weighs 126  g (4.4  oz ). The cases of some diving watches designed for extreme depths are filled with silicone oil or fluorinated oil (oil in which all

11135-483: The horologists created various pocket and trench watches for both sides during World War I. By 1925, the duo created the brand's first patented self-winding timepiece called the Auto Rem , an octagon-shaped men's wristwatch with lozenge-styled hands and a 15- jewel movement. Following Perret's death in 1933, his son would take over management and Universal would remain a family-run business for thirty more years. After

11266-509: The hydrogen is replaced by fluorine) exploiting the relative incompressibility of liquids. This technology only works with quartz movements as a mechanical movement does not work properly in the oil filled case. An example of these watches is the Sinn UX (EZM 2B), whose case is certified by Germanischer Lloyd for 12,000 m (39,000 ft), which is deeper than the Challenger Deep. However,

11397-446: The information industry, 58 or 3.0% were the insurance or financial industry, 94 or 4.8% were technical professionals or scientists, 349 or 17.9% were in education and 409 or 21.0% were in health care. In 2000 , there were 4,232 workers who commuted into the municipality and 1,877 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net importer of workers, with about 2.3 workers entering the municipality for every one leaving. About 26.2% of

11528-494: The international marketing strategies and venture to quartz proved economically devastating for the brand, causing loss of capital among its holding companies, and in effect, the popularity of the brand itself. After a difficult period in the 1980s and 1990s, Universal Genève released a series of watches with a new micro-rotor calibre which revisited the company's earlier success. Although still headquartered in Geneva, Universal Genève

11659-514: The late 1990s, Playboy illustrator LeRoy Neiman appeared in a print campaign promoting Universal Genève, with Neiman pictured in his studio wearing a Universal Genève Golden Janus and his oil paintings displayed in the foreground. In his book, Marking Time: Collecting Watches and Thinking about Time , Simon & Schuster editor-in-chief Michael Korda recalled receiving a pink gold Universal Genève Tri-Compax from his uncle while attending Le Rosey boarding school in Switzerland, and cited

11790-476: The latter company relocated to Geneva . The town's history in watchmaking is documented at one of the world's premier horological museums, the Musée d'Horlogerie du Locle , Monts Castle , located in a 19th-century country manor on a hill north of the city. Restored historic underground mills (grainmill, oilmill, sawmill) can be seen in a cave located about one kilometer (0.6 miles) west of the city center. The name of

11921-414: The limited edition watch bears Senna's name, proceeds from sales were to endow Instituto Ayrton Senna , an anti-poverty charity started by his sister, Vivianne. BusinessWeek cited the market value of most Universal Genève watches from the 1960s as approximately ranging between $ 2,500–$ 3,500 (figures adjusted to 2010 inflation) Among the rarest and most expensive of Universal Genève timepieces includes

12052-583: The mass-produced growth of electronic movements. Since the innovation of quartz technology had originated in Japan, Universal began to focus most of its attention on the Asian watch market, since a significant portion of company revenue was already centered in Hong Kong. Although Forbes still ranked Universal (in price) to Corum , IWC and Rolex, and as being more expensive than Omega , Longines and Baume et Mercier ,

12183-521: The mid 70s. During the 1970s, Universal had been one of the few Swiss watch brands to introduce a quartz movement and phase out automatics, coinciding with an era now known as the " quartz crisis ". While the company continued to use silver , gold , platinum and diamonds for its dials, cases, bands and bracelets, the switch to quartz oscillators was a cost-efficient alternative to automatic complications, which were considerably more expensive and more time-consuming to produce, and could not compete with

12314-442: The minute hand. The diver calculated this with the 60 - bottom time formulae (60 - 35 = 25, for 35 minutes bottom time the diver would align the 25 minute bezel-mark with the minute hand). Once the minute hand reached the main-marker on the bezel the diver would begin his ascent to the surface. The one minute intervals scale helped with timing the ascent and whatever safety stop the diver deemed necessary. For contemporary diving methods

12445-457: The municipal coat of arms is Lozengy Gules and Or, on a Bar Argent a Barrulet wavy Azure, in Base on a panel Argent issuant from three mounts Vert as many Pine trees of the same . However, the official coat of arms (which is rarely used) is Quartered: bendy of eight serrated gules and vert in 1 and 4 and or five flamules azure issuant from the flank in 2 and 3, overall a cross argent. Le Locle has

12576-403: The municipality, and an average of 2.1 persons per household. There were 1,787 households that consist of only one person and 229 households with five or more people. In 2000 , a total of 4,584 apartments (81.3% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 391 apartments (6.9%) were seasonally occupied and 663 apartments (11.8%) were empty. As of 2009 , the construction rate of new housing units

12707-461: The needs of several different but related groups: explorers, navies, and professional divers. In 1926, Rolex bought the patent for the “Oyster” watch case, featuring a hermetic seal . On 7 October 1927 an English swimmer, Mercedes Gleitze attempted to cross the English Channel with a new Rolex Oyster hanging round her neck by a ribbon on this swim. After more than 10 hours in the chilly water

12838-425: The night before his scheduled execution. While Wheelis' family maintained that the gift was a friendly gesture, historians have long attributed the wristwatch as being a bribe for the cyanide pill Göring ingested to escape the hangman . Fernando Aubel , a former Chilean Air Force General (1978–1990) under Augusto Pinochet 's military dictatorship , recalled receiving a Universal Genève chronometer wristwatch as

12969-510: The one-way bezel can also be used for other situations in which a measurement of elapsed time of under one hour might be useful, like cooking . Digital dive watches usually perform the elapsed time function by use of a standard stop watch function. Digital dive watches may also feature a depth gauge and logging features, but are not usually regarded as a substitute for a dedicated dive computer. Most contemporary dive watches with non-uniform time markings – generally in one minute intervals for

13100-491: The other, less expensive version, to 100 m (330 ft). It was the choice of watch for the character of 007 in the first ten James Bond films, causing the "Sub" to achieve an iconic status. In 1965, Seiko put the 62MAS on the market, the first Japanese professional diver watch. During the 1960s, commercial work in the oceans and seas created professional diving organisations that needed more robust watches designed for diving operations at greater depths. This led to

13231-563: The pocketwatch started to lose usefulness in favor of the more convenient wristwatch during the first world war, Universal seized the opportunity by creating the Compur in 1933 and the Aero Compax ("Aviator's Compact Chronograph") in 1936, shortly before the start of World War II. In addition to its automatic "smooth sweep" timekeeping, the Compax was also equipped with a built-in stopwatch which made it

13362-530: The population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist , and 599 individuals (or about 5.69% of the population) did not answer the question. In Le Locle about 3,445 or (32.7%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education , and 1,035 or (9.8%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule ). Of the 1,035 who completed tertiary schooling, 55.7% were Swiss men, 22.1% were Swiss women, 15.6% were non-Swiss men and 6.7% were non-Swiss women. In

13493-519: The population), there were 27 individuals (or about 0.26% of the population) who belonged to the Christian Catholic Church , and there were 677 individuals (or about 6.43% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. There were 329 (or about 3.12% of the population) who were Islamic . There were 27 individuals who were Buddhist , 1 person who was Hindu and 8 individuals who belonged to another church. 2,415 (or about 22.94% of

13624-534: The principality was restored to Frederick William III. A year later he agreed to allow the principality to join the Swiss Confederation , then not yet an integrated federation , but a confederacy , as a full member. Thus Neuchâtel became the first and only monarchy to join the otherwise entirely republican Swiss cantons. This changed in 1848, when the peaceful Neuchâtel Revolution started in Le Locle. The royalist forces quickly surrendered and on 28 February 1848,

13755-451: The quartz controlled movement is only certified for 5,000 m (16,000 ft). A problem with this technology is to accommodate for thermal expansion of the liquid contained inside the watch. The employed oil changes volume by 10% over a temperature range from −20 °C (−4 °F) to 60 °C (140 °F). This property endangers a traditional watch case since the crystal would blow out from any significant internal overpressure. On

13886-435: The requirements necessary to withstand a seawater environment at depth. As a consequence diving watches are relatively heavy and large compared to dress watches made out of similar materials. Under water sheer weight is of less consequence than buoyancy, which a diver can address by a buoyancy compensator ("BC") vest . Before the introduction of other case materials diving watch cases were made of stainless steel. Stainless steel

14017-415: The right to own land that they had cleared, as long as they continued to farm it and paid taxes on it. The feudal lords granted them these freedoms to encourage settlements in the mountains. Beginning in the 14th century Le Locle and La Sagne formed a parish together. The Church of Mary Magdalene in Le Locle was built in 1351. As a result of increasing cross-border conflicts, in 1476, Le Locle entered into

14148-561: The same canton, while 1,576 or 15.0% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 2,639 or 25.1% were born outside of Switzerland. As of 2000 , children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 22.5% of the population, while adults (20–64 years old) make up 56.8% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 20.7%. As of 2000 , there were 3,891 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 5,133 married individuals, 867 widows or widowers and 638 individuals who are divorced. As of 2000 , there were 4,713 private households in

14279-556: The same metal alloy as the watch case to prevent corrosion of the metal with the lower PRE-factor as it will act as a sacrificial anode . The case must also provide an adequate degree of protection against external magnetic influences and shocks, though diver's watches do not have to be able to endure strong magnetic fields and shocks. To make mechanical watch movements themselves shock resistant various shock protection systems can be used. The cases of diving watches have to be constructed more stoutly than typical dress watches, because of

14410-404: The same year, there were 31 primary classes with a total of 564 students. As of 2000 , there were 622 students in Le Locle who came from another municipality, while 250 residents attended schools outside the municipality. Diver%27s watch A diving watch , also commonly referred to as a diver's or dive watch , is a watch designed for underwater diving that features, as a minimum,

14541-410: The scratch-resistance of sapphire is combined with the better shatter-resistance of hardened glass. Watch crystals can also be applied as display backs to view the watch movement, but these are a rare feature on diving watches. Analog diving watches must have a water resistant crown. Some models have the crown mounted in unconventional positions like 4, 8 or 9 o'clock to avert or reduce discomfort from

14672-405: The secondary sector was 5,141 of which 4,944 or (96.2%) were in manufacturing, 1 was in mining and 150 (2.9%) were in construction. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 1,948. In the tertiary sector; 591 or 30.3% were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles, 79 or 4.1% were in the movement and storage of goods, 128 or 6.6% were in a hotel or restaurant, 13 or 0.7% were in

14803-405: The standard watch strap. If required more than one diving suit extension strap piece can be added to the standard watch strap. With increasing depth and rising water pressure the (sleeved) wrist of a diver is exposed to compression effects that have a shrinking effect on the wrist circumference. Many watch straps intended for diving watches have rippled or vented sections near the attachment points on

14934-406: The strap or bracelet length required the fit the watch over the sleeved wrist to 225 mm (8.9 in). For this bracelets often have a (concealed) divers extension deployant clasp by which the bracelet can be appropriately extended by approximately 20 mm (0.79 in) to 30 mm (1.2 in). Some watch straps allow an increase in length by adding a diving suit extension strap piece to

15065-437: The time in two different time zones can be easily read without having to perform arithmetic. Diving watches have relatively thick watch crystals. Sometimes domed crystals are used to enhance the pressure-resistance of the watch and to improve the watch face legibility under water. The typical materials used for crystals are acrylic glass , hardened glass and synthetic sapphire which all have their pros and cons. Acrylic glass

15196-403: The town derives from the word for lake or trou d'eau . Le Locle, as well as La Chaux-de-Fonds, owes its survival to the manufacturing and exports of watches . The industry of watch making was brought to Le Locle in the 17th century by Daniel Jeanrichard , a self-taught watchmaker who encouraged the farmers of the area to start manufacturing watch components for him during the long winters. In

15327-465: The transition from the artisans’ production of a cottage industry to the more concentrated factory production of the late 19th and 20th centuries. Karl Marx described La Chaux-de-Fonds as a “huge factory-town” in Das Kapital , where he analyzed the division of labour in the watch-making industry of the Jura. It is the tenth Swiss site to be awarded World Heritage status, joining others such as

15458-416: The two World Wars, some plants, such as Zenith, later Dixi, specialized in the production of weapons. Watchmaking also required a number of associated artists and inventors. The bookseller and publisher Samuel Girardet (1730–1807) started decorating clock cases and eventually founded a dynasty of artists and engravers. The Huguenin became famous for their work painting clock housings and medals. Opening in 1856,

15589-559: The watch case in helium enriched environments (helium atoms are the smallest natural gas particles found in nature) as the watch and diver adjust to normal atmospheric conditions. Other helium safe/for mixed-gas rated diving watches can withstand the helium used in certain diving situations by using gaskets that simply do not allow helium gas to enter the watch case in a harmful way in the first place. Watch straps or bracelets for diving watches are generally made of materials that are adequately water (pressure) resistant and able to endure

15720-491: The watch case through both spring bars (or attaching points between the watch case and strap) are used to minimize the chance of losing the watch due to a spring bar or attachment point failure. The dials and markers on the watch face and bezel have to be legible under water and in low light conditions. An indication that the watch is running in total darkness also has to be present. For easy legibility most diving watches have high contrasting, non-cluttered dials and markers with

15851-443: The watch case to facilitate the required flexibility to strap the watch tightly for normal wear at the surface whilst keeping the watch sufficiently tightly in place on the divers wrist at depth. Metal link bracelets theoretically have more failure points compared to metal mesh bracelets and watch straps due to the use of link connection parts like split pins or screw pins. One piece (NATO style ) nylon fabric straps that slide under

15982-513: The watch remained sealed and kept good time throughout. Omega SA is credited as the creator of the world's first industrially produced diving watch intended for commercial distribution, the rectangular Omega "Marine" with a patented double sliding and removable case, introduced in 1932. After a series of trials undertaken by the Swiss Laboratory for Horology in Neuchâtel in May 1937, the watch

16113-522: The word DIVER'S to distinguish ISO 6425 conformant diving watches from watches that might not be suitable for actual scuba diving. To a large extent the diver's watch has been superseded by the personal dive computer , which provides an automatically initiated dive timer function along with real-time decompression computation and other (optional) functions. The history of efforts to use watches underwater and to make watches that are water resistant, or waterproof and to make dive watches goes back to perhaps

16244-525: The workforce coming into Le Locle are coming from outside Switzerland, while 0.2% of the locals commute out of Switzerland for work. Of the working population, 13.7% used public transportation to get to work, and 59.6% used a private car. From the 2000 census , 3,582 or 34.0% were Roman Catholic , while 3,140 or 29.8% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church . Of the rest of the population, there were 56 members of an Orthodox church (or about 0.53% of

16375-597: Was 0.1 new units per 1000 residents. The vacancy rate for the municipality, in 2010 , was 5.71%. The historical population is given in the following chart: The Ancien Hôtel des Postes, Monts Castle and the Museum d’horlogerie, City Hall, the Immeuble, Moulins souterrains du Col-des-Roches (Cave mills in the Col des Roches), the Villa Favre-Jacot and Zenith SA are listed as Swiss heritage site of national significance . It

16506-529: Was certified as being able to withstand a pressure of 1.37 MPa (13.5 atm), equivalent to a depth of 135 m (443 ft), without any water intake whatsoever. Following a request made by the Royal Italian Navy , in September 1935, for a luminous underwater watch for divers, Panerai offered "Radiomir" underwater timepieces in 1936. These watches were made by Rolex for Panerai. In addition,

16637-510: Was discovered in 1926 by a customs official and was the first site of its kind studied in Switzerland. However, between 4000 BC and the Middle Ages nothing is known about the Le Locle area. In 1150 the valley, in which Le Locle would later be built, was granted by Renaud and William Valanginian to the abbey of Fontaine-André. In 1360, John II of Aarberg, the Lord of Valanginian, received Le Locle as

16768-640: Was first produced in 1965 and were the thinnest automatic watch movements at the time, with a thickness of only 2.3mm. This record was held until 1978. The Shadows were also designed by Genta and were available in 18K yellow and white gold as the Golden Shadow, in gilt as the Gilt Shadow, and in stainless steel as the White Shadow. The Shadow series watches contained the Caliber 66 micro rotor movement up until

16899-419: Was joined by lines to Besançon (1884) and Les Brenets (1890). Nevertheless, Le Locle suffers from a certain isolation and a large amount of traffic that is only passing through. Le Locle owes its prosperity essentially to the watch industry, in particular the manufacture of precision watches and machine tools. Daniel Jeanrichard was among the pioneers who founded this branch of industry in and around Le Locle. In

17030-582: Was purchased in 1989 by Hong Kong -based investment firm Stelux Holdings International, Ltd. , which also owns Cyma , another high-end Swiss watchmaker whose patents had been owned by Universal since 1918. During the late 1960s and early 1970s, Universal was owned by New York-based Bulova , an acquisition which expanded the manufacture's fame in Japanese and North American markets, and led to stylistic collaborations with other watch or jewelry firms such as Tiffany 's, Cartier SA and Movado . As of 2011, Universal

17161-654: Was worn by Jacques Cousteau and his divers during the underwater film "Le monde du silence", which won the Palme d'or at the Cannes film festival in 1956, and in the US when TV star Lloyd Bridges wore a Blancpain Fifty Fathoms dive watch in a photo that appeared on the cover of the February 1962 edition of Skin Diver Magazine . Zodiac debuted their Sea Wolf line of waterproof watches at

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