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43-474: In 1837, O'Sullivan co-founded and served as editor for The United States Magazine and Democratic Review (generally called the Democratic Review ). It was a highly regarded journal meant to champion Jacksonian Democracy , a movement which had usually been disparaged in the more conservative North American Review . The magazine featured political essays, many of them penned by O'Sullivan himself, extolling

86-808: A few opponents led by Andrew Johnson . In the North, Jacksonians Martin Van Buren, Stephen A. Douglas and the War Democrats fiercely opposed secession, while Franklin Pierce, James Buchanan and the Copperheads did not. In addition to Jackson, his second Vice President and one of the key organizational leaders of the Jacksonian Democratic Party, Martin Van Buren , served as president. He helped shape modern presidential campaign organizations and methods. Van Buren

129-605: A literary magazine, promoting the development of American literature . Some of its regular contributors were Elizabeth Barrett Browning , Nathaniel Hawthorne , Elizabeth F. Ellet , and John Greenleaf Whittier , with occasional contributions by William Cullen Bryant , Fanny Kemble , and James Fenimore Cooper . The Review also published some of the early work of Walt Whitman , James Russell Lowell , and Henry David Thoreau . Hawthorne and O'Sullivan became close friends, and Hawthorne had more pieces published in O'Sullivan's magazine than in any other periodical. The Democratic Review

172-467: A more active government. However, Democrats tended to oppose programs like educational reform and the establishment of a public education system. For instance, they believed that public schools restricted individual liberty by interfering with parental responsibility and undermined freedom of religion by replacing church schools. Jackson looked at the Indian question in terms of military and legal policy, not as

215-647: A network of factions called the National Republicans , but he was defeated by Jackson. By the late 1830s, the Jacksonian Democrats and the Whigs —a fusion of the National Republicans and other anti-Jackson parties—politically battled it out nationally and in every state. The spirit of Jacksonian democracy animated the party that formed around him, from the early 1830s to the 1850s, shaping the era, with

258-454: A problem due to their race. In 1813, Jackson adopted and treated as his own son a three-year-old Indian orphan—seeing in him a fellow orphan that was "so much like myself I feel an unusual sympathy for him". In legal terms, when it became a matter of state sovereignty versus tribal sovereignty he went with the states and forced the Indians to fresh lands with no white rivals in what became known as

301-561: A result which the Jacksonians celebrated. Jacksonian democracy also promoted the strength of the presidency and the executive branch at the expense of Congress , while also seeking to broaden the public's participation in government. The Jacksonians demanded elected, not appointed, judges and rewrote many state constitutions to reflect the new values . In national terms, they favored geographical expansionism , justifying it in terms of manifest destiny . Jackson's expansion of democracy

344-530: A strong supporter of Jackson, became president following the assassination of Abraham Lincoln in 1865, but by then Jacksonian democracy had been pushed off the stage of American politics. Notes Bibliography National Republican Party Defunct Newspapers Journals TV channels Websites Other Economics Gun rights Identity politics Nativist Religion Watchdog groups Youth/student groups Miscellaneous Other The National Republican Party , also known as

387-458: A wide range of views but shared a fundamental commitment to the Jeffersonian concept of an agrarian society. They viewed a central government as the enemy of individual liberty and they believed that government intervention in the economy benefited special-interest groups and created corporate monopolies that favored the rich. They sought to restore the independence of the individual—the artisan and

430-432: The 1828 election , this group became the opposition , and organized themselves as "Anti-Jackson". The use of the term "National Republican" dates from 1830. Henry Clay was the party's nominee in the 1832 election , but was defeated by Jackson. The party supported Clay's American System of nationally financed internal improvements and a protective tariff . After the 1832 election, opponents of Jackson coalesced into

473-787: The Anti-Jacksonian Party or simply Republicans , was a political party in the United States which evolved from a conservative-leaning faction of the Democratic-Republican Party that supported John Quincy Adams in the 1824 presidential election . Known initially as "Adams- Clay Republicans" in the wake of the 1824 campaign, Adams's political allies in Congress and at the state-level were referred to as "Adams's Men" during his presidency (1825–1829). When Andrew Jackson became president , following his victory over Adams in

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516-796: The Democratic Party , particularly as led by Andrew Jackson , who was president of the United States from 1829 to 1837. American historian James Schouler called Jackson's political alliance "the Jackson Democracy" in his 1889 History of the United States Under the Constitution , and in 1890 future president Theodore Roosevelt called the antebellum Democratic Party "the Jacksonian Democracy". Later historians, including Frederick Jackson Turner and William MacDonald , generalized

559-619: The First Party System were dead and with no effective opposition, the old Democratic-Republican Party withered away. Every state had numerous political factions, but they did not cross state lines. Political coalitions formed and dissolved and politicians moved in and out of alliances. More former Democratic-Republicans supported Jackson, while others such as Henry Clay opposed him. More former Federalists, such as Daniel Webster , opposed Jackson, although some like James Buchanan supported him. In 1828, John Quincy Adams pulled together

602-606: The National Republican Party , which would afterward combine with other anti-Jackson political groups to form the Whig Party . Broadly speaking, the era was characterized by a democratic spirit. It built upon Jackson's equal political policy, subsequent to ending what he termed a monopoly of government by elites . Even before the Jacksonian era began, suffrage had been extended to a majority of white male adult citizens,

645-627: The Trail of Tears . Among the leading followers was Stephen A. Douglas , senator from Illinois, who was the key player in the passage of the Compromise of 1850 , and was a leading contender for the 1852 Democratic presidential nomination . According to his biographer Robert W. Johanssen: Douglas was preeminently a Jacksonian, and his adherence to the tenets of what became known as Jacksonian democracy grew as his own career developed. ... Popular rule, or what he called would later call popular sovereignty, lay at

688-446: The Whig Party the main opposition. The new Democratic Party became a coalition of poor farmers, city-dwelling laborers and Irish Catholics . The new party was pulled together by Martin Van Buren in 1828 as Jackson crusaded on claims of corruption by President John Quincy Adams . The new party (which did not get the name Democrats until 1834) swept to a landslide. As Mary Beth Norton explains regarding 1828: Jacksonians believed

731-422: The Whig Party . National Republicans, Anti-Masons and others joined the new party. Before the election of John Quincy Adams to the presidency in 1825, the Democratic-Republican Party , which had been the only national American political party for over a decade, began to fracture, losing its infrastructure and identity. Its caucuses no longer met to select candidates because now they had separate interests. After

774-585: The practice of slavery became the dominant issue with the passage of the Kansas–Nebraska Act in 1854 and the political repercussions of the American Civil War dramatically reshaped American politics. It emerged when the long-dominant Democratic-Republican Party became factionalized around the 1824 presidential election . Jackson's supporters began to form the modern Democratic Party . His political rivals John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay created

817-489: The "anti-Jackson" opposition, they soon organized as the National Republican Party. Led by Clay, the new party maintained its historic nationalistic outlook and desired to use national resources to build a strong economy. Its platform was Clay's American System of nationally financed internal improvements and a protective tariff, which would promote faster economic development. More important, by binding together

860-444: The 1824 election, factions developed in support of Adams and in support of Andrew Jackson. Adams politicians, including most ex- Federalists (such as Daniel Webster and Adams himself), would gradually become members of the National Republican Party; and those politicians that supported Jackson would later help form the modern Democratic Party . After Adams's defeat in the 1828 election, his supporters regrouped around Henry Clay. Now

903-723: The Money Power into one against the Slave Power and became Republicans. He points to the struggle over the Wilmot Proviso of 1846, the Free Soil Party revolt of 1848, and the mass defections from the Democrats in 1854 over the Kansas–Nebraska Act . Other Jacksonian leaders such as Chief Justice Roger B. Taney endorsed slavery through the 1857 Dred Scott decision . Southern Jacksonians overwhelmingly endorsed secession in 1861, apart from

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946-482: The Southeast. Jackson was denounced as a tyrant by opponents on both ends of the political spectrum such as Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun . This led to the rise of the Whig Party . Jackson created a spoils system to clear out elected officials in government of an opposing party and replace them with his supporters as a reward for their electioneering. With Congress controlled by his enemies, Jackson relied heavily on

989-463: The base of his political structure. Like most Jacksonians, Douglas believed that the people spoke through the majority, that the majority will was the expression of the popular will. Jackson fulfilled his promise of broadening the influence of the citizenry in government, although not without vehement controversy over his methods. Jacksonian policies included ending the bank of the United States, expanding westward and removing American Indians from

1032-399: The belief that the people are sovereign, that their will is absolute and that the majority rules . William S. Belko, in 2015, summarized "the core concepts underlying Jacksonian Democracy" as: equal protection of the laws; an aversion to a moneyed aristocracy, exclusive privileges, and monopolies, and a predilection for the common man; majority rule ; and the welfare of the community over

1075-450: The diverse interests of the different regions, the party intended to promote national unity and harmony. The National Republicans saw the Union as a corporate, organic whole. Hence, the rank and file idealized Clay for his comprehensive perspective on the national interest. Conversely, they disdained those they identified as "party" politicians for pandering to local interests at the expense of

1118-454: The form of government printing contracts. At an intellectual level, his administration was strongly supported by The United States Magazine and Democratic Review. Its editorials and articles provided the arguments that partisan needed to discuss Democratic Party positions on the Mexican War, slavery, states' rights, and Indian removal. The Democratic Review was also (perhaps even primarily)

1161-470: The individual. Historian and social critic Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. argued in 1945 that Jacksonian democracy was built on the following: An important movement in the period from 1800 to 1830—before the Jacksonians were organized—was the gradual expansion of the right to vote from only property owning men to include all white men over 21. Older states with property restrictions dropped them, namely all but Rhode Island , Virginia , and North Carolina by

1204-431: The local parties. They systematically sought out potential voters and brought them to the polls. Voter turnout soared during the 1830s, reaching about 80% of adult white male population in the 1840 presidential election . Tax-paying qualifications remained in only five states by 1860—Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Pennsylvania, Delaware and North Carolina. One innovative strategy for increasing voter participation and input

1247-509: The mid-1820s. No new states had property qualifications although three had adopted tax-paying qualifications— Ohio , Louisiana , and Mississippi , of which only in Louisiana were these significant and long lasting. The process was peaceful and widely supported, except in the state of Rhode Island. In Rhode Island, the Dorr Rebellion of the 1840s demonstrated that the demand for equal suffrage

1290-453: The national interest. The party met in national convention in late 1831 and nominated Clay for the presidency and John Sergeant for the vice presidency. The Whig Party emerged in 1833–1834 after Clay's defeat as a coalition of National Republicans, along with Anti-Masons , disaffected Jacksonians and people whose last political activity had been with the Federalists a decade before. In

1333-412: The ordinary farmer—by ending federal support of banks and corporations and restricting the use of paper currency. Jackson vetoed more legislation than all previous presidents combined. The long-term effect was to create the modern, strong presidency. Jackson and his supporters also opposed progressive reformation as a movement. Progressive reformers eager to turn their programs into legislation called for

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1376-403: The people's will had finally prevailed. Through a lavishly financed coalition of state parties, political leaders, and newspaper editors, a popular movement had elected the president. The Democrats became the nation's first well-organized national party. The platforms, speeches and editorials were founded upon a broad consensus among Democrats. As Norton et al. explain: The Democrats represented

1419-553: The phrase "Jacksonian democracy" to describe democracy writ large in the United States and what they saw as the influence of the American frontier on the character of American political culture. In the 1945 book The Age of Jackson , Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. influentially reinterpreted "Jacksonian Democracy" as a phenomenon of labor struggle against business power rather than of frontier regional influence. Historian Robert V. Remini , in 1999, stated that Jacksonian Democracy involved

1462-514: The power of the veto to block their moves. One of the most important of these was the Maysville Road veto in 1830. A part of Clay's American System , the bill would have allowed for federal funding of a project to construct a road linking Lexington and the Ohio River, the entirety of which would be in the state of Kentucky, Clay's home state. His primary objection was based on the local nature of

1505-489: The project. He argued it was not the federal government's job to fund projects of such a local nature and/or those lacking a connection to the nation as a whole. The debates in Congress reflected two competing visions of federalism. The Jacksonians saw the union strictly as the cooperative aggregation of the individual states, while the Whigs saw the entire nation as a distinct entity. Carl Lane argues "securing national debt freedom

1548-525: The virtues of Jacksonian democracy and criticizing what Democrats regarded as the aristocratic pretensions of their opponents. The journal supported the losing effort of Martin Van Buren in the 1840 presidential election , and in the 1844 election , James K. Polk , the eventual winner. As a leading organizer for the Democratic Party, Van Buren paid close attention to party communication media such as newspapers and magazines. They received subsidies in

1591-607: Was a 19th-century political philosophy in the United States that expanded suffrage to most white men over the age of 21 and restructured a number of federal institutions. Originating with the seventh U.S. president , Andrew Jackson and his supporters, it became the nation's dominant political worldview for a generation. The term itself was in active use by the 1830s. This era, called the Jacksonian Era or Second Party System by historians and political scientists , lasted roughly from Jackson's 1828 presidential election until

1634-457: Was a core element of Jacksonian democracy". Paying off the national debt was a high priority which would make a reality of the Jeffersonian vision of America truly free from rich bankers, self-sufficient in world affairs, virtuous at home, and administered by a small government not prone to financial corruption or payoffs. What became of Jacksonian Democracy, according to Sean Wilentz was diffusion. Many ex-Jacksonians turned their crusade against

1677-536: Was always in financial difficulties since it accepted no advertising and relied on subscriptions and donations to survive. O'Sullivan relinquished his editorial duties for a short time to practice law but continued to write for the magazine. The magazine is also responsible for coining the term " manifest destiny ", referring to the combination of rapid growth of civilization and open space to grow in North America. Jacksonian Democracy Jacksonian democracy

1720-403: Was broad and strong, although the subsequent reform included a significant property requirement for any resident born outside of the United States. However, free black men lost voting rights in several states during this period. The fact that a man was now legally allowed to vote did not necessarily mean he routinely voted. He had to be pulled to the polls, which became the most important role of

1763-601: Was defeated in 1840 by Whig William Henry Harrison . Harrison died just 30 days into his term and his Vice President John Tyler quickly reached accommodation with the Jacksonians. Tyler was then succeeded by James K. Polk , a Jacksonian who won the election of 1844 with Jackson's endorsement. Franklin Pierce had been a supporter of Jackson as well. James Buchanan served in Jackson's administration as Minister to Russia and as Polk's Secretary of State, but he did not pursue Jacksonian policies. Finally, Andrew Johnson , who had been

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1806-542: Was developed outside the Jacksonian camp. Prior to the presidential election of 1832 , the Anti-Masonic Party conducted the nation's first presidential nominating convention . Held in Baltimore, Maryland, September 26–28, 1831, it transformed the process by which political parties select their presidential and vice-presidential candidates. The period from 1824 to 1832 was politically chaotic. The Federalist Party and

1849-414: Was exclusively limited to White men, as well as voting rights in the nation were extended to adult white males only. There was also little to no improvement, and in many cases a reduction of the rights of non-white U.S citizens , during the extensive period of Jacksonian democracy, spanning from 1829 to 1860. In its earliest usage, the phrase "Jacksonian democracy" had a narrower meaning referring to

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