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109-552: On 13 May 2005 Secretary-General Kofi Annan appointed German judge Detlev Mehlis to lead the Commission. [1] On 19–20 October 2005 the first Mehlis report of the Commission was delivered. Upon release of the first report, the term of the investigation was extended to 15 December 2005. A second, expanded, report followed on 10 December 2005. Five days later, on 15 December 2005, the Security Council voted unanimously to extend

218-471: A class divide by creating demand for more educated people in order to maintain corporate and industrial profitability. Thus the popular demand for education, which in turn drives the cost of education higher through the principle of supply and demand , as people would want to be part of the new economic elite. Higher costs for education lead to a situation where only the people with enough money to pay for education can receive sufficient education to qualify for

327-469: A Rwanda, to a Srebrenica – to gross and systematic violations of human rights that affect every precept of our common humanity?" In September 2001, the Canadian government established an ad hoc committee to address this balance between state sovereignty and humanitarian intervention . The International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty published its final report in 2001, which focused not on

436-688: A body of 26 UN agencies that work on water issues, is responsible for the triennial UN World Water Development Report which monitors progress towards the Millennium Development Goals related to water. The World Water Assessment Programme, which produces the Report, has articulated how eight of the MDGs are linked to water resources. This is provision of access to quality healthcare to the population in an efficient and consistent manner and according to their needs. The standard and level of provision that

545-541: A consortium of high-tech volunteer corps, including NetCorps Canada and Net Corps America, which United Nations Volunteers (UNV) would coordinate. In the "Report of the high-level panel of experts on information and communication technology", suggesting a UN ICT Task Force , the panel welcomed the establishment of UNITeS. It made suggestions on its configuration and implementation strategy, including that ICT4D volunteering opportunities make mobilising "national human resources" (local ICT experts) within developing countries

654-519: A favourite of the United States. According to Richard Holbrooke , Annan's "gutsy performance" convinced the United States that he would be a good replacement for Boutros-Ghali. He was appointed a special representative of the Secretary-General to the former Yugoslavia , serving from November 1995 to March 1996. In 2003, retired Canadian general Roméo Dallaire , who was force commander of

763-753: A field of practice and research that in various ways engages with international development processes. There are, however, many schools of thought and conventions regarding which are the exact features constituting the "development" of a country. Historically, development was largely synonymous with economic development, and especially its convenient but flawed quantification (see parable of the broken window ) through readily gathered (for developed countries) or estimated monetary proxies (estimated for severely undeveloped or isolationist countries) such as gross domestic product (GDP), often viewed alongside actuarial measures such as life expectancy . More recently, writers and practitioners have begun to discuss development in

872-569: A five-point "Call to Action" to address the HIV/AIDS pandemic . Stating it was a "personal priority", Annan proposed the establishment of a Global AIDS and Health Fund , "dedicated to the battle against HIV/AIDS and other infectious diseases", to stimulate the increased international spending needed to help developing countries confront the HIV/AIDS crisis. In June of that year, the General Assembly of

981-584: A less developed society. That is partially why institutions such as the Center for Global Development are searching for "pro-poor" economic policies. Modern poverty reduction and development programmes often have dignity as a central theme. Dignity is also a central theme of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights , the very first article of which starts with: The concept of dignity in development has been extensively explored by many, and related to all of

1090-610: A letter transmitting the report to the General Assembly and Security Council, Annan stated that the Panel's recommendations were essential to making the United Nations truly credible as a force for peace. Later that same year, the Security Council adopted several provisions relating to peacekeeping following the report, in Resolution 1327 . In 2000, Annan issued a report titled We the Peoples:

1199-400: A long-serving staff member's allegations of sexual harassment and misconduct against Werner Blatter , director of UNHCR personnel. The investigation found Lubbers guilty of sexual harassment; no mention was made publicly of the other charge against a senior official or two subsequent complaints filed later that year. During the official investigation, Lubbers wrote a letter which some considered

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1308-701: A multi-country review of development progress, improved outcomes on these measures has generally been found to be driven by a combination of smart leadership, policies, institutions, and social networks, according to the Overseas Development Institute . Migration has throughout history also led to significant international development. As people move, their culture, knowledge, skills and technologies move with them. Migrants' ties with their past homes and communities lead to international relationships and further flows of goods, capital and knowledge. The value of remittances sent home by migrants in modern times

1417-480: A periodic basis, possibly with a rural clinic serving several different communities. The provision of access to healthcare is both an engineering challenge as it requires infrastructure such as hospitals and transport systems and an education challenge as it requires qualified healthworkers and educated consumers. The fourth Millennium Development Goal is to reduce by two thirds the mortality rate among children under five . The fifth Millennium Development Goal

1526-773: A priority for both men and women. The initiative was launched at the UNV and was active from February 2001 to February 2005. Initiative staff and volunteers participated in the World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) in Geneva in December 2003. In an address to the World Economic Forum on 31 January 1999, Annan argued that the "goals of the United Nations and those of business can, indeed, be mutually supportive" and proposed that

1635-578: A region. More recently, the focus in this field has been projects that aim towards empowering women, building local economies, and caring for the environment. In context of human development it usually encompasses foreign aid , governance , healthcare , education , poverty reduction , gender equality , disaster preparedness , infrastructure , economics , human rights , environment and issues associated with these. During recent decades, development thinking has shifted from modernization and structural adjustment programs to poverty reduction . Under

1744-579: A result, the UN and its member states had to consider a willingness to act to prevent conflict and civilian suffering, a dilemma between "two concepts of sovereignty" that Annan also presented in a preceding article in The Economist on 16 September 1999. In the March 2000 Millennium Report to the UN, Annan asked: "If humanitarian intervention is, indeed, an unacceptable assault on sovereignty, how should we respond to

1853-510: A speech to the General Assembly on 20 September 1999, "to address the prospects for human security and intervention in the next century", Annan argued that individual sovereignty —the protections afforded by the Declaration of Human Rights and the Charter of the UN —was being strengthened, while the notion of state sovereignty was being redefined by globalisation and international co-operation. As

1962-527: A threat to the female worker who had brought the charges. On 15 July 2004, Annan cleared Lubbers of the accusations, saying they were not substantial enough legally. The internal UN–OIOS report on Lubbers was leaked, and sections accompanied by an article by Kate Holt were published in a British newspaper. In February 2005, Lubbers resigned as head of the UN refugee agency , saying he wanted to relieve political pressure on Annan. In December 2004, reports surfaced that

2071-553: A weapons depository; such weapons could have helped Dallaire defend the endangered Tutsis . In 2004, ten years after the genocide in which an estimated 800,000 people were killed, Annan said: "I could and should have done more to sound the alarm and rally support." In his book Interventions: A Life in War and Peace , Annan again argued that the United Nations Department of Peacekeeping Operations could have made better use of

2180-406: Is acceptable or appropriate depends on many factors and is highly specific to country and location. For example, in a large city (whether in a 'developing' country or not), it is appropriate and often practical to provide a high standard hospital which can offer a full range of treatments; in a remote rural community it may be more appropriate and practical to provide a visiting healthworker on

2289-507: Is an engineering challenge, as well as a societal and political challenge as it includes education and behaviour change elements and is closely connected with shelter, politics and human rights. The seventh Millennium Development Goal was to ensure environmental sustainability , including reducing by half the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and achieving significant improvement in lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers, by 2020 . UN-Water ,

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2398-457: Is an approach to growth and human development that aims to meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. The aim is to have a society where living conditions and resources meet human needs without undermining planetary integrity . Sustainable development aims to balance the needs of the economy , environment , and social well-being . The Brundtland Report in 1987 helped to make

2507-446: Is another important aspect of international development. It is a good example of how the focus today is on sustainable development in these countries; education gives people the skills required to keep themselves out of poverty. International development is related to the concept of international aid , but is distinct from, disaster relief and humanitarian aid . While these two forms of international support seek to alleviate some of

2616-404: Is concerned with ensuring that a development project or programme is of the correct scale and technical level, and is culturally and socially suitable for its beneficiaries. This should not be confused with ensuring something is low-technology, cheap or basic – a project is appropriate if it is acceptable to its recipients and owners, economically affordable and sustainable in the context in which it

2725-431: Is executed. For example, in a rural sub-Saharan community it may not be appropriate to provide a chlorinated and pumped water system because it cannot be maintained or controlled adequately – simple hand pumps may be better; while in a big city in the same country it would be inappropriate to provide water with hand pumps, and the chlorinated system would be the correct response. The economist E. F. Schumacher championed

2834-561: Is much greater than the total in international aid given. International development and disaster relief are both often grouped into sectors, which correlate with the major themes of international development (and with the Millennium Development Goals – which are included in the descriptions below). There is no clearly defined list of sectors, but some of the more established and universally accepted sectors are further explored here. The sectors are highly interlinked, illustrating

2943-456: Is never repeated". Annan supported sending a UN peacekeeping mission to Darfur, Sudan . He worked with the government of Sudan to accept a transfer of power from the African Union peacekeeping mission to a UN one. Annan also worked with several Arab and Muslim countries on women's rights and other topics. Beginning in 1998, Annan convened an annual UN "Security Council Retreat" with

3052-448: Is one which will be able to carry on indefinitely with no further international involvement or support, whether it be financial or otherwise. International development projects may consist of a single, transformative project to address a specific problem or a series of projects targeted at several aspects of society. Promoted projects are ones which involve problem solving that reflects the unique culture, politics, geography, and economy of

3161-580: Is the condition of lacking economic access to fundamental human needs such as food, shelter and safe drinking water. While some define poverty primarily in economic terms, others consider social and political arrangements also to be intrinsic – often manifested in a lack of dignity . There are a number of theories about how desirable change in society is best achieved. Such theories draw on a variety of social scientific disciplines and approaches, and include historical theories such as: International development institutions and international organisations such as

3270-437: Is the true measure of human development. The concept of participation is concerned with ensuring that the intended beneficiaries of development projects and programmes are themselves involved in the planning and execution of those projects and programmes. This is considered important as it empowers the recipients of development projects to influence and manage their own development – thereby removing any culture of dependency . It

3379-532: Is the worst mistake by a senior UN official that I have seen in that entire time." Observers from other nations supported Malloch's view that conservative politicians in the US prevented many citizens from understanding the benefits of US involvement in the UN . On 19 September 2006, Annan gave a farewell address to world leaders gathered at the UN headquarters in New York in anticipation of his retirement on 31 December. In

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3488-596: Is to reduce by three quarters the maternal mortality ratio . The sixth Millennium Development Goal is to halt and begin to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS and to halt and begin to reverse the incidence of malaria and other major diseases . Reaching these goals is also a management challenge. Health services need to make the best use of limited resources while providing the same quality of care to every man, woman and child everywhere. Achieving this level of services requires innovation, quality improvement and expansion of public health services and programs. The main goal

3597-554: Is widely considered to be one of the most important concepts in modern development theory. The UN System Network on Rural Development and Food Security describes participation as: one of the ends as well as one of the means of development Local participants in development projects are often products of oral communities . This has led to efforts to design project planning and organizational development methods, such as participatory rural appraisal , which are accessible to non-literate people. The concept of something being appropriate

3706-591: The Akan names tradition, some children are named according to the day of the week they were born, sometimes in relation to how many children precede them. Kofi in Akan is the name that corresponds with Friday, the day on which Annan was born. The last name Annan in Fante means fourth-born child. Annan said that his surname rhymes with "cannon" in English. From 1954 to 1957, Annan attended

3815-473: The Gold Coast (now Ghana ) on 8 April 1938. His twin sister Efua Atta, who died in 1991, shared the middle name Atta , which in the Akan language means "twin". Annan and his sister were born into one of the country's Fante aristocratic families; both of their grandfathers and their uncle were Fante paramount chiefs , and their brother Kobina would go on to become Ghana's ambassador to Morocco . In

3924-500: The Harry S. Truman Presidential Library in Independence, Missouri , Annan recalled President Truman 's leadership in the founding of the United Nations. He called for the United States to return to Truman's multilateralist foreign policies and to follow Truman's doctrine that "the responsibility of the great states is to serve and not dominate the peoples of the world". He also said that

4033-603: The Independent Inquiry Committee , which was led by former US Federal Reserve chairman Paul Volcker , then the director of the United Nations Association of the US . In his first interview with the Inquiry Committee, Annan denied meeting with Cotecna. Later in the inquiry, he recalled having met with Cotecna's chief executive Elie-Georges Massey twice. In a final report issued on 27 October,

4142-790: The Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology of Ghana . He received a Ford Foundation grant, enabling him to complete his undergraduate studies in economics at Macalester College in Saint Paul, Minnesota , US, in 1961. Annan then completed a diplôme d'études approfondies DEA degree in International Relations at the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies in Geneva, Switzerland , from 1961 to 1962. After some years of work experience, he studied at

4251-589: The MIT Sloan School of Management (1971–72) in the Sloan Fellows program and earned a master's degree in management. Annan was fluent in English, French, Akan , and some Kru languages as well as other African languages . In 1962, Annan started working as a budget officer for the World Health Organization , an agency of the United Nations (UN). From 1974 to 1976, he worked as a manager of

4360-563: The Millennium Development Goals (2000 to 2015) and the Sustainable Development Goals (2015 to 2030). The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) served a successful framework to guide international development efforts, having achieved progress on some of the 8 goals. For example, by 2015 the extreme poverty rate had already been cut into half. Other targets achieved include access to safe drinking water, malaria, and gender equality in schooling. Yet, some scholars have argued that

4469-747: The Sustainable Development Goals to be achieved by 2030. For example, the Sustainable Development Goal 17 advocates for enhanced international support for capacity building in developing countries to support national plans to implement the 2030 Agenda .   Rights-based approach to development has been adopted by many nongovernmental organizations and the United Nations as the new approach to international development. Rights-based approach combines many different concepts of international development, such as capacity building , human rights , participation, and sustainability . The goal of

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4578-718: The UN Headquarters , including serving as the Under-Secretary-General for peacekeeping between March 1992 and December 1996. He was appointed secretary-general on 13 December 1996 by the Security Council and later confirmed by the General Assembly , making him the first officeholder to be elected from the UN staff itself. He was re-elected for a second term in 2001 and was succeeded as secretary-general by Ban Ki-moon in 2007. As secretary-general, Annan reformed

4687-648: The United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda (UNAMIR), claimed that Annan was overly passive in his response to the imminent genocide . In his book Shake Hands with the Devil: The Failure of Humanity in Rwanda (2003), Dallaire asserted that Annan held back UN troops from intervening to settle the conflict and from providing more logistical and material support. Dallaire claimed that Annan failed to respond to his repeated faxes asking for access to

4796-795: The 15 states' council representatives. It was held at the Rockefeller Brothers Fund (RBF) Conference Center at the Rockefeller family estate in Pocantico Hills, New York , and was sponsored by both the RBF and the UN. In June 2004, Annan was given a copy of the Office of Internal Oversight Services (OIOS) report on the complaint brought by four female workers against Ruud Lubbers , UN High Commissioner for Refugees , for sexual harassment , abuse of authority , and retaliation . The report also reviewed

4905-600: The General Assembly his proposals for a fundamental overhaul of the United Nations Secretariat . The reform report is titled Investing in the United Nations, For a Stronger Organization Worldwide . On 30 March 2006, he presented to the General Assembly his analysis and recommendations for updating the entire work programme of the United Nations Secretariat. The reform report is titled Mandating and Delivering: Analysis and Recommendations to Facilitate

5014-586: The Holocaust , and on the then-upcoming International Conference to Review the Global Vision of the Holocaust , an Iranian Holocaust denial conference in 2006. During a visit to Iran instigated by continued Iranian uranium enrichment , Annan said: "I think the tragedy of the Holocaust is an undeniable historical fact and we should really accept that fact and teach people what happened in World War II and ensure it

5123-598: The ICE's 2009–2010 president Paul Jowitt , are representative of a change of approach in the UK at least to start drawing together the huge capacity available to western governments, industry, academia and charity to develop such a partnership. International development also aims to improve general government policies of these developing countries. " State building " is the strengthening of regional institutions necessary to support long-term economic, social, and political development. Education

5232-536: The MDG agenda, 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) were created, with 169 indicators. UN resolution 70/1 adopted on September 25, 2015, was titled "Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development", solidifying 17 new goals that had been in motion since 2014. The goals came into force in January 2016, focusing on areas of climate change, economic inequality, democracy, poverty, and peacebuilding. Although

5341-521: The MDGs lack the critical perspectives required to alleviate poverty and structures of inequality, reflected in the serious lags to achieving numerous other goals. As the MDG era came to an end, 2015 marked the year that the United Nations General Assembly adopted a new agenda for development. Former UN Secretary General Ban Ki Moon referred to this as a "defining moment in history" calling on states to "act in solidarity". Succeeding

5450-510: The OECD, IMF and World Bank) The MDGs have catalysed a significant amount of action, including new initiatives such as Millennium Promise . Most of these initiatives however work in small scale interventions which do not reach the millions of people required by the MDGs. Recent praise has been that it will be impossible to meet the first seven goals without meeting the eighth by forming a Global Partnership for Development . No current organisation has

5559-560: The Review of Mandates . Regarding the UN Human Rights Council , Annan said "declining credibility" had "cast a shadow on the reputation of the United Nations system. Unless we re-make our human rights machinery, we may be unable to renew public confidence in the United Nations itself." He believed that, despite its flaws, the council could do good. In March 2000, Annan appointed the Panel on United Nations Peace Operations to assess

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5668-455: The Role of the United Nations in the 21st Century . The report called for member states to "put people at the centre of everything we do": "No calling is more noble, and no responsibility greater, than that of enabling men, women and children, in cities and villages around the world, to make their lives better." In the final chapter of the report, Annan called to "free our fellow men and women from

5777-476: The SDGs were built on the foundation of the MDGs, there are some key differences in both processes. Before adoption, unlike the MDGs, the SDGs had been in discussion for months, involving civil society actors, NGOs, as well as an opening summit involving intergovernmental negotiations. The new global development agenda places a greater emphasis on collective action, combining the efforts of multiple stakeholders to increase

5886-543: The Secretary-General's son Kojo Annan received payments from the Swiss company Cotecna Inspection SA , which had won a lucrative contract under the UN Oil-for-Food Programme . Kofi Annan called for an investigation to look into the allegations. On 11 November 2005, The Sunday Times agreed to apologise and pay a substantial sum in damages to Kojo Annan, accepting that the allegations were untrue. Annan appointed

5995-603: The UN General Assembly on 21 March 2005. Annan recommended Security Council expansion and a host of other UN reforms . On 31 January 2006, Annan outlined his vision for a comprehensive and extensive reform of the UN in a policy speech to the United Nations Association UK . The speech, delivered at Central Hall, Westminster , also marked the 60th anniversary of the first meetings of the General Assembly and Security Council. On 7 March 2006, he presented to

6104-470: The UN almost by stealth as a diplomatic tool while failing to stand up for it against its domestic critics is simply not sustainable. You will lose the UN one way or another. [...] [That] the US is constructively engaged with the UN [...] is not well known or understood, in part because much of the public discourse that reaches the US heartland has been largely abandoned to its loudest detractors such as Rush Limbaugh and Fox News ." Malloch later said his talk

6213-697: The UN bureaucracy, worked to combat HIV/AIDS (especially in Africa ) and launched the UN Global Compact . He was criticised for not expanding the Security Council and faced calls for his resignation after an investigation into the Oil-for-Food Programme , but was largely exonerated of personal corruption. After the end of his term as secretary-general, he founded the Kofi Annan Foundation in 2007 to work on international development . In 2012, Annan

6322-716: The UN promote the realisation of the fact that economic practices such as rapid globalisation and certain aspects of international capitalism can lead to, and, allegedly, have led to an economic divide between countries, sometimes called the north–south divide. Such organisations often make it a goal and to help reduce these divides by encouraging co-operation amongst the Global South and other practices and policies that can accomplish this. International development can also cause inequality between richer and poorer factions of one nation's society. For example, when economic growth boosts development and industrialisation , it can create

6431-551: The United Nations committed to creating such a fund during a special session on AIDS, and the permanent secretariat of the Global Fund was subsequently established in January 2002. Following the failure of Annan and the international community to intervene in the genocide in Rwanda and in Srebrenica , Annan asked whether the international community had an obligation in such situations to intervene to protect civilian populations. In

6540-583: The United States and the United Kingdom not to invade without the support of the United Nations. In a September 2004 interview on the BBC , when questioned about the legal authority for the invasion, Annan said he believed it was not in conformity with the UN charter and was illegal. In 1998, Annan was deeply involved in supporting the transition from military to civilian rule in Nigeria . The following year, he supported

6649-438: The United States must maintain its commitment to human rights, "including in the struggle against terrorism". After he served as UN secretary-general, Annan took up residence in Geneva and worked in a leading capacity on various international humanitarian endeavours. In 2007, Annan established the Kofi Annan Foundation, an independent, not-for-profit organisation that "works to promote better global governance and strengthen

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6758-722: The abject and dehumanizing poverty in which more than 1 billion of them are currently confined". At the Millennium Summit in September 2000, national leaders adopted the Millennium Declaration , which the United Nations Secretariat subsequently implemented as the Millennium Development Goals in 2001. Within the We the Peoples document, Annan suggested the establishment of a United Nations Information Technology Service (UNITeS),

6867-449: The areas of human rights, labour, the environment and anti-corruption . Under the Compact, companies commit to the ten principles and are brought together with UN agencies, labour groups and civil society to implement them effectively. Towards the end of the 1990s, increased awareness of the destructive potential of epidemics such as HIV/AIDS pushed public health issues to the top of the global development agenda. In April 2001, Annan issued

6976-409: The assassination through members of Hisbollah. This United Nations –related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Kofi Annan Kofi Atta Annan ( / ˈ k oʊ f i ˈ æ n æ n / KOH -fee AN -an , US also /- ˈ ɑː n ɑː n / -⁠ AH -nahn ; 8 April 1938 – 18 August 2018) was a Ghanaian diplomat who served as

7085-449: The better-paying jobs that mass-development brings about. This restricts poorer people to lesser-paying jobs but technological development makes some of these jobs obsolete (for example, by introducing electronic machines to take over a job, such as creating a series of machines such as lawn mowers to make people such as gardeners obsolete). This leads to a situation where poorer people cannot improve their lives as easily as they could have in

7194-461: The capacities of people and countries to achieve a fairer, more secure world". International development International development or global development is a broad concept denoting the idea that societies and countries have differing levels of economic or human development on an international scale. It is the basis for international classifications such as developed country , developing country and least developed country , and for

7303-408: The capacity to dissolve the enormous problems of the developing world alone – especially in cities, where an increasing number of poor people live – as demonstrated by the almost nonexistent progress on the goal of improving the lives of at least 100 Million slum dwellers. The Institution of Civil Engineers Engineering Without Frontiers panel and its recommendations, and the 2007 Brunel Lecture by

7412-435: The cause of appropriate technology and founded the organization ITDG (Intermediate Technology Design Group), which develops and provides appropriate technologies for development (ITDG has now been renamed Practical Action ). The concept of right-financing has been developed to reflect the need for public and private financial support systems that foster and enable development, rather than hinder it. Sustainable development

7521-431: The charges and argued that he was being made a " scapegoat ". The Volcker report was highly critical of the UN management structure and the Security Council oversight. It strongly recommended a new chief operating officer (COO) position to handle the fiscal and administrative responsibilities then under the Secretary-General's office. The report listed the Western and Middle Eastern companies that had benefited illegally from

7630-433: The committee found insufficient evidence to indict Annan on any illegal actions but did find fault with Benon Sevan , an Armenian-Cypriot national who had worked for the UN for about 40 years. Appointed by Annan to the Oil-For-Food role, Sevan repeatedly asked Iraqis for allocations of oil to the African Middle East Petroleum Company. Sevan's behaviour was "ethically improper", Volcker said to reporters. Sevan repeatedly denied

7739-442: The complexity of the problems they seek to deal with. In development, this is the provision of water and sanitation ( toilets , bathing facilities, a healthy environment) of sufficient quantity and quality to supply an acceptable standard of living . This is different from a relief response, where it is the provision of water and sanitation in sufficient quantity and quality to maintain life. The provision of water and sanitation

7848-403: The concept of human rights. The first seven Millennium Development Goals present measurable goals, while the eighth lists a number of 'stepping stone' goals – ways in which progress towards the first seven goals could be made. Each goal uses indicators based on statistical series collected and maintained by respected organisations in each relevant field (usually the UN agency responsible but also

7957-414: The concept of sustainable development better known. Capacity building (or capacity development, capacity strengthening) is the improvement in an individual's or organization's facility (or capability) "to produce, perform or deploy".  The terms capacity building and capacity development have often been used interchangeably, although a publication by OECD-DAC stated in 2006 that capacity development

8066-499: The demands of the Clinton administration for regime removal and inspection of sites, often presidential palaces, that were not mandated in any resolution and were of questionable intelligence value, severely hampering UNSCOM's ability to co-operate with the Iraqi government and contributing to their expulsion from the country. Ritter also claimed that Annan regularly interfered with the work of

8175-608: The development sectors. For example, in Development with Dignity Amit Bhaduri argues that full employment with dignity for all is both important and possible in India, while the UN Millennium Project's task force on Water and Sanitation links the sector directly to dignity in the report Health, Dignity and Development: What will it take? . The Asian Human Rights Commission released a statement in 2006 claiming that: Human dignity

8284-571: The different sectors above. Some of them are: An interesting way of seeing development is through modernization. This includes electronification of households and increases in phone plans. This does not accurately convey social development although it is hard to precisely measure, and institutions differ greatly in their methods. This goes into the debate on whether economic growth causes social growth or vice versa. Indicators of social change can be used to complement economic factors as indicators of development and in formulating development policies. In

8393-520: The efforts of East Timor to secure independence from Indonesia. In 2000, he was responsible for certifying Israel's withdrawal from Lebanon, and in 2006, he led talks in New York between the presidents of Cameroon and Nigeria, which led to a settlement of the dispute between the two countries over the Bakassi peninsula. Annan and Iranian president Mahmoud Ahmadinejad disagreed sharply on Iran's nuclear program , on an Iranian exhibition of cartoons mocking

8502-586: The elite Mfantsipim , an all-boys Methodist boarding school in Cape Coast founded in the 1870s. Annan said that the school taught him that "suffering anywhere, concerns people everywhere". In 1957, the year Annan graduated from Mfantsipim, the Gold Coast gained independence from the UK and began using the name " Ghana ". In 1958, Annan began studying economics at the Kumasi College of Science and Technology, now

8611-403: The establishment of the position of deputy secretary-general, a 10-per cent reduction in posts, a reduction in administrative costs, the consolidation of the UN at the country level, and reaching out to civil society and the private sector as partners. Annan also proposed to hold a Millennium Summit in 2000. After years of research, Annan presented a progress report, In Larger Freedom , to

8720-553: The first formal endorsement by UN member states of the doctrine of RtoP. In the years after 1998, when UNSCOM was expelled by the government of Saddam Hussein , and during the Iraq disarmament crisis , in which the United States blamed UNSCOM and former IAEA director Hans Blix for failing to disarm Iraq properly, former UNSCOM chief weapons inspector Scott Ritter blamed Annan for being slow and ineffective in enforcing Security Council resolutions on Iraq and being overtly submissive to

8829-561: The first time that a holistic strategy to meet the development needs of the world has been established, with measurable targets and defined indicators. Because the MDGs were agreed as global targets to be achieved by the global community, they are independent of, but by no means unrelated to, individual national interests. The goals imply that every state has a set of obligations to the world community to meet and that other states, who have achieved those goals, have an obligation to help those who have not. As such they may represent an extension of

8938-494: The former Yugoslavia . On 28 November 2007 Brammertz presented the Commission's ninth report. On 28 March 2008 the tenth report of the Commission was delivered by Daniel Bellemare . The UNIIIC mandate ended on 28 February 2009 and it was superseded by the Special Tribunal for Lebanon on 1 March 2009. In its various reports, UNIIIC determined that members of Lebanese and Syrian security and intelligence agencies committed

9047-485: The former system, poor countries were encouraged to undergo social and economical structural transformations as part of their development, creating industrialization and intentional industrial policy. Poverty reduction rejects this notion, consisting instead of direct budget support for social welfare programs that create macroeconomic stability leading to an increase in economic growth. The concept of poverty can apply to different circumstances depending on context. Poverty

9156-488: The inspectors and diluted the chain of command by trying to micromanage all of the activities of UNSCOM, which caused intelligence processing (and the resulting inspections) to be backed up and caused confusion with the Iraqis as to who was in charge and as a result, they generally refused to take orders from Ritter or Rolf Ekéus without explicit approval from Annan, which could have taken days, if not weeks. He later believed Annan

9265-487: The investigation for another six months to 15 June 2006. That same day Detlev Mehlis stepped down as chief investigator to return to Berlin. On 11 January 2006 Secretary-General Kofi Annan appointed Belgian Serge Brammertz to replace Mehlis. [2] On 19 November 2007 Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon appointed Canadian Daniel Bellemare to replace Brammertz on 1 January 2008 after he leaves to replace Carla Del Ponte as chief prosecutor at International Criminal Tribunal for

9374-574: The media to raise awareness of the violence in Rwanda and put pressure on governments to provide the troops necessary for an intervention. Annan explained that the events in Somalia and the collapse of the UNOSOM II mission fostered a hesitation among UN member states to approve robust peacekeeping operations. As a result, when the UNAMIR mission was approved just days after the battle, the resulting force lacked

9483-449: The more holistic and multi-disciplinary sense of human development. Other related concepts are, for instance, competitiveness , quality of life or subjective well-being . "International development" is different from the simple concept of "development". Whereas the latter, at its most basic, denotes simply the idea of change through time, international development has come to refer to a distinct field of practice, industry, and research;

9592-599: The office of Secretary-General for three consecutive terms. In 2001, the Asia-Pacific Group agreed to support Annan for a second term in return for the African Group 's support for an Asian secretary-general in the 2006 selection . The Security Council recommended Annan for a second term on 27 June 2001, and the General Assembly approved his reappointment on 29 June 2001. Soon after taking office in 1997, Annan released two reports on management reform. On 17 March 1997,

9701-549: The private sector and the United Nations initiate "a global compact of shared values and principles, which will give a human face to the global market". On 26 July 2000, the United Nations Global Compact was officially launched at UN headquarters in New York. It is a principle-based framework for businesses which aims to "[c]atalyse actions in support of broader UN goals, such as the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)". The Compact established ten core principles in

9810-402: The problems associated with a lack of development, they are most often short term fixes – they are not necessarily long-term solutions. International development, on the other hand, seeks to implement long-term solutions to problems by helping developing countries create the necessary capacity needed to provide such sustainable solutions to their problems. A truly sustainable development project

9919-648: The program. In 2001, its centennial year, the Nobel Committee decided that the Peace Prize was to be divided between the UN and Annan. They were awarded the Peace Prize "for their work for a better organized and more peaceful world", having revitalised the UN and prioritised human rights. The Nobel Committee also recognised his commitment to the struggle to contain the spread of HIV in Africa and his declared opposition to international terrorism . Soon after Annan

10028-513: The report Management and Organisational Measures (A/51/829) introduced new management mechanisms through the establishment of a cabinet-style body to assist him and the UN's activities in accordance with four core missions. A comprehensive reform agenda was issued on 14 July 1997 titled Renewing the United Nations: A Programme for Reform (A/51/950). Key proposals included the introduction of strategic management to strengthen unity of purpose ,

10137-432: The right of states to intervene but on a responsibility to protect populations at risk. The report moved beyond military intervention , arguing that various diplomatic and humanitarian actions could also be utilised to protect civilian populations. In 2005, Annan included the doctrine of " Responsibility to Protect " (RtoP) in his report In Larger Freedom . When the UN General Assembly endorsed that report, it amounted to

10246-507: The rights-based approach to development is to empower the rights-holders, or the group that does not exercise full rights, and strengthen the capacity of the duty-bearers, or the institution or government obligated to fill these rights. The judging of how developed a country or a community is highly subjective, often highly controversial, and very important in judging what further development is necessary or desirable. There are many different measures of human development, many of them related to

10355-521: The seventh secretary-general of the United Nations from 1997 to 2006. Annan and the UN were the co-recipients of the 2001 Nobel Peace Prize . He was the founder and chairman of the Kofi Annan Foundation , as well as chairman of The Elders , an international organisation founded by Nelson Mandela . Annan joined the United Nations in 1962, working for the World Health Organization 's Geneva office. He went on to work in several capacities at

10464-769: The shortcomings of the then existing system and to make specific and realistic recommendations for change. The panel was composed of individuals experienced in conflict prevention, peacekeeping and peacebuilding. The report it produced, which became known as the Brahimi Report , after the chair of the Panel Lakhdar Brahimi , called for "renewed political commitment on the part of Member States, significant institutional change, and increased financial support". The Panel further noted that to be effective, UN peacekeeping operations must be adequately resourced and equipped, and operate under clear, credible and achievable mandates. In

10573-490: The speech, he outlined three major problems of "an unjust world economy, world disorder, and widespread contempt for human rights and the rule of law", which he believed "have not resolved, but sharpened" during his time as secretary-general. He also pointed to violence in Africa and the Arab–Israeli conflict as two major issues warranting attention. On 11 December 2006, in his final speech as secretary-general , delivered at

10682-687: The state-owned Ghana Tourist Development Company in Accra . In 1980 he became the head of personnel for the office of the UN High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR) in Geneva . Between 1981 and 1983, he was a member of the Governing Board of the International School of Geneva . In 1983 he became the director of administrative management services of the UN Secretariat in New York. In 1987, Annan

10791-528: The subject of university courses and professional categorisations. It remains closely related to the set of institutions—especially the Bretton Woods Institutions —that arose after the Second World War with a focus on economic growth, alleviating poverty, and improving living conditions in previously colonised countries. The international community has codified development aims in, for instance,

10900-490: The sustainability of the goals. This emphasis on sustainability has also led to more cross-sector partnerships, and combined international efforts across areas of environmental, social, cultural, political, and economic development. In 2000, United Nations signed the United Nations Millennium Declaration , which includes eight Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) to be achieved by 2015. This represented

11009-415: The troop levels, resources and mandate to operate effectively. In 1996, Secretary-General Boutros Boutros-Ghali ran unopposed for a second term. Although he won 14 of the 15 votes on the Security Council, he was vetoed by the United States. After four deadlocked meetings of the Security Council, Boutros-Ghali suspended his candidacy, becoming the only secretary-general ever to be denied a second term. Annan

11118-407: Was a "sincere and constructive critique of U.S. policy toward the U.N. by a friend and admirer". The talk was unusual because it violated the unofficial policy of not having top officials publicly criticise member nations. The interim US ambassador John Bolton , appointed by President George W. Bush , was reported to have told Annan on the phone: "I've known you since 1989 and I'm telling you this

11227-651: Was appointed as an assistant secretary-general for Human Resources Management and Security Coordinator for the UN system. In 1990, he became Assistant Secretary-General for Program Planning, Budget and Finance, and Control. When Secretary-General Boutros Boutros-Ghali established the Department of Peacekeeping Operations (DPKO) in 1992, Annan was appointed to the new department as Deputy to then Under-Secretary-General Marrack Goulding . Annan replaced Goulding in March 1993 as Under-Secretary-General of that department after American officials persuaded Boutros-Ghali that Annan

11336-458: Was awarded the Peace Prize, he was given a chieftaincy title by the Asantehene of Asanteman . The honour was conferred upon him for his "[selfless] contributions to humanity and promotion of peace throughout the world". Annan defended his deputy secretary-general Mark Malloch Brown , who openly criticised the United States in a speech on 6 June 2006: "[T]he prevailing practice of seeking to use

11445-500: Was more flexible and more aligned with the role that the Pentagon expected of UN peacekeepers in Somalia. On 29 August 1995, while Boutros-Ghali was unreachable on an aeroplane, Annan instructed United Nations officials to "relinquish for a limited period of time their authority to veto air strikes in Bosnia ". This move allowed NATO forces to conduct Operation Deliberate Force and made him

11554-513: Was oblivious that the Iraqis took advantage of this to delay inspections. He claimed that on one occasion, Annan refused to implement a no-notice inspection of the Iraqi Special Security Organization (SSO) headquarters and instead tried to negotiate access. Still, the negotiation took nearly six weeks, giving the Iraqis more than enough time to clean the site. During the build-up to the 2003 invasion of Iraq , Annan called on

11663-648: Was the UN– Arab League Joint Special Representative for Syria to help find a resolution to the Syrian civil war . Annan quit after becoming frustrated with the UN's lack of progress with regards to conflict resolution. In September 2016, Annan was appointed to lead a UN commission to investigate the Rohingya crisis . He died in 2018 and was given a state funeral . Kofi Annan was born in Kumasi in

11772-430: Was the leading candidate to replace him, beating Amara Essy by one vote in the first round. However, France vetoed Annan four times before finally abstaining. The UN Security Council recommended Annan on 13 December 1996. Confirmed four days later by the vote of the General Assembly, he started his first term as secretary-general on 1 January 1997. Due to Boutros-Ghali's overthrow, a second Annan term would give Africa

11881-475: Was the preferable term. Since the 1950s, international organizations, governments, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and communities use the concept of capacity building as part of " social and economic development " in national and subnational plans. The United Nations Development Programme defines itself by "capacity development" in the sense of "'how UNDP works" to fulfill its mission. The UN system applies it in almost every sector, including several of

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