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91-569: Starting and ending in Emporia , the routes runs along rural roads in the Flint Hills of east-central Kansas. The course route varies each year, and can change directions from year to year (north or south route) from Emporia. In some years the temperature on the route has exceeded 100 °F (38 °C) in the afternoon, while other years have seen rain or hail, also severe weather is possible in Kansas. It

182-660: A humid subtropical climate , abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps. The hottest temperature recorded in Emporia was 116 °F (46.7 °C) on July 15, 1934 and August 14, 1936, while the coldest temperature recorded was −24 °F (−31.1 °C) on January 4, 1947. Emporia is the principal city of the Emporia Micropolitan Statistical Area , which includes all of Lyon and Chase counties. The 2020 United States census counted 24,139 people, 9,876 households, and 5,468 families in Emporia. The population density

273-449: A temperate climate and a varied view. According to Theodore Roosevelt : We have taken into our language the word prairie , because when our backwoodsmen first reached the land [in the Midwest ] and saw the great natural meadows of long grass—sights unknown to the gloomy forests wherein they had always dwelt—they knew not what to call them, and borrowed the term already in use among

364-450: A bachelor’s degree or higher was estimated to be 17.3% of the population. 22.1% of the population was under the age of 18, 17.8% from 18 to 24, 24.8% from 25 to 44, 20.7% from 45 to 64, and 14.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32.3 years. For every 100 females, there were 106.5 males. For every 100 females ages 18 and older, there were 109.1 males. The 2016-2020 5-year American Community Survey estimates show that

455-651: A bi-weekly student newspaper, the Emporia State University Bulletin . Emporia is a center of broadcast media for east-central Kansas. One AM radio station and ten FM radio stations are licensed to and/or broadcast from the city. Emporia is in the Topeka, Kansas television market , and one television station, a translator of the Fox affiliate in Topeka, broadcasts from the city. Emporia has 14 structures on

546-407: A cliff (called a buffalo jump ), to kill or injure the bison en masse . The introduction of the horse and the gun greatly expanded the killing power of the plains Natives. That was followed by the policy of indiscriminate killing by European Americans and Canadians for both commercial reasons and to weaken the independence of plains Natives, and caused a dramatic drop in bison numbers from millions to

637-588: A composition of grasses, herbs, and shrubs, rather than trees, as the dominant vegetation type . Temperate grassland regions include the Pampas of Argentina , Brazil and Uruguay , and the steppe of Ukraine , Russia , and Kazakhstan . Lands typically referred to as "prairie" tend to be in North America . The term encompasses the lower and mid-latitude of the area referred to as the Interior Plains of Canada ,

728-402: A few hundred in a century's time, and almost caused their extinction. The very dense soil plagued the first European settlers who were using wooden plows , which were more suitable for loose forest soil. On the prairie, the plows bounced around, and the soil stuck to them. This problem was solved in 1837 by an Illinois blacksmith named John Deere who developed a steel moldboard plow that

819-448: A household in the city was $ 34,443, and the median income for a family was $ 47,500. Males had a median income of $ 32,873 versus $ 25,821 for females. The per capita income for the city was $ 17,485. About 12.0% of families and 22.2% of the population were below the poverty line , including 22.9% of those under age 18 and 11.9% of those age 65 or over. In addition to Emporia State University and other large public-sector employers such as

910-598: A large channel in which the Minnesota River evident today. The Red River of the North flows northward through a plain formerly covered by Lake Agassiz. Certain extraordinary features were produced when the retreat of the ice sheet had progressed so far as to open an eastward outlet for the marginal lakes. This outlet occurred along the depression between the northward slope of the Appalachian plateau in west-central New York and

1001-583: A library in Anderson's honor (conditioned upon the new college paying off its mortgage). In 1953, Emporia was the site of the first Veterans Day observance in the United States. At the urging of local shoe cobbler Alvin J. King, U.S. Representative Edward Rees introduced legislation in The United States Congress to rename Armistice Day as Veterans Day. President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed

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1092-555: A name change for the event to remove reference to Kaw nation (also known as Kanza) based on an online petition despite representatives of the Kaw Nation responding to the allegations, saying "Life Time and the Kaw Nation are proud of our relationship, which is built upon mutual respect, dignity, and integrity" and "It was felt that 'Kanza' paid homage to the region (the Kanza Prairie), to its rich history, and to all things associated with

1183-667: A substantial portion of global energy needs, and leave fertile land for food production." Unlike corn and soybeans, which are both directly and indirectly major food crops, including livestock feed, prairie grasses are not used for human consumption. Prairie grasses can be grown in infertile soil, eliminating the cost of adding nutrients to the soil. Tilman and his colleagues estimate that prairie grass biofuels would yield 51 percent more energy per acre than ethanol from corn grown on fertile land. Some plants commonly used are lupine, big bluestem (turkey foot), blazing star, switchgrass , and prairie clover . Because rich and thick topsoil made

1274-574: Is a garden consisting primarily of plants from a prairie. The originally treeless prairies of the upper Mississippi basin began in Indiana and extended westward and north-westward until they merged with the drier region known as the Great Plains . An eastward extension of the same area, originally tree-covered, extended to central Ohio . Thus, the prairies generally lie between the Ohio and Missouri rivers on

1365-402: Is a city in and the county seat of Lyon County, Kansas , United States. As of the 2020 census , the population of the city was 24,139. Emporia lies between Topeka and Wichita at the intersection of highways K-99 , U.S. Route 50 , Interstates 335 and 35 ( Kansas Turnpike ). Emporia is also a college town, home to Emporia State University and Flint Hills Technical College . It

1456-435: Is below the soil surface and will re-grow from its deep (upwards of 20 feet ) roots . Without disturbance , trees will encroach on a grassland and cast shade, which suppresses the understory . Prairie and widely spaced oak trees evolved to coexist in the oak savanna ecosystem. Prairie ecosystems in the United States and Canada are divided into the easternmost tallgrass prairie , the westernmost shortgrass prairie , and

1547-460: Is estimated at over 6,000, and in southern Wisconsin, where it is placed at 5,000. They completely dominate the topography of their districts. A curious deposit of an impalpably fine and unstratified silt, known by the German name bess (or loess ), lies on the older drift sheets near the larger river courses of the upper Mississippi basin. It attains a thickness of 20 ft (6.1 m) or more near

1638-463: Is evidenced by the angularity of its grains (a bank of it will stand without slumping for years), whereas, if it had been transported significantly by water, the grains would have been rounded and polished. Loess is parent material for an extremely fertile, but droughty soil. Southwestern Wisconsin and parts of the adjacent states of Illinois, Iowa, and Minnesota are known as the driftless zone , because, although bordered by drift sheets and moraines, it

1729-400: Is free from glacial deposits. It must therefore have been a sort of oasis, when the ice sheets from the north advanced past it on the east and west, and joined around its southern border. The reason for this exemption from glaciation is the converse of that for the southward convexity of the morainic loops. While they mark the paths of greatest glacial advance along lowland troughs (lake basins),

1820-681: Is home of two annual sporting events: Unbound Gravel (ranked as one of the top gravel bicycle races) and Dynamic Discs Open (disc golf tournaments). Located on upland prairie , Emporia was founded in 1857, drawing its name from ancient Carthage , a place known in history as a prosperous center of commerce. In 1864 the Union Pacific Railway, Southern Branch (later incorporated into the Missouri-Kansas-Texas Railroad ) received land grants to build from Fort Riley to Emporia. The road eventually reached Emporia in 1869, becoming

1911-598: Is in cemetery prairies , railroad rights-of-way, or rocky/sandy/hilly places unsuitable for agriculture. States formerly with landcover in native tallgrass prairie including Iowa, Illinois, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Nebraska, and Missouri have become valued for their highly productive soils and are included in the Corn Belt . As an example of this land use intensity, Illinois and Iowa rank 49th and 50th, out of 50 US states, in total uncultivated land remaining. Drier shortgrass prairies were once used mostly for open-range ranching. With

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2002-629: Is land and 0.11 square miles (0.28 km ) is water. The Neosho River flows along the northern side of the city. The Cottonwood River , one of its tributaries, flows along the city's southern edge and of two large city parks, Peter Pan and Soden's Grove; the two rivers meet near the eastern boundary of Emporia and flow southeast to join the Arkansas River in Oklahoma. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Emporia has

2093-604: Is located in east-central Kansas. It lies along the Kansas Turnpike at its intersection with Interstate 35 and U.S. Highway 50, 108 miles (174 km) southwest of Kansas City , 58 miles (93 km) southwest of Topeka , and 87 miles (140 km) northeast of Wichita on the eastern edge of the Flint Hills . According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 11.94 square miles (30.92 km ), of which 11.83 square miles (30.64 km )

2184-416: Is not known if that is because of inherent differences in the species or because farmed cattle tend to be confined in smaller areas. Bison dung is a vital source of nutrients for prairie soil, spreads seeds, and supports over 1,000 insect species, including specialist dung beetles which cannot subsist on the feces of any other animal. In spite of long recurrent droughts and occasional torrential rains ,

2275-464: Is not uncommon for rain to occur before or during the race causing some dirt roads to turn into "mud roads". There are checkpoints spaced about 50 miles apart for longer races, and riders must carry water and food, as well as fix their own tires and bikes. If riders receive outside support at any location other than official checkpoints it will result in immediate disqualification. Riders may assist other riders by any means and at any time. Originally,

2366-430: Is now buried under the drift. The most significant area of the prairies, from Indiana to North Dakota , consists of till plains, that is, sheets of unstratified drift. The plains are 30, 50 or even 100 ft (up to 30 m) thick covering the underlying rock surface for thousands of square miles except where postglacial stream erosion has locally laid it bare. The plains have an extraordinarily even surface. The till

2457-519: Is presumably made in part of preglacial soils, but it is largely composed of rock waste mechanically transported by the creeping ice sheets. Although the crystalline rocks from Canada and some of the more resistant stratified rocks south of the Great Lakes occur as boulders and stones, a great part of the till has been crushed and ground to a clayey texture. The till plains, although sweeping in broad swells of slowly changing altitude, often appear level to

2548-445: Is served by the following highways: [REDACTED] I-35 , [REDACTED] I-335 , [REDACTED] Kansas Turnpike , [REDACTED] US-50 , [REDACTED] K-99 . The former Southern Transcon main line of BNSF Railway (ex- Santa Fe ) passes east-west through Emporia. A yard is located in Emporia. The city was served by Santa Fe passenger trains until the creation of Amtrak in 1971. The daily Southwest Chief served

2639-400: Is similar to the Appalachian piedmont which though not exhausted by the primeval forest cover, are by no means so rich as the till sheets of the prairies. Moreover, whatever the rocky understructure, the till soil has been averaged by a thorough mechanical mixture of rock grindings. Hence, the prairies are continuously fertile for scores of miles together. The true prairies were once covered with

2730-765: Is the dominant habitat type in the Southern Canadian agricultural and climatic region which is known as Palliser's Triangle . It was once thought to be completely unarable, but is now one of the most important agricultural regions in Canada thanks to advances in irrigation technology. The dominant plant life in prairies consists of grasses , which may include 40 to 60 different grass species. In addition to grasses, prairies can include over 300 species of flowering plants. The Konza Tallgrass Prairie in Kansas hosts 250 species of native plants and provides habitat for 208 birds, 27 mammals, 25 reptiles, and over 3,000 insects. Some of

2821-569: Is the oldest in the state of Kansas to remain in operation. The city is served by the Emporia Municipal Airport . Bus service within the city is provided by LCAT, or Lyon County Area Transportation. The agency provides demand and deviated fixed-route bus services within the city of Emporia. Lyon County . The buses are a service of Lyon County, with significant support coming from the Kansas Department of Transportation. Emporia

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2912-599: The Great Plains ecoregion. The Dust Bowl was a major reason for the Great Depression . Nomadic hunting has been the main human activity on the prairies for the majority of the archaeological record. This once included many now-extinct species of megafauna . After the other extinctions, the main hunted animal on the prairies was the plains bison . Using loud noises and waving large signals, Native peoples would drive bison into fenced pens called buffalo pounds to be killed with bows and arrows or spears, or drive them off

3003-1160: The National Register of Historic Places . They are the Old Emporia Public Library, the Finney (Warren Wesley) House, the Granada Theater (also known as the Fox Theater), the Harris-Borman House, the Howe (Richard) House, the Keebler-Stone House, the Kress Building, the Mason (Walt) House, the Anderson Carnegie Memorial Library, the Plumb (Mrs. Preston B.) House, the Soden's Grove Bridge, the Soden (Hallie B.) House,

3094-527: The United States , and Mexico . It includes all of the Great Plains as well as the wetter, hillier land to the east. From west to east, generally the drier expanse of shortgrass prairie gives way to mixed grass prairie and ultimately the richer soils of the tallgrass prairie . In the U.S., the area is constituted by most or all of the states, from north to south, of North Dakota , South Dakota , Nebraska , Kansas , and Oklahoma , and sizable parts of

3185-809: The William Allen White House (also known as Red Rocks), and the Col. Harrison C. and Susan Cross House. There is also an authentic one-room school house located on the Emporia State University campus (near Merchant Street) that is available for tours through the ESU Teachers College and The National Teachers Hall of Fame . At the Emporia service area of the Kansas Turnpike is a Kansas Historical Marker named Emporia - Home of William Allen White . The 1987 CBS miniseries Murder Ordained

3276-455: The "Athens of Kansas." The community is served by Emporia USD 253 public school district, which has one high school ( Emporia High School ), one middle school, and six elementary schools, as well as an early childhood center. The community is also served by two private schools: Emporia Christian School (preschool-8th grade) and Sacred Heart Catholic School (preschool-5th grade). The Emporia Public Library, has been in operation since 1869 and

3367-709: The French inhabitants. Prairie ( pronounced [pʁɛʁi] ) is the French word for "meadow", formed ultimately from the Latin root word pratum (which has the same meaning). The formation of the North American Prairies started with the uplift of the Rocky Mountains near Alberta . The mountains created a rain shadow which resulted in lower precipitation rates downwind. The parent material of most prairie soil

3458-514: The age of 18 and 6.1% of those ages 65 or over. As of the 2010 census , there were 24,916 people, 9,812 households, and 5,571 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,491.6 inhabitants per square mile (962.0/km ). There were 11,352 housing units at an average density of 1,135.2 per square mile (438.3/km ). The racial makeup of the city was 84% White , 3.2% African American , 3.1% Asian , 0.8% American Indian , 10.5% from some other race, and 3.1% from two or more races. 14.4% of

3549-462: The area is still very prone to extended periods of drought, which can be disastrous for the industry if it is significantly prolonged. Research by David Tilman , ecologist at the University of Minnesota , suggests " Biofuels made from high-diversity mixtures of prairie plants can reduce global warming by removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Even when grown on infertile soils, they can provide

3640-498: The automotive aftermarket. The Braum dairy store chain, based in Oklahoma City, originated in Emporia in 1952 under the name Peter Pan. Simmons Pet Food operates a multi-acre plant in Emporia that manufactures wet dog food. On January 25, 2008, Tyson unexpectedly announced the layoff of 1,500 workers (more than 60 percent) by March 25, 2008. The company said it needed to move its slaughter operations closer to where

3731-488: The bill into law on October 8, 1954. On June 8, 1974, an F4 tornado struck Emporia, killing six people, injuring 200 people, and causing $ 25 million in damages. On Sunday, March 6, 1988 a heavily armed gunman walked into the Calvary Baptist Church during services and opened fire. The 29-year-old gunman, Cheunphon Ji, had no particular target, killing one person and injuring four others. Emporia

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3822-452: The cattle are raised in western Kansas. As the city's largest employer for 37 years, the Tyson plant creates almost 10 percent of the local economy. Emporia is home to Emporia State University and Flint Hills Technical College . From 1882 to 1974, the private College of Emporia previously existed, and since the city had two colleges during its early years, it was sometimes called

3913-462: The central mixed-grass prairie. Tallgrass prairies receive over 30 inches of rainfall per year, whereas shortgrass prairies are much more arid, receiving only 12 inches or so, and mixed-grass prairies receive intermediate rainfall. Wet, mesic, and dry prairie ecosystems can also form more locally due to soil and terrain characteristics. Wet prairies may form in low-lying areas with poor drainage; dry prairie can be found on uplands or slopes. Dry prairie

4004-472: The city and county governments, the public schools, and the county hospital, Emporia has several large private-sector employers. Previously, a Tyson Foods beef-packing plant employed more than 2,400 workers. Hostess Brands has a bakery in Emporia. Hopkins Manufacturing Corporation, founded in Emporia in 1953, by E.L. "Bud" Hopkins, and recognized in 2003 as the city's Large Employer of the Year, makes products for

4095-479: The city from 1971–1997. Service to Emporia station was eliminated in 1997, two years before a fire destroyed the 1884-built station. In 2014, local efforts were started to bring back the station. As of 2018, the future of revitalized service and a new station is still uncertain. The Emporia Gazette is the city's main newspaper, published six days a week. The Gazette also publishes a Spanish language monthly paper, La Voz . Emporia State University publishes

4186-541: The development of barbed wire in the 1870s and improved irrigation techniques, this region has mostly been converted to cropland and small fenced pastures. In southern Canada, Palliser's Triangle has been changed into one of the most important sources of wheat in the world as a result of improved methods of watering wheat fields (along with the rest of the Southern prairie provinces which also grow wheat, canola and many other grains). Despite those advances in farming technology,

4277-535: The disturbances of grazing and fire. Native ungulates such as bison , elk , and white-tailed deer roamed the expansive, diverse grasslands before European colonization of the Americas . For 10,000-20,000 years, native people used fire annually as a tool to assist in hunting, transportation, and safety. Evidence of ignition sources of fire in the tall grass prairie are overwhelmingly human as opposed to lightning. Humans, and grazing animals, were active participants in

4368-472: The diverse grasses and herbaceous plants. Prairies also depend on the presence of large grazing animals, particularly bison . Bison are important to the prairie ecosystem because they shape and alter the environment by grazing, trampling areas with their hooves, wallowing, and depositing manure. Bison eat more grass than flowering plants, increasing the diversity of plants in the prairie. Cattle are thought to prefer to eat flowering plants over grasses, but it

4459-431: The dominant grasses of prairies are Indian grass , big bluestem , side-oats grama , Canada wildrye , and switchgrass . Prairies are considered to be fire-dependent ecosystems . Regular controlled burning by Native Americans, practices developed through observation of non-anthropogenic fire and its effects, maintained the biodiversity of the prairie, clearing away dead vegetation and preventing trees from shading out

4550-563: The drift on the under rock. Further south, as far as the entrance of the Ohio River, the Mississippi follows a rock-walled valley 300 to 400 ft (91 to 122 m) deep, with a flood-plain 2 to 4 mi (3.2 to 6.4 km) wide. This valley seems to represent the path of an enlarged early-glacial Mississippi, when much precipitation that is today discharged to Hudson Bay and the Gulf of St. Lawrence

4641-452: The driftless zone is a district protected from ice invasion by reason of the obstruction which the highlands of northern Wisconsin and Michigan (part of the Superior upland) offered to glacial advance. The course of the upper Mississippi River is largely consequent upon glacial deposits. Its sources are in the morainic lakes in northern Minnesota. The drift deposits thereabouts are so heavy that

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4732-508: The eastern tallgrass prairies were plowed and turned into agricultural lands, the prairie grasses with their strong root systems were destroyed. In combination with severe droughts that resulted in the Dust Bowl , a major ecological disaster in which winds picked up the dry, unprotected prairie soil and formed it into "black blizzards" of airborne dirt that blackened the skies for days at a time across 19 states and forced 400,000 people to abandon

4823-670: The escarpment to the lower, Lake Ontario . That gave rise to Niagara Falls . Lake Ontario's outlet for a time ran down the Mohawk Valley to the Hudson River. At the higher elevation, it was known as Lake Iroquois . When ice melted from the northeastern end of the lake, it dropped to a lower level, and drained through the St. Lawrence area creating a lower base level for the Niagara River and increasing its erosive capacity. In certain districts,

4914-403: The event was started as a 200-mile (320 km) mile race, but over the years additional lengths have been added to encourage more riders to give it a chance. Though the name of the race distances are rounded off to nice numerical values, the actual distance of each race is slightly different. The event consists of the following races: In 2006, the first year of Dirty Kanza had 34 riders. It

5005-435: The eye with a view stretching to the horizon. Here and there, faint depressions occur, occupied by marshy sloughs or floored with a rich black soil of postglacial origin. Thus, by sub-glacial aggradation, the prairies have been leveled up to a smooth surface, in contrast to the higher and non-glaciated hilly country just to the south. The great ice sheets formed terminal moraines around their border at various stages. However,

5096-474: The father of waters, like so many other rivers in the Northern states, owes many of its features more or less directly to glacial action. The fertility of the prairies is a natural consequence of their origin. During the mechanical transportation of the till, no vegetation was present to remove the minerals essential to plant growth, as is the case in the soils of normally weathered and dissected peneplains. The soil

5187-634: The first railroad to serve the burgeoning town. In July 1870, a second railroad, the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway reached Emporia, and in the years following the American Civil War the city became a booming railroad hub. In 1888, railroad executive and educator John Byers Anderson donated his personal library to the College of Emporia to commemorate his 50th wedding anniversary, and his former mentee Andrew Carnegie donated additional funds to build

5278-461: The grasslands of the Great Plains were not subject to great soil erosion . The root systems of native prairie grasses firmly held the soil in place to prevent run-off of soil. When the plant died, the fungi and bacteria returned its nutrients to the soil. These deep roots also helped native prairie plants reach water in even the driest conditions. Native grasses suffer much less damage from dry conditions than many farm crops currently grown. When

5369-417: The head of the gorges are now occupied by little lakes. The most significant stage in this series of changes occurred when the glacio-marginal lake waters were lowered so that the long escarpment of Niagara limestone was laid bare in western New York. The previously confluent waters were then divided into two lakes. The higher one, Lake Erie , supplied the outflowing Niagara River , which poured its waters down

5460-416: The ice of the last glacial epoch had retreated so far that its front border lay on a northward slope, belonging to the drainage area of the Great Lakes, bodies of water accumulated in front of the ice margin, forming glacio-marginal lakes. The lakes were small at first, and each had its own outlet at the lowest depression of land to the south. As the ice melted further back, neighboring lakes became confluent at

5551-483: The ice sheets advanced in lobes along the lowlands of the Great Lakes . Neighboring morainic loops join each other in re-entrants (north-pointing cusps), where two adjacent glacial lobes came together and formed their moraines in largest volume. The moraines are of too small relief to be shown on any maps except of the largest scale. Small as they are, they are the chief relief of the prairie states, and, in association with

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5642-471: The ice sheets extended to the land sloping southward to the Ohio River , Mississippi River and Missouri River , the drift-laden streams flowed freely away from the ice border. As the streams escaped from their subglacial channels, they spread into broader channels and deposited some of their load, and thus aggraded their courses. Local sheets or aprons of gravel and sand are spread more or less abundantly along

5733-516: The land well suited for agricultural use, only 1% of tallgrass prairie remains in the U.S. today. Shortgrass prairie is more abundant. Significant preserved areas of prairie include: Virgin prairie refers to prairie land which has never been plowed. Small virgin prairies exist in the American Midwestern states and in Canada. Restored prairie refers to a prairie that has been reseeded after plowing or other disturbance. A prairie garden

5824-446: The level of the lowest outlet of the group. The outflowing streams grew in the same proportion and eroded a broad channel across the height of land and far down stream, while the lake waters built sand reefs or carved shore cliffs along their margin, and laid down sheets of clay on their floors. All of these features are easily recognized in the prairie region. The present site of Chicago was determined by an Indian portage or carry across

5915-500: The low divide between Lake Michigan and the headwaters of the Illinois River . This divide lies on the floor of the former outlet channel of the glacial Lake Michigan. Corresponding outlets are known for Lake Erie , Lake Huron , and Lake Superior . A very large sheet of water, named Lake Agassiz , once overspread a broad till plain in northern Minnesota and North Dakota. The outlet of this glacial lake, called river Warren, eroded

6006-421: The median household income was $ 43,481 (with a margin of error of +/- $ 3,474) and the median family income was $ 65,264 (+/- $ 3,358). Males had a median income of $ 30,077 (+/- $ 2,136) versus $ 16,980 (+/- $ 1,362) for females. The median income for those above 16 years old was $ 22,911 (+/- $ 2,542). Approximately, 8.3% of families and 19.6% of the population were below the poverty line , including 16.7% of those under

6097-419: The morainic belts are of slight relief in comparison to the great area of the ice. They rise gently from the till plains to 50, 100 or more feet. They may be one, two or three miles (5 km) wide and their hilly surface, dotted over with boulders, contains many small lakes in basins or hollows, instead of streams in valleys. The morainic belts are arranged in groups of concentric loops, convex southward, because

6188-406: The nearly imperceptible slopes of the till plains, they determine the course of many streams and rivers, which as a whole are consequent upon the surface form of the glacial deposits. The complexity of the glacial period and its subdivision into several glacial epochs, separated by interglacial epochs of considerable length (certainly longer than the postglacial epoch) has a structural consequence in

6279-417: The outer side of the morainic belts. Long trains of gravel and sands clog the valleys that lead southward from the glaciated to the non-glaciated area. Later, when the ice retreated further and the unloaded streams returned to their earlier degrading habit, they more or less completely scoured out the valley deposits, the remains of which are now seen in terraces on either side of the present flood plains. When

6370-422: The population was Hispanic or Latino of any race. There were 9,812 households, of which 31.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 40.0% were married couples living together, 5.3% had a male householder with no wife present, 11.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 43.2% were non-families. 32.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.0% had someone living alone who

6461-486: The present divides between the drainage basins of Hudson Bay , Lake Superior , and the Gulf of Mexico evidently stand in no very definite relation to the preglacial divides. The course of the Mississippi through Minnesota is largely guided by the form of the drift cover. Several rapids and the Saint Anthony Falls (determining the site of Minneapolis ) are signs of immaturity, resulting from superposition through

6552-410: The process of prairie formation and the establishment of the diversity of graminoid and forbs species. Fire has the effect on prairies of removing trees , clearing dead plant matter, and changing the availability of certain nutrients in the soil from the ash produced. Fire kills the vascular tissue of trees, but not prairie species, as up to 75% (depending on the species) of the total plant biomass

6643-460: The race would be changed to Unbound Gravel . In 2021, the race had 2,626 registered riders. In 2023, there was a total of over 4,000 registered riders for all races. In 2024, there was a total of around 5,000 registered riders for all races, with 1,480 in the Unbound Gravel 200, and 1,829 in the Unbound Gravel 100. Riders came from all 50 U.S. States and 40 Countries. Before 2020, the race

6734-452: The region, including the Kaw Nation". The same year, the event's surviving founder made a statement that the police shooting of an intoxicated black man in Atlanta who grabbed an officer's taser and fired it at the officer was "justified". The ensuing controversy resulted in his eventual firing by the event's parent company, Life Time Fitness. On October 29, 2020, it was announced that the name of

6825-460: The rivers and gradually fades away at a distance of ten or more miles (16 or more km) on either side. It contains land shells, and hence cannot be attributed to marine or lacustrine submergence. The best explanation is that, during certain phases of the glacial period, it was carried as dust by the winds from the flood plains of aggrading rivers, and slowly deposited on the neighboring grass-covered plains. The glacial and eolian origin of this sediment

6916-523: The south and the Great Lakes on the north. The prairies are a contribution of the glacial period. They consist of glacial drift deposited unconformably on an underlying rock surface of moderate or small relief. Here, the rocks are an extension of the same stratified Palaeozoic formations already described as occurring in the Appalachian region and around the Great Lakes . They are usually fine-textured limestones and shales lying horizontal. The moderate or small relief they were given by mature preglacial erosion

7007-505: The southward slope of the melting ice sheet. When this eastward outlet came to be lower than the south-westward outlet across the height of land to the Ohio or Mississippi river, the discharge of the marginal lakes was changed from the Mississippi system to the Hudson system. Many well-defined channels, cutting across the north-sloping spurs of the plateau in the neighborhood of Syracuse, New York mark

7098-520: The states of Montana , Wyoming , Colorado , New Mexico , Texas in the west, and to the east, Minnesota , Wisconsin , Iowa , Missouri , Illinois , and Indiana . The Palouse of Washington and the Central Valley of California are also prairies. The Canadian Prairies occupy vast areas of Manitoba , Saskatchewan , and Alberta . Prairies may contain various lush flora and fauna , often contain rich soil maintained by biodiversity , with

7189-509: The subglacial till was not spread out in a smooth plain, but accumulated in elliptical mounds, 100–200 feet. high and 0.5 to 1 mile (0.80 to 1.61 kilometres) long with axes parallel to the direction of the ice motion as indicated by striae on the underlying rock floor. These hills are known by the Irish name, drumlins , used for similar hills in north-western Ireland . The most remarkable groups of drumlins occur in western New York , where their number

7280-425: The superposition of successive till sheets, alternating with non-glacial deposits. It also has a physiographic consequence in the very different amount of normal postglacial erosion suffered by the different parts of the glacial deposits. The southernmost drift sheets, as in southern Iowa and northern Missouri , have lost their initially plain surface and are now maturely dissected into gracefully rolling forms. Here,

7371-413: The temporary paths of the ice-bordered outlet river. Successive channels are found at lower and lower levels on the plateau slope, indicating the successive courses taken by the lake outlet as the ice melted further and further back. On some of the channels, deep gorges were eroded heading in temporary cataracts which exceeded Niagara in height but not in breadth. The pools excavated by the plunging waters at

7462-456: The valleys of even the small streams are well opened and graded, and marshes and lakes are rare. These sheets are of early Pleistocene origin. Nearer the Great Lakes, the till sheets are trenched only by the narrow valleys of the large streams. Marshy sloughs still occupy the faint depressions in the till plains and the associated moraines have abundant small lakes in their undrained hollows. These drift sheets are of late Pleistocene origin. When

7553-516: Was 1,989.7 per square mile (768.2/km ). There were 11,232 housing units at an average density of 925.8 per square mile (357.5/km ). The racial makeup was 67.91% (16,392) white or European American (61.96% non-Hispanic white ), 2.61% (630) black or African-American , 0.94% (226) Native American or Alaska Native , 2.26% (546) Asian , 0.07% (16) Pacific Islander or Native Hawaiian , 15.01% (3,624) from other races , and 11.21% (2,705) from two or more races . Hispanic or Latino of any race

7644-429: Was 28.29% (6,828) of the population. Of the 9,876 households, 28.1% had children under the age of 18; 38.2% were married couples living together; 30.1% had a female householder with no spouse or partner present. 34.6% of households consisted of individuals and 11.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.3 and the average family size was 3.1. The percent of those with

7735-471: Was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.39, and the average family size was 3.08. In the city, the population was spread out, with 23.5% under the age of 18, 19.7% from 18 to 24, 24.5% from 25 to 44, 20.9% from 45 to 64, and 11.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 29.0 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.8 males age 18 and over. The median income for

7826-521: Was delivered to the Gulf of Mexico, for the curves of the present river are of distinctly smaller radii than the curves of the valley. Lake Pepin (30 mi [48 km] below St. Paul ), a picturesque expansion of the river across its flood-plain, is due to the aggradation of the valley floor where the Chippewa River , coming from the northeast, brought an overload of fluvio-glacial drift. Hence, even

7917-450: Was distributed during the last glacial advance that began about 110,000 years ago. The glaciers expanding southward scraped the landscape, picking up geologic material and leveling the terrain. As the glaciers retreated about 10,000 years ago, they deposited this material in the form of till . Wind-based loess deposits also form an important parent material for prairie soils. Tallgrass prairie evolved over tens of thousands of years with

8008-533: Was filmed in Emporia. It dramatized an actual event in Emporia involving the 1983 death of Sandra Bird. Notable individuals who were born in and/or have lived in Emporia include actor R. Lee Ermey , journalist William Allen White , college basketball coach Dean Smith , and circus performer/tattoo artist Maud Wagner . Prairie Prairies are ecosystems considered part of the temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands biome by ecologists, based on similar temperate climates, moderate rainfall, and

8099-709: Was known as the Dirty Kanza XL (or DK XL). This 350 mile race was first held in 2018. Results verified at Athlinks . Before 2020, the race was known as the Dirty Kanza 200 (or DK 200). This 200 mile race was first held in 2006. Results verified at Athlinks . Before 2020, the race was known as the DK 100. This 100 mile race was first held in 2013 as the DK Half Pint. It became an official race distance in 2019. Results verified at Athlinks . Emporia, Kansas Emporia

8190-562: Was organized by Joel Dyke and Jim Cummins, and modeled off of similar rides Trans-Iowa and the Flint Hills Death Ride. In 2018, Life Time Fitness purchased Dirty Kanza Productions. That year the race had 2,500 registered riders. In 2019, the race had 2,750 registered riders. Several changes occurred in 2020. First the races were postponed from May 29–31 to September 10–13 because of the ongoing worldwide COVID-19 pandemic issues, then later were cancelled. Organizers considered

8281-465: Was stronger and cut the roots, making the fertile soils ready for farming. Former grasslands are now among the most productive agricultural lands on Earth. The tallgrass prairie has been converted into one of the most intensive crop producing areas in North America. Less than one tenth of one percent (<0.09%) of the original landcover of the tallgrass prairie biome remains. Much of what persists

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