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54-495: Ultratech Stepper, Inc., was founded in 1979 by Leo de Bos, located in Santa Clara, California. The product line consisted of 1x microlithography steppers, using a unique catadioptric lens design. Until 1992, Ultratech Stepper, Inc., was a subsidiary of General Signal . Previous presidents included Leo de Bos and George Rutland. In 1986, Drytek was sold to General Signal Technology Corp. Zafiropoulo remained on as President and CEO of

108-403: A chief executive or managing director , is the top-ranking corporate executive charged with the management of an organization , usually a company or a nonprofit organization . CEOs find roles in various organizations, including public and private corporations , nonprofit organizations , and even some government organizations (notably state-owned enterprises ). The governor and CEO of

162-400: A " corrector plate ") in front of a spherical primary mirror. These designs take advantage of all the surfaces being "spherically symmetrical" and were originally invented as modifications of mirror based optical systems ( reflecting telescopes ) to allow them to have an image plane relatively free of coma or astigmatism so they could be used as astrographic cameras. They work by combining

216-485: A company's business decisions, including those in operations, marketing, business development , finance, human resources , etc. The use of the CEO title is not necessarily limited to describing the head of a company. For example, the CEO of a political party is often entrusted with fundraising, particularly for election campaigns. In some countries, there is a dual board system with two separate boards, one executive board for

270-424: A corporation or company typically reports to the board of directors and is charged with maximizing the value of the business, which may include maximizing the profitability , market share , revenue , or another financial metric. In the nonprofit and government sector, CEOs typically aim at achieving outcomes related to the organization's mission, usually provided by legislation . CEOs are also frequently assigned

324-402: A facade of charm and eloquence. Traits such as courage and risk-taking, generally considered desirable, are often found alongside these psychopathic tendencies. Tara Swart, a neuroscientist at MIT Sloan School of Management , has suggested that individuals with psychopathic traits thrive in chaotic environments and are aware that others do not. As a result, they may intentionally create chaos in

378-469: A flat piece of optical glass, placing a vacuum on one side of it to curve the whole piece, then grinding and polishing the other side flat to achieve the exact shape required to correct the spherical aberration caused by the primary mirror. The design has lent itself to many Schmidt variants . The idea of replacing the complicated Schmidt corrector plate with an easy-to-manufacture full-aperture spherical meniscus lens (a meniscus corrector shell ) to create

432-456: A folded optical path that reduces the mass of the telescope, making them easier to manufacture. Many types employ “correctors”, a lens or curved mirror in a combined image-forming optical system so that the reflective or refractive element can correct the aberrations produced by its counterpart. Catadioptric dialytes are the earliest type of catadioptric telescope. They consist of a single-element refracting telescope objective combined with

486-462: A formal delegation of authority regarding business administration . Typically, responsibilities include being an active decision-maker on business strategy and other key policy issues, as well as leader , manager, and executor roles. The communicator role can involve speaking to the press and to the public, as well as to the organization's management and employees; the decision-making role involves high-level decisions about policy and strategy. The CEO

540-453: A major problem with long refractive lenses, and off-axis aberration , a major problem with reflective telescopes, is almost completely eliminated by the catadioptric system, making the image they produce suitable to fill the large focal plane of a camera. Catadioptric lenses do, however, have several drawbacks. The fact that they have a central obstruction means they cannot use an adjustable diaphragm to control light transmission. This means

594-824: A quarter of total company sales in 2003. With the financial recovery, Ultratech's always-volatile stock price soared from under US$ 10 per share in the first quarter, to the mid 30s by year end. In 2004, Ultratech formally entered the rapid thermal processing market when it shipped its Laser Processing (LP) system. Since March 2017 Ultratech has been a fully owned subsidiary of Veeco with a total revenue of $ 210M. Since at least 2004 Ultratech operates in two leased facilities, through 2011, totalling under 200,000 square feet (19,000 m) in San Jose. Operations and Corporate Headquarters are at 3050 Zanker Road, with another facility at 2880 Junction Ave. Since March 1993, its Chairman and CEO has been Arthur W. Zafiropoulo . From 2004 to 2006,

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648-559: A silver-backed negative lens (similar to a Mangin mirror). The first of these was the Hamiltonian telescope patented by W. F. Hamilton in 1814. The Schupmann medial telescope designed by German optician Ludwig Schupmann near the end of the 19th century placed the catadioptric mirror beyond the focus of the refractor primary and added a third correcting/focusing lens to the system. There are several telescope designs that take advantage of placing one or more full-diameter lenses (commonly called

702-596: A source of criticism following a dramatic rise in pay relative to the average worker's wage . For example, the relative pay was 20-to-1 in 1965 in the US, but had risen to 376-to-1 by 2000. The relative pay differs around the world, and, in some smaller countries, is still around 20-to-1. Observers differ as to whether the rise is due to competition for talent or due to lack of control by compensation committees. In recent years, investors have demanded more say over executive pay. Lack of diversity amongst chief executives has also been

756-499: A source of criticism. In 2018, 5% of Fortune 500 CEOs were women. In 2023 the number rose to 10.4% of for Women CEO's of Fortune 500 companies . The reasons for this are explained or justified in various ways, and may include biological sex differences, male and female differences in Big Five personality traits and temperament, sex differences in psychology and interests, maternity and career breaks, hypergamy , phallogocentrism ,

810-402: A spherical mirror's ability to reflect light back to the same point with a large lens at the front of the system (a corrector) that slightly bends the incoming light, allowing the spherical mirror to image objects at infinity . Some of these designs have been adapted to create compact, long-focal-length catadioptric cassegrains . The Schmidt corrector , the first full-diameter corrector plate,

864-559: A spherically concentric meniscus and was only suitable as a monochromatic astronomical camera. In a later design he added a cemented doublet to correct chromatic aberration. Dmitri Maksutov built a prototype for a similar type of meniscus telescope, the Maksutov telescope , in October 1941 and patented it in November of that same year. His design corrected spherical and chromatic aberrations by placing

918-453: A weak negative-shaped meniscus corrector closer to the primary mirror. The Houghton telescope or Lurie–Houghton telescope is a design that uses a wide compound positive-negative lens over the entire front aperture to correct spherical aberration of the main mirror. If desired, the two corrector elements can be made with the same type of glass, since the Houghton corrector's chromatic aberration

972-549: A wide-field telescope occurred to at least four optical designers in early 1940s war-torn Europe, including Albert Bouwers (1940), Dmitri Dmitrievich Maksutov (1941), K. Penning, and Dennis Gabor (1941). Wartime secrecy kept these inventors from knowing about each other's designs, leading to each being an independent invention. Albert Bouwers built a prototype meniscus telescope in August 1940 and patented it in February 1941. It used

1026-581: Is minimal. The corrector is thicker than a Schmidt-Cassegrain's front corrector, but much thinner than a Maksutov meniscus corrector. All the lens surfaces and the mirror's surface are spheroidal, greatly easing amateur construction. In sub-aperture corrector designs, the corrector elements are usually at the focus of a much larger objective. These elements can be both lenses and mirrors, but since multiple surfaces are involved, achieving good aberration correction in these systems can be very complex. Examples of sub-aperture corrector catadioptric telescopes include

1080-402: Is often used in lieu of chief executive officer. Business publicists since the days of Edward Bernays (1891–1995) and his client John D. Rockefeller (1839–1937) and even more successfully the corporate publicists for Henry Ford , promoted the concept of the " celebrity CEO". Business journalists have often adopted this approach, which assumes that the corporate achievements, especially in

1134-418: Is sometimes included as one such subordinate executive officer, but, as suggested by Anthony Johndrow, CEO of Reputation Economy Advisors, it can also be seen as "simply another way to add emphasis to the role of a modern-day CEO – where they are both the external face of, and the driving force behind, an organization culture". In the US, the term "chief executive officer" is used primarily in business, whereas

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1188-427: Is tasked with implementing the goals, targets and strategic objectives as determined by the board of directors. As an executive officer of the company, the CEO reports the status of the business to the board of directors, motivates employees, and drives change within the organization. As a manager, the CEO presides over the organization's day-to-day operations. The CEO is the person who is ultimately accountable for

1242-558: Is the annular shape of defocused areas of the image, giving a doughnut-shaped 'iris blur' or bokeh , caused by the shape of the entrance pupil . Several companies made catadioptric lenses throughout the later part of the 20th century. Nikon (under the Mirror- Nikkor and later Reflex- Nikkor names) and Canon both offered several designs, such as 500 mm 1:8 and 1000 mm 1:11. Smaller companies such as Tamron , Samyang , Vivitar , and Opteka also offered several versions, with

1296-532: Is to prevent a conflict of interest and too much power being concentrated in the hands of one person. In the United States, the board of directors (elected by the shareholders ) is often equivalent to the supervisory board, while the executive board may often be known as the executive committee (the division/subsidiary heads and C-level officers that report directly to the CEO). In the United States, and in business,

1350-703: The Argunov–Cassegrain telescope , the Klevtsov–Cassegrain telescope and sub-aperture corrector Maksutovs, which use as a " secondary mirror " an optical group consisting of lens elements and sometimes mirrors designed to correct aberration, as well as Jones-Bird Newtonian telescopes, which use a spherical primary mirror combined with a small corrector lens mounted near the focus. Various types of catadioptric systems are also used in camera lenses known alternatively as catadioptric lenses ( CATs ), reflex lenses , or mirror lenses . These lenses use some form of

1404-541: The Dictionary says that the use of "CEO" as an acronym for a chief executive officer originated in Australia , with the first attestation being in 1914. The first American usage cited is from 1972. The responsibilities of an organization's CEO are set by the organization's board of directors or other authority, depending on the organization's structure. They can be far-reaching or quite limited, and are typically enshrined in

1458-711: The U.S. District Court for the District of Massachusetts . In March 2004 the SVGL counter suit was dismissed. Meanwhile, in the original suit, the Virginia Court ruled in a preliminary determination against Ultratrech and in favor of ASML. Ultratech appealed to the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit in Washington, D.C. , which then reversed the prior Virginia determination and remanded

1512-450: The 1820s, Augustin-Jean Fresnel developed several catadioptric lighthouse reflector versions of his Fresnel lens . Léon Foucault developed a catadioptric microscope in 1859 to counteract aberrations of using a lens to image objects at high power. In 1876 a French engineer, A. Mangin, invented what has come to be called the Mangin mirror , a concave glass reflector with the silver surface on

1566-634: The Board of the newly independent Ultratech Stepper. Throughout the 1990s, the company retained that name, reflecting its original core business. The company went public on the Nasdaq stock exchange, with the ticker symbol UTEK. In 1998, Ultratech Stepper, Inc. acquired the assets of Integrated Solutions, Inc. ("ISI"), a privately held manufacturer of i-line and deep ultraviolet (UV) reduction lithography systems based in Tewksbury (Massachusetts) and Austin (Texas), and thus

1620-535: The CEO is also the president, is the vice president (VP). An organization may have more than one vice president, each tasked with a different area of responsibility (e.g., VP of finance, VP of human resources). Examples of subordinate executive officers who typically report to the CEO include the chief operating officer (COO), chief financial officer (CFO), chief strategy officer (CSO), chief marketing officer (CMO) and chief business officer (CBO). The public relations -focused position of chief reputation officer

1674-669: The Drytek subsidiary with General Signal. In September 1992, Zafiropoulo reformed Ultratech Stepper , as a separate company, to acquire certain assets and liabilities of the Ultratech Stepper Division of General Signal. Zafiropoulo continued to serve as President of the division until its independence in March 1993. In March 1993 the new company became independent, and Zafiropoulo became the President, Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of

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1728-514: The President and COO was John E. Denzel . Arthur W. Zafiropoulo is currently the Chairman, Chief Executive Officer and President. Within the United States, as of 2004, sales and support offices are also leased in Woburn, Massachusetts and Dallas , Texas . Subsidiaries of Ultratech, Inc. within the United States as of 2004 are: International subsidiaries of Ultratech, Inc. as of 2004 are: Outside

1782-525: The UK, chief executive and chief executive officer are used in local government , where their position in law is described as the "head of paid service", and in business and in the charitable sector . As of 2013 , the use of the term director for senior charity staff is deprecated to avoid confusion with the legal duties and responsibilities associated with being a charity director or trustee, which are normally non-executive (unpaid) roles. The term managing director

1836-814: The United States, Ultratech also maintains offices in France, Taiwan and the Philippines. Catadioptric system A catadioptric optical system is one where refraction and reflection are combined in an optical system, usually via lenses ( dioptrics ) and curved mirrors ( catoptrics ). Catadioptric combinations are used in focusing systems such as searchlights , headlamps , early lighthouse focusing systems, optical telescopes , microscopes , and telephoto lenses . Other optical systems that use lenses and mirrors are also referred to as "catadioptric", such as surveillance catadioptric sensors . Catadioptric combinations have been used for many early optical systems. In

1890-801: The XLS reduction lithography platform of that company (in fact a legacy of the GCA company of which ISI was the successor). On February 29, 2000 Ultratech Stepper filed federal patent infringement suits against Nikon , Canon and ASML in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia . Nikon settled in April 2000, and Canon settled in September 2001. But on October 12, 2001 ASML's wholly owned subsidiary Silicon Valley Group , Inc. brought counter suit against Ultratech through their division SVG Lithography Systems, in

1944-422: The arena of manufacturing, are produced by uniquely talented individuals, especially the "heroic CEO". In effect, journalists celebrate a CEO who takes distinctive strategic actions. The model is the celebrity in entertainment, sports, and politics – compare the " great man theory ". Guthey et al. argues that "...these individuals are not self-made, but rather are created by a process of widespread media exposure to

1998-468: The case back down to the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California . For the year 2000 sales came in under US$ 150 million, including a nearly US$ 16 million non-operating gain that year from the sale of some land. The more than US$ 4 million impairment related to Ultratech's XLS reduction product platform which had been acquired in 1998. The restructuring included elimination of 20% of

2052-617: The case of a partnership , an executive officer is a managing partner, senior partner, or administrative partner. In the case of a limited liability company , an executive officer is any member, manager, or officer. Depending on the organization, a CEO may have several subordinate executives to help run the day-to-day administration of the company, each of whom has specific functional responsibilities referred to as senior executives, executive officers or corporate officers. Subordinate executives are given different titles in different organizations, but one common category of subordinate executive, if

2106-470: The cassegrain design which greatly reduces the physical length of the optical assembly, partly by folding the optical path, but mostly through the telephoto effect of the convex secondary mirror which multiplies the focal length many times (up to 4 to 5 times). This creates lenses with focal lengths from 250 mm up to and beyond 1000 mm that are much shorter and compact than their long-focus or telephoto counterparts. Moreover, chromatic aberration ,

2160-450: The day-to-day business and one supervisory board for control purposes (selected by the shareholders). In these countries, the CEO presides over the executive board and the chairperson presides over the supervisory board, and these two roles will always be held by different people. This ensures a distinction between management by the executive board and governance by the supervisory board. This allows for clear lines of authority. The aim

2214-492: The executive officers are usually the top officers of a corporation, the chief executive officer (CEO) being the best-known type. The definition varies; for instance, the California Corporate Disclosure Act defines "executive officers" as the five most highly compensated officers not also sitting on the board of directors. In the case of a sole proprietorship , an executive officer is the sole proprietor. In

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2268-562: The existence of old boy networks , tradition, and the lack of female role models in that regard. Some countries have passed laws mandating boardroom gender quotas. In 2023 Rockefeller Foundation awarded a grant to Korn Ferry to research strategies and then action a plan to help more women to become CEO's. There are contentious claims that a significant number of CEO's have psychopathic tendencies, often characterized by power-seeking behavior and dominance. These individuals can often conceal their ruthlessness and antisocial behavior behind

2322-501: The lens's F-number value is fixed to the overall designed focal ratio of the optical system (the diameter of the primary mirror divided into the focal length). The inability to stop down the lens results in the catadioptric lens having a short depth of field. Exposure is usually adjusted by the placement of neutral density filters on the front or rear of the lens. Their modulation transfer function shows low contrast at low spatial frequencies . Finally, their most salient characteristic

2376-415: The loss. The restructuring included an additional reduction in workforce by 15% in September. In 2003 sales rebounded to over US$ 100 million, and the company posted a profit, benefitted by inventory and product sales which had been previously written down, thus gaining over US$ 1.6 million of the profit for 2003. Intel Corp. accounted for 26% of Ultratech's sales. Sales to nanotechnology manufacturers reached

2430-470: The original Mangin, and some even predate Mangin's invention. Catadioptric telescopes are optical telescopes that combine specifically shaped mirrors and lenses to form an image. This is usually done so that the telescope can have an overall greater degree of error correction than their all-lens or all-mirror counterparts, with a consequently wider aberration-free field of view . Their designs can have simple all-spherical surfaces and can take advantage of

2484-409: The point that their actions, personalities, and even private lives function symbolically to represent significant dynamics and tensions prevalent in the contemporary business atmosphere". Journalism thereby exaggerates the importance of the CEO and tends to neglect harder-to-describe broader corporate factors. There is little attention to the intricately organized technical bureaucracy that actually does

2538-504: The rear side of the glass. The two surfaces of the reflector have different radii to correct the aberration of the spherical mirror. Light passes through the glass twice, making the overall system act like a triplet lens . Mangin mirrors were used in searchlights, where they produced a nearly true parallel beam. Many Catadioptric telescopes use negative lenses with a reflective coating on the backside that are referred to as “Mangin mirrors”, although they are not single-element objectives like

2592-793: The role of the main manager of the organization and the highest-ranking officer in the C-suite . The term "chief executive officer" is attested as early as 1782, when an ordinance of the Congress of the Confederation of the United States of America used the term to refer to governors and other leaders of the executive branches of each of the Thirteen Colonies . In draft additions to the Oxford English Dictionary published online in 2011,

2646-409: The term "executive director" is used primarily in the not-for-profit sector. These terms are generally mutually exclusive and refer to distinct legal duties and responsibilities. The CEO is the highest-ranking executive in a company, making corporate decisions, managing operations, allocating resources, and serving as the main point of communication between the board of directors and the company. In

2700-510: The three latter of these brands still actively producing a number of catadioptric lenses for use in modern system cameras. Sony (formerly Minolta) offered a 500 mm catadioptric lens for their Alpha range of cameras. The Sony lens had the distinction of being the only reflex lens manufactured by a major brand to feature auto-focus (aside from the identical Minolta-manufactured lens that preceded Sony's production). Chief Executive Officer A chief executive officer ( CEO ), also known as

2754-457: The work. Hubris sets in when the CEO internalizes the celebrity and becomes excessively self-confident in making complex decisions. There may be an emphasis on the sort of decisions that attract the celebrity journalists . Research published in 2009 by Ulrike Malmendier and Geoffrey Tate indicates that "firms with award-winning CEOs subsequently underperform, in terms both of stock and of operating performance". Executive compensation has been

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2808-427: The workforce in September. Suffering from the three-year technology bear market and the 2001 recession, for the year 2002 Ultratech sales revenue dropped nearly by half, to under US$ 69 million, with more than half that amount showing as yet another major operating loss. Three more charges hit the company that year, from inventory write-downs, discontinued products and more restructuring, totalling nearly US$ 11 million of

2862-790: The workplace. This perspective is explored in the book Snakes in Suits , co-authored by Robert D. Hare . However, Scott Lilienfeld has argued that the attention given to psychopathy in the workplace by both the media and scholars has far exceeded the available scientific evidence. Emilia Bunea, writing in Psychology Today , has linked psychopathic traits in managers to workplace bullying , employee dissatisfaction, and turnover intentions. Despite this, Bunea cautions that excessive worry about supposed psychopathic managers could discourage individuals from pursuing careers in corporations and deter employees from addressing issues with difficult bosses. In

2916-563: Was used in Bernhard Schmidt 's 1931 Schmidt camera . The Schmidt camera is a wide-field photographic telescope, with the corrector plate at the center of curvature of the primary mirror, producing an image at a focus inside the tube assembly at the prime focus where a curved film plate or detector is mounted. The relatively thin and lightweight corrector allows Schmidt cameras to be constructed in diameters up to 1.3 m. The corrector's complex shape takes several processes to make, starting with

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