A party video game is a genre of video game that stems from in-person party games , involving player-to-player interaction as the central gameplay element. These games are often defined by simple controls which can be easily picked up and understood by players of any skill level.
88-398: Uma Musume Pretty Derby ( Japanese : ウマ娘 プリティーダービー , Hepburn : Uma Musume Puritī Dābī , lit. "Horse Girl Pretty Derby") is a multimedia franchise created by Cygames . A mobile game for iOS and Android was scheduled to debut in late 2018 and then delayed to February 2021. A 13-episode anime television series adaptation by P.A. Works aired from April to June 2018, followed by
176-559: A pure vowel system, phonemic vowel and consonant length, and a lexically significant pitch-accent . Word order is normally subject–object–verb with particles marking the grammatical function of words, and sentence structure is topic–comment . Sentence-final particles are used to add emotional or emphatic impact, or form questions. Nouns have no grammatical number or gender , and there are no articles . Verbs are conjugated , primarily for tense and voice , but not person . Japanese adjectives are also conjugated. Japanese has
264-452: A Blu-ray containing the main story, 12 episodes of the new OVA, and a manga tankōbon was released. A new short anime series titled Umayuru ( うまゆる ) was announced on May 5, 2022. It is animated by Scooter Films with Miyajima returning to direct and design the characters, with Seiichirō Mochizuki and Yumi Suzumori writing the screenplay. It premiered on YouTube on October 16, 2022. An anime ONA series titled Uma Musume Pretty Derby: Road to
352-605: A New Era premiered in Japan in May 2024. An anime television series adaptation of Uma Musume: Cinderella Gray is set to premiere in 2025. In a world very much like our own, great race horses of the past have a chance to be reborn as "horse girls"—girls with the ears and tails of horses as well as their speed and endurance. The best of these horse girls go to train at Tokyo's Tracen Academy, hopefully moving on to fame and fortune as both racers and idols. The first season features Special Week ,
440-624: A benefit from the in-group to the out-group) means "[I/we] explained [it] to [him/her/them]". Such beneficiary auxiliary verbs thus serve a function comparable to that of pronouns and prepositions in Indo-European languages to indicate the actor and the recipient of an action. Japanese "pronouns" also function differently from most modern Indo-European pronouns (and more like nouns) in that they can take modifiers as any other noun may. For instance, one does not say in English: The amazed he ran down
528-589: A complex system of honorifics , with verb forms and vocabulary to indicate the relative status of the speaker, the listener, and persons mentioned. The Japanese writing system combines Chinese characters , known as kanji ( 漢字 , ' Han characters') , with two unique syllabaries (or moraic scripts) derived by the Japanese from the more complex Chinese characters: hiragana ( ひらがな or 平仮名 , 'simple characters') and katakana ( カタカナ or 片仮名 , 'partial characters'). Latin script ( rōmaji ローマ字 )
616-414: A distinct language of its own that has absorbed various aspects from neighboring languages. Japanese has five vowels, and vowel length is phonemic, with each having both a short and a long version. Elongated vowels are usually denoted with a line over the vowel (a macron ) in rōmaji , a repeated vowel character in hiragana , or a chōonpu succeeding the vowel in katakana . /u/ ( listen )
704-419: A glide /j/ and either the first part of a geminate consonant ( っ / ッ , represented as Q) or a moraic nasal in the coda ( ん / ン , represented as N). The nasal is sensitive to its phonetic environment and assimilates to the following phoneme, with pronunciations including [ɴ, m, n, ɲ, ŋ, ɰ̃] . Onset-glide clusters only occur at the start of syllables but clusters across syllables are allowed as long as
792-506: A high school horse girl from the countryside who has just transferred to Tracen. She's determined to fulfill her promise to her mother to become the best horse girl in Japan. On her way to school, she visits the race track and instantly falls in love with Silence Suzuka 's style, becoming determined to race on the same team as her. The second season features Tokai Teio as the main character and draws focus to other side characters such as Mejiro McQueen , Rice Shower , and Mihono Bourbon. Like
880-479: A listener depending on the listener's relative social position and the degree of familiarity between the speaker and the listener. When used in different social relationships, the same word may have positive (intimate or respectful) or negative (distant or disrespectful) connotations. Japanese often use titles of the person referred to where pronouns would be used in English. For example, when speaking to one's teacher, it
968-468: A number of races, including the Oka Sho in 2005, where they finished from first to fourth. Most of the horse girls are named after famous legendary Japanese racehorses and are inspired by their careers and personalities. Each horse girl wears a ribbon or other accessory on one ear (or wears a hat that tilts toward one ear); if it's on the girl's right ear, then that girl's namesake was a stallion, or if it's on
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#17328692601231056-428: A returning cast and Studio Kai replacing P.A. Works in animation production, aired from January 5 to March 30, 2021. On February 22, 2022, a new animation, "1st Anniversary Special Animation," was released on YouTube to commemorate the first anniversary of the game. This work is a continuation of the anime's second season. A third season was announced on November 6, 2022. Shingo Nagai and Tetsuya Kobari are supervising
1144-632: A second season by Studio Kai , which aired from January to March 2021, and then a third season, which aired from October to December 2023. An anime television series adaptation of the spin-off manga Umayon aired from July to September 2020. A short web anime titled Umayuru premiered in October 2022. A second web anime titled Uma Musume Pretty Derby: Road to the Top premiered in April 2023 and ran for four episodes. An anime film titled Uma Musume Pretty Derby: Beginning of
1232-408: A sentence need not be stated and pronouns may be omitted if they can be inferred from context. In the example above, hana ga nagai would mean "[their] noses are long", while nagai by itself would mean "[they] are long." A single verb can be a complete sentence: Yatta! ( やった! ) "[I / we / they / etc] did [it]!". In addition, since adjectives can form the predicate in a Japanese sentence (below),
1320-629: A series of individually-selectable minigames. In 1995, You Don't Know Jack was released, the first of the You Don't Know Jack franchise and the precursor to the Jackbox Party Pack collection in 2014. In 1998, Mario Party was released on the Nintendo 64 . Its launch eventually brought about the rest of the Mario Party franchise , in wake of the game's success across markets. Mario Party 2
1408-428: A single adjective can be a complete sentence: Urayamashii! ( 羨ましい! ) "[I'm] jealous [about it]!". While the language has some words that are typically translated as pronouns, these are not used as frequently as pronouns in some Indo-European languages, and function differently. In some cases, Japanese relies on special verb forms and auxiliary verbs to indicate the direction of benefit of an action: "down" to indicate
1496-708: Is Oguri Cap . Another manga, titled Uma Musume Pretty Derby Uma Musumeshi ( ウマ娘 プリティーダービー うまむすめし ) , began serialization on Cygames' Cycomics website on March 2, 2023. As of June 2024, four volumes have been released. Another manga, titled Uma Musume Pretty Derby: Star Blossom ( ウマ娘 プリティーダービー スターブロッサム , Uma Musume Pretty Derby: Sutā Burossamu ) , written by Monjūsaki and illustrated by Shin Hotani, began serialization in Shueisha 's Shōnen Jump+ , YanJan! app and Tonari no Young Jump website on April 10, 2023. As of March 2024, two volumes have been released. The protagonist
1584-517: Is Sakura Laurel [ ja ] . Another manga, titled Uma Musume PisuPisu☆SupiSupi Golshi-chan ( ウマ娘 ピスピス☆スピスピ ゴルシちゃん ) , written and illustrated by Naoki Shibata, began serialization in Shogakukan 's Weekly CoroCoro Comic manga website on November 29, 2023. The protagonist is Gold Ship . As of June 2024, two volumes has been released. A 13-episode anime television series adaptation aired from April 2 to June 18, 2018, on Tokyo MX , with
1672-624: Is compressed rather than protruded , or simply unrounded. Some Japanese consonants have several allophones , which may give the impression of a larger inventory of sounds. However, some of these allophones have since become phonemic. For example, in the Japanese language up to and including the first half of the 20th century, the phonemic sequence /ti/ was palatalized and realized phonetically as [tɕi] , approximately chi ( listen ) ; however, now [ti] and [tɕi] are distinct, as evidenced by words like tī [tiː] "Western-style tea" and chii [tɕii] "social status". The "r" of
1760-662: Is a party video game , will be released on Nintendo Switch , PlayStation 4 , and Steam on August 30, 2024. The game was announced during the Nintendo Direct live stream on June 21, 2023. On February 22, 2024, it was revealed that the silhouette in the logo was Still in Love , a new uma musume announced on the same day. A manga series titled Uma Musume Pretty Derby: Haru Urara, Do Your Best! ( ウマ娘 プリティーダービー ハルウララがんばる! , Uma Musume Pretty Derby: Haru Urara Ganbaru! ) , written by Katsumi Nakayama and illustrated by Huan Yu (ZECO),
1848-445: Is also seen in o-medetō "congratulations", from medetaku ). Late Middle Japanese has the first loanwords from European languages – now-common words borrowed into Japanese in this period include pan ("bread") and tabako ("tobacco", now "cigarette"), both from Portuguese . Modern Japanese is considered to begin with the Edo period (which spanned from 1603 to 1867). Since Old Japanese,
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#17328692601231936-519: Is also used in a limited fashion (such as for imported acronyms) in Japanese writing. The numeral system uses mostly Arabic numerals , but also traditional Chinese numerals . Proto-Japonic , the common ancestor of the Japanese and Ryukyuan languages , is thought to have been brought to Japan by settlers coming from the Korean peninsula sometime in the early- to mid-4th century BC (the Yayoi period ), replacing
2024-440: Is appropriate to use sensei ( 先生 , "teacher"), but inappropriate to use anata . This is because anata is used to refer to people of equal or lower status, and one's teacher has higher status. Japanese nouns have no grammatical number, gender or article aspect. The noun hon ( 本 ) may refer to a single book or several books; hito ( 人 ) can mean "person" or "people", and ki ( 木 ) can be "tree" or "trees". Where number
2112-684: Is associated with comedy (see Kansai dialect ). Dialects of Tōhoku and North Kantō are associated with typical farmers. The Ryūkyūan languages, spoken in Okinawa and the Amami Islands (administratively part of Kagoshima ), are distinct enough to be considered a separate branch of the Japonic family; not only is each language unintelligible to Japanese speakers, but most are unintelligible to those who speak other Ryūkyūan languages. However, in contrast to linguists, many ordinary Japanese people tend to consider
2200-462: Is better documentation of Late Middle Japanese phonology than for previous forms (for instance, the Arte da Lingoa de Iapam ). Among other sound changes, the sequence /au/ merges to /ɔː/ , in contrast with /oː/ ; /p/ is reintroduced from Chinese; and /we/ merges with /je/ . Some forms rather more familiar to Modern Japanese speakers begin to appear – the continuative ending - te begins to reduce onto
2288-509: Is correlated with the sex of the speaker and the social situation in which they are spoken: men and women alike in a formal situation generally refer to themselves as watashi ( 私 , literally "private") or watakushi (also 私 , hyper-polite form), while men in rougher or intimate conversation are much more likely to use the word ore ( 俺 "oneself", "myself") or boku . Similarly, different words such as anata , kimi , and omae ( お前 , more formally 御前 "the one before me") may refer to
2376-417: Is important, it can be indicated by providing a quantity (often with a counter word ) or (rarely) by adding a suffix, or sometimes by duplication (e.g. 人人 , hitobito , usually written with an iteration mark as 人々 ). Words for people are usually understood as singular. Thus Tanaka-san usually means Mx Tanaka . Words that refer to people and animals can be made to indicate a group of individuals through
2464-722: Is less common. In terms of mutual intelligibility , a survey in 1967 found that the four most unintelligible dialects (excluding Ryūkyūan languages and Tōhoku dialects ) to students from Greater Tokyo were the Kiso dialect (in the deep mountains of Nagano Prefecture ), the Himi dialect (in Toyama Prefecture ), the Kagoshima dialect and the Maniwa dialect (in Okayama Prefecture ). The survey
2552-487: Is not available for general sale, but is included in the anime's Blu-ray Box. Another manga, titled Uma Musume: Cinderella Gray ( ウマ娘 シンデレラグレイ , Uma Musume Shinderera Gurei ) , produced by Junnosuke Itō, written by Masafumi Sugiura, and illustrated by Taiyō Kuzumi, began in Shueisha 's Weekly Young Jump on June 11, 2020. The first collected tankōbon volume was released on January 19, 2021. As of September 2024, sixteen volumes have been released. The protagonist
2640-420: Is often called a topic-prominent language , which means it has a strong tendency to indicate the topic separately from the subject, and that the two do not always coincide. The sentence Zō wa hana ga nagai ( 象は鼻が長い ) literally means, "As for elephant(s), (the) nose(s) (is/are) long". The topic is zō "elephant", and the subject is hana "nose". Japanese grammar tends toward brevity; the subject or object of
2728-489: Is preserved in words such as matsuge ("eyelash", lit. "hair of the eye"); modern mieru ("to be visible") and kikoeru ("to be audible") retain a mediopassive suffix - yu(ru) ( kikoyu → kikoyuru (the attributive form, which slowly replaced the plain form starting in the late Heian period) → kikoeru (all verbs with the shimo-nidan conjugation pattern underwent this same shift in Early Modern Japanese )); and
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2816-1085: Is serialized on Cygames' Cycomics website from May 8, 2016, to September 11, 2016. 10 episodes in total. This is a comedic story based on the true story of Haru Urara, with Haru Urara as the main character. The production was supported by Martha Farm, where the real Haru Urara lives the rest of her life, and the Kochi Prefecture Horse Racing Association. It is no longer available for distribution and has not yet been published in tankōbon form. A manga series titled Starting Gate!: Uma Musume Pretty Derby ( STARTING GATE! -ウマ娘 プリティーダービー- , Stātingu Geito!: Uma Musume Pretty Derby ) , written by Cygames and illustrated by S. Kosugi, began serialization on Cygames' Cycomics website on March 25, 2017. The manga has been compiled into six tankōbon volumes as of March 18, 2022. A four-panel manga series titled Umayon ( うまよん ) , written and illustrated by Jet Kuma, began serialization on Cygames' Cycomics website between March 30, 2018 to January 15, 2021. The tankōbon
2904-402: Is the version of Japanese discussed in this article. Formerly, standard Japanese in writing ( 文語 , bungo , "literary language") was different from colloquial language ( 口語 , kōgo ) . The two systems have different rules of grammar and some variance in vocabulary. Bungo was the main method of writing Japanese until about 1900; since then kōgo gradually extended its influence and
2992-471: Is used for the present and the future. For verbs that represent an ongoing process, the -te iru form indicates a continuous (or progressive) aspect , similar to the suffix ing in English. For others that represent a change of state, the -te iru form indicates a perfect aspect. For example, kite iru means "They have come (and are still here)", but tabete iru means "They are eating". Questions (both with an interrogative pronoun and yes/no questions) have
3080-405: Is why some linguists do not classify Japanese "pronouns" as pronouns, but rather as referential nouns, much like Spanish usted (contracted from vuestra merced , "your ( majestic plural ) grace") or Portuguese você (from vossa mercê ). Japanese personal pronouns are generally used only in situations requiring special emphasis as to who is doing what to whom. The choice of words used as pronouns
3168-678: The Japanese diaspora worldwide. The Japonic family also includes the Ryukyuan languages and the variously classified Hachijō language . There have been many attempts to group the Japonic languages with other families such as the Ainu , Austronesian , Koreanic , and the now-discredited Altaic , but none of these proposals have gained any widespread acceptance. Little is known of the language's prehistory, or when it first appeared in Japan. Chinese documents from
3256-455: The Japonic language family, which also includes the Ryukyuan languages spoken in the Ryukyu Islands . As these closely related languages are commonly treated as dialects of the same language, Japanese is sometimes called a language isolate . According to Martine Irma Robbeets , Japanese has been subject to more attempts to show its relation to other languages than any other language in
3344-504: The Philippines , and various Pacific islands, locals in those countries learned Japanese as the language of the empire. As a result, many elderly people in these countries can still speak Japanese. Japanese emigrant communities (the largest of which are to be found in Brazil , with 1.4 million to 1.5 million Japanese immigrants and descendants, according to Brazilian IBGE data, more than
3432-716: The United States (notably in Hawaii , where 16.7% of the population has Japanese ancestry, and California ), and the Philippines (particularly in Davao Region and the Province of Laguna ). Japanese has no official status in Japan, but is the de facto national language of the country. There is a form of the language considered standard : hyōjungo ( 標準語 ) , meaning "standard Japanese", or kyōtsūgo ( 共通語 ) , "common language", or even "Tokyo dialect" at times. The meanings of
3520-794: The de facto standard Japanese had been the Kansai dialect , especially that of Kyoto . However, during the Edo period, Edo (now Tokyo) developed into the largest city in Japan, and the Edo-area dialect became standard Japanese. Since the end of Japan's self-imposed isolation in 1853, the flow of loanwords from European languages has increased significantly. The period since 1945 has seen many words borrowed from other languages—such as German, Portuguese and English. Many English loan words especially relate to technology—for example, pasokon (short for "personal computer"), intānetto ("internet"), and kamera ("camera"). Due to
3608-448: The standard dialect moved from the Kansai region to the Edo region (modern Tokyo ) in the Early Modern Japanese period (early 17th century–mid 19th century). Following the end of Japan's self-imposed isolation in 1853, the flow of loanwords from European languages increased significantly, and words from English roots have proliferated. Japanese is an agglutinative , mora -timed language with relatively simple phonotactics ,
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3696-518: The 1.2 million of the United States ) sometimes employ Japanese as their primary language. Approximately 12% of Hawaii residents speak Japanese, with an estimated 12.6% of the population of Japanese ancestry in 2008. Japanese emigrants can also be found in Peru , Argentina , Australia (especially in the eastern states), Canada (especially in Vancouver , where 1.4% of the population has Japanese ancestry),
3784-461: The 3rd century AD recorded a few Japanese words, but substantial Old Japanese texts did not appear until the 8th century. From the Heian period (794–1185), extensive waves of Sino-Japanese vocabulary entered the language, affecting the phonology of Early Middle Japanese . Late Middle Japanese (1185–1600) saw extensive grammatical changes and the first appearance of European loanwords . The basis of
3872-482: The Japanese language is of particular interest, ranging between an apical central tap and a lateral approximant . The "g" is also notable; unless it starts a sentence, it may be pronounced [ ŋ ] , in the Kanto prestige dialect and in other eastern dialects. The phonotactics of Japanese are relatively simple. The syllable structure is (C)(G)V(C), that is, a core vowel surrounded by an optional onset consonant,
3960-490: The Kikka Sho, starting with image training, then walking slowly before jogging. Despite their best efforts; though, Tokai Teio could not fully recover for the Kikka Sho, forcing her to pull out of the race. An anime television series based on the four-panel manga spinoff Umayon ( うまよん ) aired from July 7 to September 22, 2020. The series is directed by Seiya Miyajima at DMM.futureworks and W-Toon Studio. On December 8, 2021,
4048-724: The Old Japanese sections are written in Man'yōgana , which uses kanji for their phonetic as well as semantic values. Based on the Man'yōgana system, Old Japanese can be reconstructed as having 88 distinct morae . Texts written with Man'yōgana use two different sets of kanji for each of the morae now pronounced き (ki), ひ (hi), み (mi), け (ke), へ (he), め (me), こ (ko), そ (so), と (to), の (no), も (mo), よ (yo) and ろ (ro). (The Kojiki has 88, but all later texts have 87. The distinction between mo 1 and mo 2 apparently
4136-488: The Ryūkyūan languages as dialects of Japanese. The imperial court also seems to have spoken an unusual variant of the Japanese of the time, most likely the spoken form of Classical Japanese , a writing style that was prevalent during the Heian period , but began to decline during the late Meiji period . The Ryūkyūan languages are classified by UNESCO as 'endangered', as young people mostly use Japanese and cannot understand
4224-423: The Top ( ウマ娘 プリティーダービー Road to the Top , Uma Musume Pretty Derby: Rōdo tū za Toppu ) was announced on May 4, 2022. It is animated by CygamesPictures and directed by Chengzhi Liao, with Tetsuya Kobari supervising the scripts and serving as scenario director, and Jun Yamazaki designing the characters and serving as chief animation director. The series premiered on YouTube on April 16, 2023. A compilation film of
4312-481: The Top debuted at sixth at the Japanese box office on its opening weekend. Two weeks later, the film Uma Musume Pretty Derby: Beginning of a New Era debuted at first in gross , earning over ¥354 million on its opening weekend, and at second in attendance. Masayuki Gotō, the 15th chairman of the Japan Racing Association , showed his gratitude to Uma Musume Pretty Derby for its positive influence towards
4400-546: The Victory Concert, the trainer takes Tokai Teio to the doctor. The doctor tells Tokai Teio that she has a leg fracture and that she will not race until the next spring before admitting her to hospital. Despite being on crutches while waiting for her leg to recover, Tokai Teio is determined to race in the Kikka Sho in November. This prompts the trainer to research on ways to support Tokai Teio's rehabilitation. Tokai Teio trains for
4488-543: The addition of a collective suffix (a noun suffix that indicates a group), such as -tachi , but this is not a true plural: the meaning is closer to the English phrase "and company". A group described as Tanaka-san-tachi may include people not named Tanaka. Some Japanese nouns are effectively plural, such as hitobito "people" and wareware "we/us", while the word tomodachi "friend" is considered singular, although plural in form. Verbs are conjugated to show tenses, of which there are two: past and present (or non-past) which
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#17328692601234576-425: The anime opened in Japanese theaters on May 10, 2024 for two weeks, before the release of Beginning of a New Era . An anime film titled Uma Musume Pretty Derby: Beginning of a New Era ( ウマ娘 プリティーダービー 新時代の扉 , Uma Musume Pretty Derby: Shinjidai no Tobira ) and starring Jungle Pocket was announced on December 28, 2023. It is animated by CygamesPictures and directed by Ken Yamamoto, with Kiyoko Yoshimura writing
4664-499: The anime. Team Capella ( チーム〈カペラ〉 , Chīmu Kapera ) is the rival character team for the third season of the anime, made up of members of the Satono family. BNW is the main characters of the OVA BNW's Oath . Team <Sirius> ( チーム〈シリウス〉 , Chīmu Shiriusu ) is the main character team for Part 1 of the video game's main story. Team Ascella ( チーム〈アスケラ〉 , Chīmu Asukera ) is
4752-557: The character Gold Ship. By April 2024, there will be 96 playable "horse girls" ( uma musume ) in the game. Part 2 of the main story was released in March 2024. On June 24 2024, a livestream on Pakatube! announced the release of an English version of the game. The official account of Umamusume: Pretty Derby English on X also announced this news soon after. Uma Musume Pretty Derby: Party Dash ( ウマ娘 プリティーダービー 熱血ハチャメチャ大感謝祭 , Uma Musume Puritī Dābī Nekketsu Hachamecha Daikanshasai ) , which
4840-564: The effect of changing Japanese into a mora-timed language. Late Middle Japanese covers the years from 1185 to 1600, and is normally divided into two sections, roughly equivalent to the Kamakura period and the Muromachi period , respectively. The later forms of Late Middle Japanese are the first to be described by non-native sources, in this case the Jesuit and Franciscan missionaries; and thus there
4928-605: The first two episodes being broadcast back-to-back. Crunchyroll streamed the series. The anime is directed by Kei Oikawa at P.A. Works , with scripts written by Masafumi Sugiura and Akihiro Ishihara. The Utamaro Movement composed the music at Lantis . The first season's opening theme is "Make Debut" and the ending theme is "Grow Up Shine!"; both are sung by Special Week ( Azumi Waki ), Silence Suzuka ( Marika Kōno ), Tokai Teio ( Machico ), Vodka ( Ayaka Ōhashi ), Daiwa Scarlet (Chisa Kimura), Gold Ship ( Hitomi Ueda ), and Mejiro McQueen ( Saori Ōnishi ). A second season, with
5016-449: The form of minigames . These experiences may be played singularly or in a group, and usually feature several players competing simultaneously. The first party video game is thought to be Olympic Decathlon , releasing in 1980. In 1983, Party Mix was released for the Atari, and consisted of an anthology of five multiplayer games, which began the format of party video games releasing as
5104-431: The former because of her worries about Silence Suzuka and the latter feeling weighed down by the leg injury. The trainer organises a triathlon for both teams, but Special Week and Silence Suzuka race slowly. However, after being pushed by the trainer just before the run leg, both of them run quickly, with Silence Suzuka, following a re-motivated Special Week, overcoming her fears to run back at full speed. A few years before
5192-609: The genitive particle ga remains in intentionally archaic speech. Early Middle Japanese is the Japanese of the Heian period , from 794 to 1185. It formed the basis for the literary standard of Classical Japanese , which remained in common use until the early 20th century. During this time, Japanese underwent numerous phonological developments, in many cases instigated by an influx of Chinese loanwords . These included phonemic length distinction for both consonants and vowels , palatal consonants (e.g. kya ) and labial consonant clusters (e.g. kwa ), and closed syllables . This had
5280-425: The girl's left ear, then her namesake was a mare. Team Spica ( チーム〈スピカ〉 , Chīmu Supika ) is the main character team for the first, second, and third seasons of the anime. Team Rigil ( チーム〈リギル〉 , Chīmu Rigiru ) is the rival character team for the first, second, and third seasons of the anime. Team Canopus ( チーム〈カノープス〉 , Chīmu Kanōpusu ) is the rival character team for the second and third season of
5368-500: The horse racing community in an interview on Shũkan Gallo published in December 2021. Japanese language Japanese ( 日本語 , Nihongo , [ɲihoŋɡo] ) is the principal language of the Japonic language family spoken by the Japanese people . It has around 123 million speakers, primarily in Japan , the only country where it is the national language , and within
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#17328692601235456-586: The horse she is based on, she suffers multiple injuries and struggles to remain one of the best racers. The third season features both Kitasan Black and Satono Diamond as the main characters, focusing on the relationship between the two, which will end up becoming rivals on the race course. All while Kitasan is at odds with the crowd favorite in the racehorse Duramente . Part 2 of the main story features Rhein Kraft , Cesario , Air Messiah, and Daring Heart. In reality, those four horses were born in 2002 and competed in
5544-565: The huge profit earned from the Uma Musume Pretty Derby . The manga spin-off, Uma Musume: Cinderella Grey , was nominated in the seventh Next Manga Awards for the Best Print Manga category and placed 2nd of 50 nominees. The Blu-ray release of the second season of the anime television series became the highest-selling home video release of a television anime series in Japan. The compilation film Uma Musume Pretty Derby: Road to
5632-453: The languages of the original Jōmon inhabitants, including the ancestor of the modern Ainu language . Because writing had yet to be introduced from China, there is no direct evidence, and anything that can be discerned about this period must be based on internal reconstruction from Old Japanese , or comparison with the Ryukyuan languages and Japanese dialects . The Chinese writing system
5720-449: The languages. Okinawan Japanese is a variant of Standard Japanese influenced by the Ryūkyūan languages, and is the primary dialect spoken among young people in the Ryukyu Islands . Modern Japanese has become prevalent nationwide (including the Ryūkyū islands) due to education , mass media , and an increase in mobility within Japan, as well as economic integration. Japanese is a member of
5808-427: The large quantity of English loanwords, modern Japanese has developed a distinction between [tɕi] and [ti] , and [dʑi] and [di] , with the latter in each pair only found in loanwords. Although Japanese is spoken almost exclusively in Japan, it has also been spoken outside of the country. Before and during World War II , through Japanese annexation of Taiwan and Korea , as well as partial occupation of China ,
5896-444: The main character team for Part 2 of the game's main story. The game was announced in 2016. An animated trailer by P.A. Works debuted at that year's AnimeJapan event. It was set to be released in late 2018, but was delayed until its release on February 24, 2021. The PC version was released on March 10, 2021. A YouTube channel titled Pakatube! ( ぱかチューブっ! , Pakachūbu! ) was launched on March 25, 2018. The channel features
5984-425: The only strict rule of word order is that the verb must be placed at the end of a sentence (possibly followed by sentence-end particles). This is because Japanese sentence elements are marked with particles that identify their grammatical functions. The basic sentence structure is topic–comment . For example, Kochira wa Tanaka-san desu ( こちらは田中さんです ). kochira ("this") is the topic of the sentence, indicated by
6072-470: The out-group gives a benefit to the in-group, and "up" to indicate the in-group gives a benefit to the out-group. Here, the in-group includes the speaker and the out-group does not, and their boundary depends on context. For example, oshiete moratta ( 教えてもらった ) (literally, "explaining got" with a benefit from the out-group to the in-group) means "[he/she/they] explained [it] to [me/us]". Similarly, oshiete ageta ( 教えてあげた ) (literally, "explaining gave" with
6160-415: The particle wa . The verb desu is a copula , commonly translated as "to be" or "it is" (though there are other verbs that can be translated as "to be"), though technically it holds no meaning and is used to give a sentence 'politeness'. As a phrase, Tanaka-san desu is the comment. This sentence literally translates to "As for this person, (it) is Mx Tanaka." Thus Japanese, like many other Asian languages,
6248-477: The proposed larger Altaic family, or to various Southeast Asian languages , especially Austronesian . None of these proposals have gained wide acceptance (and the Altaic family itself is now considered controversial). As it stands, only the link to Ryukyuan has wide support. Other theories view the Japanese language as an early creole language formed through inputs from at least two distinct language groups, or as
6336-459: The same structure as affirmative sentences, but with intonation rising at the end. In the formal register, the question particle -ka is added. For example, ii desu ( いいです ) "It is OK" becomes ii desu-ka ( いいですか。 ) "Is it OK?". In a more informal tone sometimes the particle -no ( の ) is added instead to show a personal interest of the speaker: Dōshite konai-no? "Why aren't (you) coming?". Some simple queries are formed simply by mentioning
6424-685: The screenplay, and Takuya Miyahara and Keigo Sasaki designing the characters. It is set to premiere in 2025. Uma Musume Pretty Derby: Sprinters’ Story ( 舞台「ウマ娘 プリティーダービー」〜Sprinters’ Story〜 ) was performed from January 15 to 29, 2023 in Stellar Ball, Shinagawa Prince Hotel, Tokyo. The story features Daitaku Helios, Yamanin Zephyr, Daiichi Ruby and K.S. Miracle in Takamatsunomiya Cup . The mobile game, within ten months of release, grossed nearly US$ 965 million in Japan by December 16, 2021. This makes it
6512-586: The scripts, Tetsuya Kobari supervising the scripts and serving as scenario director, Jun Yamazaki designing the characters and serving as chief animation director, and Masaru Yokoyama composing the music. The film opened in Japanese theaters on May 24, 2024. An anime television series adaptation of the Uma Musume: Cinderella Gray manga was announced on August 23, 2024. The series is produced by CygamesPictures and directed by Yūki Itō, with Aki Kindaichi handling series composition, Masafumi Sugiura writing
6600-430: The scripts, while Studio Kai and the rest of the main staff are returning from previous seasons. The season aired from October 5 to December 28, 2023. Team Spica head to the coast for their summer training camp, where they stay at a run-down ryokan. Team Spica split into two teams, with Special Week and Silence Suzuka, still feeling down, placed in separate teams. During training, Special Week and Silence Suzuka run slowly,
6688-461: The start of season 1, a young Tokai Teio sees Symboli Rudolf win the Tokyo Derby and extend her unbeaten winning streak. Tokai Teio then sneaks into the press conference and asks Symboli Rudulf how she can emulate her. Maruzensky responds to Tokai Teio's question by saying she needs talent, effort and luck to emulate Symboli Rudolf, while Symboli Rudolf suggests that she enrol at Tracen Academy. After
6776-797: The state as at the time the constitution was written, many of the elders participating in the process had been educated in Japanese during the South Seas Mandate over the island shown by the 1958 census of the Trust Territory of the Pacific that found that 89% of Palauans born between 1914 and 1933 could speak and read Japanese, but as of the 2005 Palau census there were no residents of Angaur that spoke Japanese at home. Japanese dialects typically differ in terms of pitch accent , inflectional morphology , vocabulary , and particle usage. Some even differ in vowel and consonant inventories, although this
6864-476: The street. (grammatically incorrect insertion of a pronoun) But one can grammatically say essentially the same thing in Japanese: 驚いた彼は道を走っていった。 Transliteration: Odoroita kare wa michi o hashitte itta. (grammatically correct) This is partly because these words evolved from regular nouns, such as kimi "you" ( 君 "lord"), anata "you" ( あなた "that side, yonder"), and boku "I" ( 僕 "servant"). This
6952-670: The topic with an interrogative intonation to call for the hearer's attention: Kore wa? "(What about) this?"; O-namae wa? ( お名前は？ ) "(What's your) name?". Negatives are formed by inflecting the verb. For example, Pan o taberu ( パンを食べる。 ) "I will eat bread" or "I eat bread" becomes Pan o tabenai ( パンを食べない。 ) "I will not eat bread" or "I do not eat bread". Plain negative forms are i -adjectives (see below) and inflect as such, e.g. Pan o tabenakatta ( パンを食べなかった。 ) "I did not eat bread". Party video game Party video games generally consist of short-term experiences which may be played in succession, and are sometimes characterized in
7040-419: The two consonants are the moraic nasal followed by a homorganic consonant. Japanese also includes a pitch accent , which is not represented in moraic writing; for example [haꜜ.ɕi] ("chopsticks") and [ha.ɕiꜜ] ("bridge") are both spelled はし ( hashi ) , and are only differentiated by the tone contour. Japanese word order is classified as subject–object–verb . Unlike many Indo-European languages ,
7128-577: The two methods were both used in writing until the 1940s. Bungo still has some relevance for historians, literary scholars, and lawyers (many Japanese laws that survived World War II are still written in bungo , although there are ongoing efforts to modernize their language). Kōgo is the dominant method of both speaking and writing Japanese today, although bungo grammar and vocabulary are occasionally used in modern Japanese for effect. The 1982 state constitution of Angaur , Palau , names Japanese along with Palauan and English as an official language of
7216-472: The two terms (''hyōjungo'' and ''kyōtsūgo'') are almost the same. Hyōjungo or kyōtsūgo is a conception that forms the counterpart of dialect. This normative language was born after the Meiji Restoration ( 明治維新 , meiji ishin , 1868) from the language spoken in the higher-class areas of Tokyo (see Yamanote ). Hyōjungo is taught in schools and used on television and in official communications. It
7304-407: The verb (e.g. yonde for earlier yomite ), the -k- in the final mora of adjectives drops out ( shiroi for earlier shiroki ); and some forms exist where modern standard Japanese has retained the earlier form (e.g. hayaku > hayau > hayɔɔ , where modern Japanese just has hayaku , though the alternative form is preserved in the standard greeting o-hayō gozaimasu "good morning"; this ending
7392-431: The world's ninth-highest-grossing mobile game in 2021 . The game grossed a total annual revenue of $ 990 million in 2021. According to data analysis from Sensor Tower, the game made a total of more than $ 2 billion as of April 2023. In 2022, for the first time in Japan, Abema , another subsidiary of CyberAgent , was able to broadcast all 64 matches of the 2022 FIFA World Cup live and free of charge, largely because of
7480-548: The world. Since Japanese first gained the consideration of linguists in the late 19th century, attempts have been made to show its genealogical relation to languages or language families such as Ainu , Korean , Chinese , Tibeto-Burman , Uralic , Altaic (or Ural-Altaic ), Austroasiatic , Austronesian and Dravidian . At the fringe, some linguists have even suggested a link to Indo-European languages , including Greek , or to Sumerian . Main modern theories try to link Japanese either to northern Asian languages, like Korean or
7568-535: Was based on 12- to 20-second-long recordings of 135 to 244 phonemes , which 42 students listened to and translated word-for-word. The listeners were all Keio University students who grew up in the Kanto region . There are some language islands in mountain villages or isolated islands such as Hachijō-jima island , whose dialects are descended from Eastern Old Japanese . Dialects of the Kansai region are spoken or known by many Japanese, and Osaka dialect in particular
7656-718: Was imported to Japan from Baekje around the start of the fifth century, alongside Buddhism. The earliest texts were written in Classical Chinese , although some of these were likely intended to be read as Japanese using the kanbun method, and show influences of Japanese grammar such as Japanese word order. The earliest text, the Kojiki , dates to the early eighth century, and was written entirely in Chinese characters, which are used to represent, at different times, Chinese, kanbun , and Old Japanese. As in other texts from this period,
7744-465: Was lost immediately following its composition.) This set of morae shrank to 67 in Early Middle Japanese , though some were added through Chinese influence. Man'yōgana also has a symbol for /je/ , which merges with /e/ before the end of the period. Several fossilizations of Old Japanese grammatical elements remain in the modern language – the genitive particle tsu (superseded by modern no )
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