Founded on 16 January 1902 by Ambrogio Ferrario, Romolo Buni and Gilbert Marley at the Caffè Verdi in Porta Nuova in Milan, the Unione Sportiva Milanese was born as a multi-sports club for compete in different disciplines. In the spring of 1904 the football section was established on the initiative of some footballers and gymnasts who left first A.C.Milan and then Mediolanum (among of which Umberto Meazza), while the affiliation to the Italian Football Federation (FIF), the current FIGC, took place in 1905.
62-487: The shirt was black and white checked, with white shorts and black socks. Red and white were the colors of the second jersey. By virtue of this choice, against the current compared to the norm of the others teams, were nicknamed "Gli Scacchi" (the chessmen). At the end of the 1927-1928 championship, U.S.Milanese was automatically promoted to the National Division but was also forced by the fascist regime to merge with
124-608: A 1921–22 CCI league ( Prima Divisione ) to run concurrently with the 1921–22 season ( Prima Categoria ) organised by the FIGC. Therefore, that season saw two champions: Novese (FIGC) and Pro Vercelli (CCI). The schism ended when FIGC agreed to reduce the Northern Championship of 1922–23 to only 36 clubs ("Compromesso Colombo/Colombo compromise"); from 1923–24 the Northern Championship was reduced to 24 clubs divided into two groups. The Carta di Viareggio/ Viareggio charter (1926)
186-415: A Socialist education." Local and regional farming autarkies in many areas of Africa and Southeast Asia were displaced by European colonial administrations in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, who sought to push smallholder villages into larger plantations that, while less productive, they could more easily control. The self-sufficient communities and societies ended by colonialism were later cited as
248-572: A closed economy that prohibited outside trade and focused on centralized distribution of goods produced in localized farms and workshops. A hierarchy of bureaucrats oversaw the distribution of these resources from central depots, including a massive one located in the Forbidden City . That depot was, at the time, the largest logistical base in the world. The Incan Empire also maintained a system of society-wide autarky based on community levies of specific goods and "supply on command". In some areas of
310-540: A contributing factor to the eventual Bronze Age Collapse when multiple crises hit those systems at once. After that collapse, the ideal of autarkeia formed a part of emerging Greek political culture, emphasizing economic self-sufficiency and local self-rule. The populist Chinese philosophy of Agriculturalism , prominent in the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods, supported egalitarian, self-sufficient societies as an antidote to rampant war and corruption. During
372-401: A key raw material . Some countries have a policy of autarky with respect to foodstuffs (as South Korea ), and water for national-security reasons. Autarky can result from economic isolation or from external circumstances in which a state or other entity reverts to localized production when it lacks currency or excess production to trade with the outside world. The word autarky is from
434-418: A key part of alter-globalization efforts. The Cochabamba Water War had Bolivians successfully oppose the privatization of their water system to keep the resource in public hands. Today, national economic autarkies are relatively rare. A commonly-cited example is North Korea , based on the government ideology of Juche ( self-reliance ), which is concerned with maintaining its domestic localized economy in
496-526: A particular movement views as hostile. Conservative , centrist and nationalist movements have also adopted autarky, generally on a more limited scale, to develop a particular industry , to gain independence from other national entities or to preserve part of an existing social order . Proponents of autarky have argued for national self-sufficiency to reduce foreign economic, political and cultural influences, as well as to promote international peace. Economists are generally supportive of free trade . There
558-496: A record 36 titles. The first time the Scudetto ( Italian : scudetto , "little shield", plural: scudetti ) was used was in 1924 when Genoa won its ninth championship title and decided to add a little shield to their shirt as to reward and celebrate themselves as champions. The finals of the first Italian Football Championship was decided in a single day with four teams competing, three from Turin and one from Genoa . The title
620-502: A society based on communalism , Rojava's government and constitution emphasize economic self-sufficiency directed by neighborhood and village councils. Rojavan society and economics are influenced by Bookchin's ideas, including the emphasis on local and regional self governance. Under changes made in 2012 property and business belong to those who live in or use it towards these goals, while infrastructure, land and major resources are commons run by local and regional councils. Bookchin however
682-483: A useful example by African anarchists in the late 20th century. Communist movements embraced or dismissed autarky as a goal at different times. In her survey of anarchism in the late 1800s, Voltairine De Cleyre summarized the autarkic goals of early anarchist socialists and communists as "small, independent, self-resourceful, freely-operating communes". In particular, Peter Kropotkin advocated local and regional autarky integrating agriculture and industry, instead of
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#1732869887461744-427: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . List of Italian football champions The Italian football champions ( Italian : Campione d'Italia di calcio , plural: Campioni ) are the annual winners of Serie A , Italy 's premier football league competition. The title has been contested since 1898 in varying forms of competition. Inter Milan are the current champions, while Juventus have won
806-426: Is a broad consensus among economists that protectionism has a negative effect on economic growth and economic welfare, while free trade and the reduction of trade barriers has a positive effect on economic growth and economic stability . Autarky may be a policy of a state or some other type of entity when it seeks to be self-sufficient as a whole, but it also can be limited to a narrow field such as possession of
868-538: Is the characteristic of self-sufficiency , usually applied to societies, communities, states, and their economic systems . Autarky as an ideology or economic approach has been attempted by a range of political ideologies and movements, particularly leftist ones like African socialism , mutualism , war communism , communalism , swadeshi , syndicalism (especially anarcho-syndicalism ), and left-wing populism , generally in an effort to build alternative economic structures or to control resources against structures
930-557: Is unique, being the only permanent one in Italy. The post-war years were dominated by a Torino side known as Il Grande Torino ("The Great Torino"), a team which found a dramatic end in the Superga air disaster in 1949. The 1950s saw the gradual emergence of Milan , with the help of Swedish striker Gunnar Nordahl , who was Serie A's leading scorer (Italian: Capocannonieri ) for five out of six seasons. Juventus began to dominate throughout
992-583: Is upon us: from the union of three emerging clubs from the south of Milan (USD Zivido, ACD Metanopoli Calcio and Accademia Sandonatese) FOOTBALL CLUB MILANESE 1902 is born, whose first team plays in the fifth division of the Italian championship, with an important regional youth sector. F.C.MILANESE 1902 is reborn with the declared intention of giving continuity in the football field to its ancestor U.S.Milanese , taking up its history, logo, traditions and club colours. This article about an Italian football club
1054-613: The 1926–27 season when title-winners Torino Football Club were stripped of their Scudetto following an FIGC investigation. A Torino official was found to have bribed opposing defender Luigi Allemandi in Torino's match against Juventus on 5 June 1927, and thus the season finished with no declared champions. In 1929 Divisione Nazionale (two groups of 16 teams each) split into two Championships: Divisione Nazionale Serie A (the new Top Division) and Divisione Nazionale Serie B (the new second level of Italian Football). The 1929–30 season
1116-462: The Ancient Greek word Greek : αὐτάρκεια , which means "self-sufficiency" (derived from αὐτο-, "self", and ἀρκέω, "to suffice"). In Stoicism the concept of autarky represents independence from anything external, including independence from personal relationships, so as to immune one from vagaries of fortune. The Stoic sage is autarkic by being dependent only on his own virtue . In Epicureanism
1178-462: The Black Panther Party moved away from orthodox communist internationalism towards " intercommunalism ", a term coined by Huey P. Newton , "to retain a grasp on the local when the rest of radical thought seemed to be moving global". Intercommunalism drew from left-wing autarkic projects like free medical clinics and breakfast programs, "explicitly articulated as attempts to fill a void left by
1240-700: The Black Plague , initially as a reaction to the impact of the epidemic and later as a way for communes and city states to maintain power against the nobility. There is considerable debate about how autarkic cultures that resisted the spread of early capitalism were. Golden Age pirate communities have been dubbed both heavily autarkic societies where "the marauders...lived in small, self-contained democracies" and as an "anti-autarky" due to their dependence on raiding. While rarer among imperial states, some autarkies did occur during specific time periods. The Ming dynasty , during its earlier, more isolationist period, kept
1302-507: The Bourse de travail , socialist canteens and food assistance. These played a major role in securing workers' loyalty and building those parties into increasingly powerful institutions (especially in Europe) throughout the late 19th and early 20th-centuries. Through these cooperatives, "workers bought Socialist bread and Socialist shoes, drank Socialist beer, arranged for Socialist vacations and obtained
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#17328698874611364-559: The Civil Rights Movement , such as in the case of the Montgomery Bus Boycott . Boycotters set up their own self-sufficient system of cheap or free transit to allow black residents to get to work and avoid using the then-segregated public systems in a successful effort to bring political pressure. Autarkic efforts for food sovereignty also formed part of the civil rights movement. In the late 60s activist Fannie Lou Hamer
1426-492: The Internazionale in the new Società Sportiva Ambrosiana , whose management was appointed Ernesto Torrusio, president of U.S.Milanese at the time, in favor of the fact that the registration number used to register for the championship was precisely that of U.S.Milanese . For two years the S.S.Ambrosiana celebrated the U.S.Milanese using its historic logo and the black and white checkered collar: S.S.Ambrosiana won
1488-448: The Italian football championship in 1929/30 season. 1932 saw the end of the merger with Internazionale and the reconstitution of U.S.Milanese , which was reborn only as a sports club without the football section. In 1945 U.S.Milanese resumed football activity only at a regional level, only to officially end it at the end of the 1945-1946 season. In 2021, after 75 years, a new project
1550-539: The Late Roman Empire , some rebellions and communities pursued autarky as a reaction both to upheaval and to counter imperial power. A prominent example is the Bacaude , who repeatedly rebelled against the empire and "formed self-governing communities" with their own internal economy and coinage. Medieval communes combined an attempt at overall economic self-sufficiency through the use of common lands and resources with
1612-648: The New Economic Policy . However, while the Soviet government during the latter period encouraged international trade, it also permitted and even encouraged local autarkies in many peasant villages. Sometimes leftist groups clashed over autarkic projects. During the Spanish Civil War , the anarcho-syndicalist CNT and the socialist UGT had created economic cooperatives in the Levante that they claimed were "managing
1674-545: The Spanish economy recovered the levels of 1935 launching into the Spanish Miracle . In the latter half of the 20th century economists, especially in wealthier countries, backed the emerging Washington consensus , overwhelmingly endorsing free trade while discouraging autarkic and socialist policies. These economists asserted that protectionism has a negative effect on economic growth and economic welfare while free trade and
1736-446: The antebellum South , the enslaved and free black populations forged self-sufficient economies in an effort to avoid reliance on the larger economy controlled by the planter aristocracy . In eastern North Carolina maroon communities, often based in swampy areas, used a combination of agriculture and fishing to forge a "hidden economy" and secure survival. The relative self-reliance of these maritime African-American populations provided
1798-563: The populist backlash to the exploitations of free trade in the late 19th-century and in many early utopian socialist movements. Mutual aid societies like the Grange and Sovereigns of Industry attempted to set up self-sufficient economies (with varying degrees of success) in an effort to be less dependent on what they saw as an exploitative economic system and to generate more power to push for reforms. Early socialist movements used these autarkic efforts to build their base with institutions like
1860-438: The 1970s and early 1980s with nine Scudetti in fifteen seasons while the 1990s saw Milan come to prominence. Serie A was dealt another blow by the 2006 Italian football scandal which involved alleged widespread match fixing implicating league champions Juventus , and other major teams including Milan , Fiorentina , Lazio , and Reggina . The FIGC ruled Juventus be stripped of their title, relegated to Serie B , and start
1922-563: The Championship in the 1921–22 season which saw the major clubs (including Pro Vercelli, Bologna and Juventus) in dispute with the FIGC. The best 24 teams had asked for a reduction in clubs in the top division in accordance with a plan drawn up by Vittorio Pozzo , the Italy national team coach. Pozzo's plan was dismissed and the CCI (Italian: Confederazione Calcistica Italiana ) was founded and organised
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1984-478: The State is based on food supply. Only on the basis of a certain degree of autarky can the bolos enter into a network of exchange without being exploited". Widmer theorized that through "tactical autarky" such communes would be able to prevent the return of oppressive structures and a money economy. Autarkic efforts to counter the forcible privatization of public resources and maintain local self-sufficiency also formed
2046-592: The United States, including connections with major companies like IBM and Coca-Cola . Economic self-sufficiency was pursued as a goal by some members of the Non-Aligned Movement , such as India under Jawaharlal Nehru and Tanzania , under the ideology of Ujamaa and Swadeshi . That was partly an effort to escape the economic domination of both the United States and the Soviet Union while modernizing
2108-484: The basis for a strongly abolitionist political culture that made increasingly radical demands after the start of the Civil War . Due to tense relations with some Union commanders and political factions during and after that war, these communities "focused their organizing efforts on developing their own institutions, their own sense of self-reliance, and their own political strength". Autarkic ambitions can also be seen in
2170-505: The behest of large landowners, destroying roughly 119 labor chambers, 107 cooperatives and 83 peasant offices that year alone. Nazi Germany under economics minister Hjalmar Schacht , and later Walther Funk , still pursued major international trade, albeit under a different system, to escape the terms of the Treaty of Versailles , satisfy business elites and prepare for war. The regime would continue to conduct trade, including with countries like
2232-774: The concept of autarky represents having the fewest possible requirements for living a life of pleasure, free of pain ( aponia ). Lexico , whose content is provided by the same publisher as that of the Oxford English Dictionary , says that autarky is a variant spelling of and pronounced the same as autarchy and that autarchy is another term for autocracy . Early state societies that can be regarded as autarkic include nomadic pastoralism and palace economy , though over time these tend towards becoming less self-sufficient and more interconnected. The late Bronze Age , for example, saw formerly self-sufficient palace economies rely more heavily on trade, which may have been
2294-521: The concept's history from black nationalism , Ujamaa , African-American socialism and the civil rights movement , is Cooperation Jackson , a movement aimed at creating a self-sufficient black working class economy in Jackson, Mississippi . The movement has aimed to secure land and build self-sufficient cooperatives and workplaces "to democratically transform the political economy of the city" and push back against gentrification. Cooperation Jackson also saw
2356-459: The countries' infrastructure. In the case of Francoist Spain , it was both the effect of international sanctions after the Spanish Civil War (1939) and the Second World War and the totalitarian nationalist ideology of Falange . Post-war famine and misery lasted longer than in war-ravaged Europe. It was not until the capitalist reforms of 1950s with the approach to the United States that
2418-528: The economic life of the region independent of the government". But communist factions responded by cracking down on these cooperatives in an attempt to place economic control back in the hands of the central government. Some right-wing totalitarian governments have claimed autarky as a goal, developing national industry and imposing high tariffs but have crushed other autarkic movements and often engaged in extensive outside economic activity. In 1921, Italian fascists attacked existing left-wing autarkic projects at
2480-454: The end of the season, Pro Vercelli and Inter finished equal first, so a playoff was needed to assign the Federal title (the Italian one was won by Pro Vercelli). This season was the first victory for Internazionale , who defeated Pro Vercelli 10–3 in the final. Even the Italian title won by Pro Vercelli was later forgotten. In the 1910–11 season, teams from Veneto and Emilia were admitted for
2542-569: The face of its isolation. However, even North Korea has extensive trade with Russia , China , Syria , Iran , Vietnam , India and many countries in Europe and Africa. North Korea had to import food during a widespread famine in the 1990s . Some would consider a modern example at a societal level is Rojava , the autonomous northern region of Syria . Despite a key alliance with the United States, supporters consider them largely cut off from international trade, facing multiple enemies, and striving for
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2604-592: The failure of the Italian Championship won by Juventus forced the FIGC to later recognize the Federal Champions of Pro Vercelli as "Campioni d'Italia 1909", disavowing the other tournament. The format was modified for the 1909–10 season which was played in a league format. Nine clubs participated, playing each other both home and away. The split between Federal and Italian championship was not completely abolished, because, while unifying these tournaments, it
2666-435: The failure of the federal government to provide resources as basic as food to black communities". In Murray Bookchin 's Communalist ideal, he wrote that in a more liberated future "every community would approximate local or regional autarky". The influential 1983 anarchist book bolo'bolo , by Hans Widmer , advocated the use of autarky among its utopian anti-capitalist communes (known as bolos ), asserting "the power of
2728-608: The far-right with measures ranging from economic pressure to outright violence. After World War II, Autonomist efforts in Europe embraced local autarkic projects in an effort to craft anti-authoritarian left-wing spaces, especially influencing the social center and squatters ' rights movements. Such efforts remain a common feature of Autonomist and anarchist movements on the continent today. The Micropolis social centre in Greece, for example, has gyms, restaurants, bars, meeting space and free distribution of food and resources. Around 1970,
2790-595: The first time. The championship was divided into two groups: Liguria-Piemonte-Lombardia group , the most important, and the Veneto-Emilia group . The winners of each group qualified to the Final for the title. The 1912–13 season saw the competition nationalised with North and South divisions. The 1914–1915 Championship was suspended because of World War I while Genoa was first in the Northern Italy Finals and only when
2852-415: The following season with a nine-point deduction. The other clubs involved suffered similarly with relegation and points deduction. Spezia Calcio (decoration) The following table lists the performance of each club describing winners of the Championship. Sixteen clubs have been champions. Bold indicates clubs currently playing in the top division. Titles won by club (%) Autarky Autarky
2914-475: The international division of labor. His work repeatedly held up communities "that needed neither aid or protection from without" as a more resilient model. Some socialist communities like Charles Fourier 's phalansteries strove for self-sufficiency. The early USSR in the Russian Civil War strove for a self-sufficient economy with war communism , but later pursued international trade vigorously under
2976-407: The majority of big clubs decided to only withdraw from the Italian Championship in order to make the Federal competition the most relevant tournament, and to diminish the Italian one. The Federal Championship was won by Pro Vercelli, beating US Milanese in the Final, while the Italian Championship was won by Juventus, again beating US Milanese in the Final. However, the dissenters' strategy worked out:
3038-452: The national title, and to relegate simultaneously the big clubs composed mostly of stronger foreign players ("squadre spurie internazionali", "spurious international teams") in a minor competition for a "consolation prize". The majority of big clubs (Genoa, Torino and Milan) withdrew from both the championships in order to protest against the autarchical policy of the FIF. The Federal Championship
3100-524: The record at six league titles in a row. The competition was truncated as the Championship was suspended in 1943 due to World War II . A Championship was held in 1944, the Campionato Alta Italia , and won by Spezia . The title was officially recognised as a decoration by FIGC in 2002. Spezia is authorized by the Italian Federation to exhibit a tricolour badge on the official jerseys which
3162-678: The reduction of trade barriers has a positive effect on economic growth and economic stability. But economists from many developing nations, or who came from Marxian traditions, endorsed more autarkic ideas including Import Substitution Industrialization and Dependency theory The work of Celso Furtado , Raul Prebisch and Samir Amin , especially Amin's semi-autarkic "autocentric" policies, proved influential in efforts by many countries in Latin America, Asia and Africa to stave off economic domination by developing more self-sufficient economies. Small-scale autarkies were sometimes used by
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#17328698874613224-546: The use of mutual defense pacts, neighborhood assemblies and organized militias to preserve local autonomy against the depredations of the local nobility. Many of these communes later became trading powers such as the Hanseatic League . In some cases, communal village economies maintained their own debt system as part of a self-sufficient economy and to avoid reliance on possibly hostile aristocratic or business interests. The trend toward "local self-sufficiency" increased after
3286-494: The war ended, in 1919, did the FIGC decide to award the 1915 title to Genoa. In 1916, Milan won the Coppa Federale , which for that season was a substitute for the championship, which had been suspended because of World War I . The tournament that year was limited to clubs from the north, with the exception of Pro Vercelli, but was not treated as an official trophy or recognised by the FIGC as an Italian title. Controversy hit
3348-405: The winners of each group participating in a playoff with the eventual winners being declared champions. From 1904, the championship was called Prima Categoria . In November 1907, the FIF organised two championships in the same season: The FIF wanted to organize two championships in order to allow weaker clubs composed only of Italian players ("squadre pure italiane", "pure Italian teams") to win
3410-432: Was concerned about the effects of isolationist autarky in respect to the closing off of a community and therefore always stressed the need for a balance between localism and globalism. An example of a small, but true autarky is North Sentinel Island , whose native inhabitants refuse all contact with outsiders and live completely self-sufficient lives. An example of a contemporary effort at localized autarky, incorporating
3472-409: Was decided for the last time to assign two titles at the end of the season, In fact, the FIGC established that the first placed club in the general classification would be proclaimed Federal Champions (now turned into the main title), while the best placed club among the four "pure Italian teams" would be recognized as Italian Champions (now the secondary title), depending on the head-to-head matches. At
3534-422: Was decided using a knock-out format between the finalists with Genoa, the inaugural winners. The knock-out format was used until the 1909–10 season, when a league consisting of nine teams was formed. The championship, which had been confined to a single league in the north of Italy, became a national competition in 1929 with the foundation of Serie A and Serie B . The first official national football tournament
3596-458: Was drawn up to legalise professionalism, ban foreign players, and rationalise the championship creating a new national top league where Northern and Southern teams would play in the same championship: Divisione Nazionale . 17 teams from Lega Nord ( Northern League ) were admitted to the new Championship along with 3 teams from Lega Sud ( Southern League ) for 20 teams, divided into two national groups of 10 teams each. Further scandal followed in
3658-530: Was one of the founders of the Freedom Farms Cooperative , an effort to redistribute economic power and build self-sufficiency in Black communities. "When you've got 400 quarts of greens and gumbo soup canned for the winter, nobody can push you around or tell you what to say or do," Hamer summarized as the rationale for the cooperative. The efforts were extensively targeted by segregationist authorities and
3720-550: Was organised in 1898 by the Italian Football Federation (Italian: Federazione Italiana Giuoco Calcio , FIGC ). This tournament, the final matches of the first Italian Football Championship , were held in a single day on 8 May 1898 in Turin . Genoa were crowned as champions, defeating Internazionale F.C. Torino by 3–1, following extra time. In the following years, the tournament was structured into regional groups with
3782-478: Was the inaugural Serie A season and was won by Internazionale (called Ambrosiana at the time). The next 11 years were also dominated by Juventus and Bologna , when all of the Scudetti were won between the three of them, Juventus winning five times in a row, a record equalled by Grande Torino in 1949, by Internazionale in 2010, and Juventus itself in 2016, until they won again the next season in 2017 to overtake
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#17328698874613844-498: Was won by Juventus against Doria, while The Italian Championship 1908 and Coppa Buni were won by Pro Vercelli, beating Juventus, Doria and US Milanese. However, the Federal Championship won by Juventus was later forgotten by FIGC, due to the boycott made by the dissident clubs. In the 1909 season, the two championships were organised again, with Coppa Oberti in lieu of Coppa Spensley for the Federal Championship. This time,
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