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44-493: "Umm Salama" was her kunya meaning, "mother of Salama". She was one of the most influential female companions of Muhammad. She is recognized largely for recalling numerous Hadiths , or sayings and narrations attributed to Muhammad. Shia Muslims believe that Umm Salama was Muhammad's most important wife after Khadija . Umm Salama's birth name was Hind. Her father was Abu Umayya ibn Al-Mughira ibn Abdullah ibn Umar ibn Makhzum ibn Yaqazah also known as Suhayl or Zad ar-Rakib. He

88-630: A migration to Abyssinia . Umm Salama abandoned her honorable life in her clan in Mecca to migrate. While in Abyssinia , these Muslims were told that there had been a decrease in persecution along with an increase in numbers of Muslims in Mecca. This information caused Umm Salama, her husband, and the rest of the Muslim emigrants to travel back to Mecca. Upon their return to Mecca, the Quraysh again began viciously persecuting

132-456: A Quraysh caravan that was returning from Syria and protected by one hundred men. The leader of this caravan was Abu Sufyan ibn Harb . The Muslim party went as far as Thanyatul-Murra, a watering place in Hejaz . No fighting took place, as the Quraysh were quite far from the place where Muslims were in the offing to attack the caravan. Nevertheless, Sa`d ibn Abi Waqqas shot an arrow at the Quraysh. This

176-715: A better man than me who will not grieve her or injure her!" During the Battle of Uhud (March 625), Abu Salamah was severely injured. While Abu Salamah was dying due to these wounds, he recalled a story to Umm Salamah involving a message he had heard from Muhammad: "I heard the Messenger of God saying, 'Whenever a calamity afflicts anyone he should say, "Surely from God we are and to Him we shall certainly return."' And he would pray, 'O Lord, give me in return something better from it which only You, Exalted and Mighty can give'". This traditional story has been transmitted with various differences, but

220-498: A cloak over them and said: "O God, these are the people of my household. They are my confidants and my supporters. O God, remove impurity from them and keep them thoroughly pure." Umm Salama relates, "As I heard this prayer from the Prophet, I said: 'O Messenger of God! Am I also with you?' To which he replied: 'You do not have the level of my Ahlul Bayt, but you are a lady of noble traits.' Some exegesis , including Amina Wadud interpret

264-589: A familiar but respectful setting. A kunya is expressed by the use of abū (father) or umm (mother) in a genitive construction , i.e. "father of" or "mother of" as an honorific in place of or alongside given names in the Arab world and the Islamic world more generally. Medieval Jewish names generally had stock kunyas referencing the biblical eponym and not any relative. Those named Abraham received "abu Ishaq", those named Jacob, "abu Yusuf," and so on. In some cases

308-451: A lasting impact on the future of the religion. Umm Salama, along with one of Muhammad's other wives, Aisha , also took roles as imams , leading other women in worship. Umm Salama also took a strong position in the Battle of the Camel , in which the factions of Aisha and Ali were in direct opposition. Umm Salama openly disagreed with the involvement of Aisha in the battle. She strongly supported

352-425: A place on the caravan route of the Quraysh merchants. A herd of 1,500 camels, accompanied by 100 riders under the leadership of Umayyah ibn Khalaf , a Quraysh. The purpose of these raids was to get back what they had lost when they migrated from Mecca to Medina to avoid persecution by Quraysh for practicing their religion. Quraysh seized the property and belongings left behind by Muslims and sold those. The caravan

396-568: A veritable protest movement by the women. Umm Salama possessed very good judgment, rapid powers of reasoning, and unparalleled ability to formulate correct opinions. Umm Salama acted as Muhammad's advisor during negotiations concerning the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah with the Meccans in 628 CE (6 AH ) One of the main objects of this treaty was to determine the relations between Muhammad and the Muslims of Medina with

440-488: A woman who is extremely jealous and I am afraid that you will see in me something that will anger you and cause Allah to punish me. I am a woman who is already advanced in age and I am a woman who has a young family." However, Muhammad appeased each of her concerns, "Regarding the jealousy you mentioned, I pray to Allah the Almighty to let it go away from you. Regarding the question of age you have mentioned, I am afflicted with

484-402: Is a teknonym in an Arabic name , the name of an adult derived from their eldest son. A kunya is used as a component of an Arabic name, a type of epithet . Although in theory it refers to the bearer's first-born son or daughter, it may not do so literally, and by extension it may also have hypothetical or metaphorical references, as in a nom de guerre or a nickname. Use of a kunya implies

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528-408: Is demonstrated as being known as the "Mothers of the believers". They were also prohibited from marrying another man ever again. (33:53) The Qur'an indicates that the wives of Muhammad had to be role models in society (33:30-32). She was often looked up to by the rest of the wives of Muhammad due to her intelligence and political knowledge. Umm Salama herself narrated 378 Hadith, among them being some of

572-407: Is known as the first arrow of Islam. Despite this surprise attack, no fighting took place and the Muslims returned empty-handed. It is believed that Ubaydah was the first to carry the banner of Islam; others say Hamzah was the first to carry the first banner. Sa`d ibn Abi Waqqas was ordered to lead the third raid. His group consisted of about twenty Muhajirs. This raid was done about a month after

616-489: Is our daughter. Do you expect us to allow you to take her away from us?' Then they pounced on him and snatched me away from him. My husband's clan, Banu 'Abd al-Asad, saw them taking me and became hot with rage. 'No! By Allah' they shouted, 'we shall not abandon the boy. He is our son and we have a first claim over him.' They took him by the hand and pulled him away from me. Abu Salama made the trip to Medina alone, leaving his wife and child in Mecca. After some time, Umm Salama

660-472: Is said of someone with a chubby face. When also using a person's own birth name, the kunya will precede the proper name. Thus: abū Māzin Maħmūd , for "Mahmud, the father of Mazen" (as, for example, for Mahmoud Abbas ). In Classical Arabic and Modern Standard Arabic , but not in any of the spoken dialects, abū can change into the forms abā and abī ( accusative and genitive , respectively), depending on

704-410: Is said that twelve months after moving to Medina, Muhammad himself led a caravan raid to Waddan ( Al-Abwa ). The aim was to intercept the caravans of the Quraysh. The raid party did not meet any Quraysh during the raid. The fifth raid, known as the invasion of Buwat , was also commanded by Muhammad. A month after the raid at al-Abwa, he personally led 200 men including Muhajirs and Ansars to Bawat,

748-584: Is to use real or fictional kunyas as noms de guerre . Examples of this include the ISIS leader Abu Bakr ( Ibrahim Awad Ibrahim al-Badri ). Osama bin Laden 's kunya was "Abu Abdullah". Leaders of Palestinian fedayeen and Palestine Liberation Organization , such as Abu Jihad , Abu Nidal , Abu Ali Iyad are known by their kunyas. Muhajirun The Muhajirun ( Arabic : المهاجرون , romanized :  al-muhājirūn , singular مهاجر , muhājir ) were

792-448: The English equivalent would be to call a man "Father of John" if his eldest son is named John. Use of the kunya normally signifies some closeness between the speaker and the person so addressed, but is more formal than use of the first name. The kunya is also frequently used with reference to politicians and other celebrities to indicate respect. A kunya may also be a nickname expressing

836-626: The Quraysh in Mecca. The treaty was aimed at achieving peace between the two groups and allowing the Muslims to complete their annual pilgrimage to the Kaaba , known as Hajj , which they did the following year in 629 (7 AH). This treaty was essential since it established a 10-year peace deal between the two groups. The treaty was broken later in 629 (8 AH) which led to the conquest of Mecca . After Muhammad 's death, Umm Salama continued to have an influence on Islam . Her numerous Hadith transmissions have had

880-508: The Family, and to make you pure and spotless. The verse of purification (Ayat al-Tathir) verse is given its name due to the mentioning of purity in the last line. According to Umm Salama, the verse of purification was revealed in her home when only Muhammad, Ali, Fatimah, Hasan , and Husayn were present. Scholars such as Tarbasi and Tha'labi have described Umm Salama narrating: "One day Lady Fatima having cooked some food brought it to my house for

924-482: The Koran and why are we not?" She is quoted narrating, "I had asked the Prophet why the Koran did not speak of us as it did of men. And what was my surprise one afternoon, when I was combing my hair, to hear his voice from the minbar. I hastily did up my hair and ran to one of the apartments from where I could hear better" It is there that Umm Salama heard the verse. Kunya (Arabic) A kunya ( Arabic : كُنيَة )

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968-553: The Muslims. In response, Muhammad gave his followers instructions to make a migration to Medina , also known as the hijrah . Umm Salama, along with her husband and son planned to make the hijra together, however this was stopped when Umm Salama's clan forced her to stay in Mecca, while Abu Salama's clan took the child. Umm Salama recounted this story: Before we were out of Makkah, however, some men from my clan stopped us and said to my husband: 'Though you are free to do what you like with yourself, you have no power over your wife. She

1012-460: The Prophet. The Prophet said, 'O the light of my eyes, call Ali and your sons so that we may eat this food together.'" When all had gathered and they had eaten from that food, Angel Jibra'eel descended and revealed the following verse: Indeed God desires to repel all impurity from you, O People of the Household, and purify you with a thorough purification. Upon hearing the verse, the Prophet laid out

1056-520: The attachment of an individual to a certain thing: as in Abu Bakr , "father of the camel foal", given because of this person's love for camels; or Abu Hurairah , “father of the cats”, given because of his caring for and adopting stray cats. A kunya may also be a nickname expressing a characteristic of an individual, as in Umm Kulthum “mother of the chubby face”, because the characteristic of being “ kulthum ”

1100-601: The converts to Islam and the Islamic prophet Muhammad 's advisors and relatives, who emigrated from Mecca to Medina , the event is known in Islam as the Hijra . The early Muslims from Medina are called the Ansar ("helpers"). About a month after Hamzah's unsuccessful attack in the first caravan raid, Muhammad entrusted a party of sixty Muhajirun led by Ubaydah to conduct another operation at

1144-529: The faction of Ali, and is said to have recalled stories in which Muhammad favors Ali and Fatimah to back up her opinions on the battle. Umm Salama even sent her son, Umar, to fight for Ali's victory. Umm Salama died around 64 AH. Although the date of her death is disputed, her son said that Umm Salama died at the age of 84. She was buried in the Baqi Cemetery . She was the last surviving of Muhammad's wives. Umm Salama and Aisha provided more Hadiths than any of

1188-1008: The first line, "stay quietly in your houses, and make not a dazzling display, like that of the former Times of Ignorance" not to imply women shouldn't be allowed to go out at all, but rather to stress the limitation of going out for the aim of wanton display. For Muslim men and women, for believing men and women, for devout men and women, for true men and women, for men and women who are patient and constant, for men and women who humble themselves, for men and women who give in Charity, for men and women who fast (and deny themselves), for men and women who guard their chastity, and for men and women who engage much in Allah's praise, for them has Allah prepared forgiveness and great reward. Umm Salama sought out equality and autonomy for Muslim women and never hesitated to posit political questions to Muhammad. This verse initiated when Umm Salama asked Muhammad, "why are men mentioned in

1232-452: The first who converted to Islam . Only Ali and a few others were Muslims before them. Despite intense anger and persecution from the powerful Quraysh in response to their conversion to Islam , Umm Salama and Abu Salama continued their devotion to Islam. As the persecution grew in severity, the new Muslims began to look for life away from Mecca . Muhammad instructed his newly converted followers, including Umm Salama and Abu Salama, to make

1276-551: The fundamental principles of the hadith remain intact. Her husband eventually died from the wounds he received in the Battle of Uhud. Umm Salamah remembered the hadith recalled by her husband prior to his death, and began reciting the given prayer. Following Abdullah ibn Abdulasad's death in the battle of Uhud she became known as Ayyin al-Arab - "the one who had lost her husband". She had no family in Medina except her small children, but she

1320-497: The kunya of a man with the given name Khalid who has no male heir would be Abu Walid, because of the famous Muslim military commander Khalid ibn al-Walid . The converse is also true: if someone's given name was Walid, his kunya would be Abu Khalid. Less commonly, however, it would be the name of his father. This is because it is tradition for men to name their firstborns after their fathers. A special practice evolved among Arab guerrillas, islamic terrorism and clandestine operators,

1364-491: The latter Fatimah is thought to have married Ali in 1 AH or 2 AH, Fatimah bint Asad died in 4 AH, and Umm Salama married Muhammad in year 5, so any guardianship must have been purely nominal. The verse of purification (33:33) in the Qur'an was revealed to Muhammad in her house. In the fourth year following the migration to Medina (4 AH), Umm Salama accepted a marriage proposal from Muhammad. After sharing her three reservations about

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1408-420: The marriage, and hearing the response from Muhammad, Umm Salama was so pleased that she accepted the proposal. Umm Salama became the eldest of all of Muhammad's wives. She became the highest-ranking wife of Muhammad, only behind Khadija . Her elevated status among the rest of the wives was a result of her presence in many wars and her defense of the household of Muhammad. Attributes that distinguish Umm Salama from

1452-410: The most important. She was the last of the wives of Muhammad to pass away. Because of her beauty, knowledge, and wisdom, Umm Salama held a prominent role in the house of Muhammad and society. She was an exceptional wife of Muhammad in her faith and morals. As a woman, she carried out and completed all of her religious duties. During her marriage to Muhammad, she strived to keep him happy. She always held

1496-474: The other wives of Muhammad. For Umm Salama, 378 narrations have been reported through the Sunni Muslims. Among the [Hadith] she narrated are: And stay quietly in your houses, and make not a dazzling display, like that of the former Times of Ignorance; and establish regular Prayer, and give regular Charity; and obey Allah and His Messenger. And Allah only wishes to remove all abomination from you, ye members of

1540-477: The position of the kunya in the sentence. In westernizations of Arabic names the words abū and abū l- are sometimes perceived as an independent part of the full name, similar to a given name . Men who do not yet have a child are often addressed by a made-up kunya , most often from a popular or notable figure in Muslim or Arabian history. Arabs would take the given name and the patronymic of those famous figures and attribute it to that person. For example,

1584-406: The previous. Sa'd, with his soldiers, set up an ambush in the valley of Kharrar on the road to Mecca and waited to raid a returning Meccan caravan from Syria. But the caravan had already passed and the Muslims returned to Medina without a fight. The fourth raid, known as the invasion of Waddan , was the first offensive in which Muhammad took part personally with 70, mostly Muhajir, troops. It

1628-467: The rest of the wives of Muhammad include the following: Her role in Fatimah's upbringing (most prominent daughter of Muhammad, who Umm Salama proclaimed displayed more knowledge than ever herself in all affairs), her political activism, her accounts of Muhammad's narrations, and her unwavering defense of Ali's personality and leadership following Muhammad's death. The greatest attribute of the wives of Muhammad

1672-418: The same problem as you. Regarding the dependent family you have mentioned, your family is my family." Umm Salama was married to Muhammad at the age of 32. Umm Salamah was a widow with 3 children and a fourth born almost immediately after their marriage. When Fatimah bint Asad (mother of the 4th Caliph Ali ) died, Muhammad is said to have chosen Umm Salama as the guardian of Fatimah bint Muhammad . However,

1716-400: The two sexes are of total equality as members of the community and believers. It doesn't matter the sex, as long as the person is faithful and has the desire to obey Allah, they will earn his grace. This act by Umm Salama sets the precedent, and shows that women could go directly to Muhammad when unsatisfied with a gender role associated with them in society. This action by Umm Salama represented

1760-480: The utmost respect for him. She was known in society for her intelligence, political savvy, and activity in fighting for women's rights. Umm Salama was a woman most gifted in judgment. She was active in the movement for women's rights in early Islamic society too. She once asked Muhammad a very political question, "Why are men mentioned in the Quran and why are we not?" In a response from heaven to Muhammad, Allah declares that

1804-535: The word abu is construed beyond the traditional sense of "father," so a person named Isaac received "abu Ibrahim" (son of Abraham) and one named Moses received "abu Imran" (son of Amram). Also common are kunyas which reflect qualities, such as " abu al-Afiya " (the Healthy) and "abu al-Barakat" (the Blessed). Abū or Umm precedes the son's or daughter's name, in a genitive construction ( ʼiḍāfa ). For example,

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1848-648: Was an elite member of the Quraysh tribe , known for his great generosity, especially to travelers. Her mother was 'Ātikah bint 'Āmir ibn Rabī'ah, of the Firas ibn Ghanam branch of the Kinana . Before her marriage to Muhammad, Umm Salama was married to Abu Salama Abd Allah ibn Abd al-Asad , whose mother was Barrah bint Abdul Muttalib . Abu Salama was Muhammad's foster brother and one of his close companions . Umm Salama bore with Abu Salama four children: Salama, Umar, Zaynab and Ruqayyah. Umm Salama and her husband Abu Salama were among

1892-500: Was given support by both the Muhajirun and Ansar . After finishing the iddah of four months and ten days, the prescribed period that a woman must wait after the death of her husband before she can remarry, Umm Salama got offers of marriage. Abu Bakr and then Umar asked to marry her, but she declined. Muhammad himself then proposed to Umm Salama. She initially hesitated, stating, "O Messenger of Allah, I have three characteristics. I am

1936-541: Was permitted by the Quraysh to leave Mecca, and was given her son back by her husband's tribe. With her son, she completed the hijra and was reconnected with her husband. During her marriage to Abu Salamah, Umm Salamah (in a story related by Ziyad ibn Abi Maryam) is said to have asked her husband to make agreement that when either of them died, the other would not remarry. However, in this tradition, Abu Salamah responded by instructing Umm Salamah to remarry after his death. He then prayed, "O God, provide Umm Salamah after me with

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