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83-581: The city is connected to Baicheng, Jilin by the Baicheng–Arxan railway ( Chinese : 白阿铁路 ), which runs through the pass south of Ulanhot. China's National Highway 302 runs from Tumen, Jilin to Ulanhot. In the 7918 Network of Highways it will be on the route from Hunchun to Ulanhot . The city is also served by Ulanhot Yilelite Airport ( ICAO code ZBUL, IATA code HLH). Routes flown by Air China and Hainan Airlines connect Ulanhot with Beijing Capital International Airport and Hohhot . Just outside

166-1381: A 2023 government publication, 93.65% of Baicheng is ethnically Han Chinese . Of the remaining 6.35%, the largest ethnic minorities in the city include the Mongols (3.51%), the Manchu (1.92%), Koreans (0.58%), and the Hui (0.21%). As of 2023, Baicheng has eight ethnic townships under its jurisdiction: Deshun Mongol Ethnic Township  [ zh ] in Taobei District , Xin'aili Mongol Ethnic Township  [ zh ] in Da'an , Hulitu Mongol Ethnic Township  [ zh ] and Huhecheli Mongol Ethnic Township  [ zh ] in Taonan , Momoge Mongol Ethnic Township  [ zh ] and Hatuqi Mongol Ethnic Township  [ zh ] in Zhenlai County , and Xianghai Mongol Ethnic Township  [ zh ] and Baolawendu Mongol Ethnic Township  [ zh ] in Tongyu County . 43.3% of Baicheng's population lived in urban areas as of 2022. As of 2022, 50.2% of Baicheng's population

249-478: A Han Chinese woman (surname Zhang); it is unknown which of them was Shi Tianze's mother. Shi Tianze was married to two Jurchen women, a Han Chinese woman, and a Korean woman, and his son Shi Gang was born to one of his Jurchen wives. His Jurchen wives' surnames were Monian and Nahe, his Korean wife's surname was Li, and his Han Chinese wife's surname was Shi. Shi Tianze defected to the Mongol forces upon their invasion of

332-731: A bell tower and drum tower to announce the night curfew (which was revived after being abolished under the Song). The Jurchens followed Khitan precedent of living in tents amidst the Chinese-style architecture, which were in turn based on the Song dynasty Kaifeng model. A significant branch of Taoism called the Quanzhen School was founded under the Jin Dynasty by Han Chinese Wang Zhe (1113–1170), founder of formal congregations in 1167 and 1168. He took

415-555: A clear separation between the sedentary population who had lived under Liao rule, and the sedentary population who formerly lived under Northern Song rule but had never been under Liao rule. The former they referred to as hanren or yanren while the latter they referred to as nanren . Because the Jin had few contacts with its southern neighbour, the Song dynasty, different cultural developments took place in both states. Within Confucianism ,

498-512: A complete Canon for printing. After sending people on a "nationwide search for scriptures" that yielded 1,074 fascicles of text that had not been included in the Huizong edition of the Canon and also securing donations to fund the new printing, Sun Mingdao proceeded to have the new woodblocks cut in 1192. The final print consisted of 6,455 fascicles. Despite records that the Jin emperors offered copies of

581-583: A depleted military force, Wanyan Liang failed to make headway in his attempted invasion of the Southern Song dynasty. Finally he was assassinated by his own generals in December 1161, due to his defeats. His son and heir was also assassinated in the capital. Although crowned in October, Wanyan Yong (Emperor Shizong) was not officially recognised as emperor until the murder of Wanyan Liang's heir. The Khitan uprising

664-639: A new official edition of the Canon printed by the Northern Song. Completed in 1173, the Jin Tripitaka counted about 7,000 fascicles, "a major achievement in the history of Buddhist private printing." It was further expanded during the Yuan dynasty . Buddhism thrived during the Jin period, both in its relation with the imperial court and in society in general. Many sutras were also carved on stone tablets. The donors who funded such inscriptions included members of

747-514: A rather dry, monsoon -influenced, humid continental climate ( Köppen Dwa ), with long (lasting from November to March), very cold, windy, but dry winters due to the influence of the Siberian high , and hot, humid summers, due to the East Asian monsoon . The coldest month, January, averages −16.1 °C (3.0 °F), while the warmest month, July, averages 23.5 °C (74.3 °F); the annual mean

830-541: A regional transportation hub in western Jilin province. One more rail line connecting Changchun was opened in the mid-1930s as well. During the Second Sino-Japanese War , the entire area was brought under the control of Longjiang province ( Chinese : 龙江省 ; pinyin : Lóngjiāng shěng ), part of Manchukuo . By 1938 the area was renamed to Baicheng, which in Chinese means white town . The name's origin

913-452: A span of 23 years, the Jin were ultimately conquered by the Mongols in 1234. The Jin dynasty was officially known as the "Great Jin" (大金), with Jin meaning "gold". The Jurchen word for "gold", and therefore also for their state name, was alchun . Furthermore, the Jin emperors referred to their state as China, Zhongguo ( 中國 ), just as some other non-Han dynasties. Non-Han rulers expanded

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996-419: Is male , and 49.8% is female . As of 2022, Baicheng's gross domestic product (GDP) totaled 57.486 billion renminbi (RMB). Its primary sector accounted for 29.2% of its GDP, while its secondary sector accounted for 18.9%, and its tertiary sector accounted for 51.9%. The per capita disposable income of urban residents in the city was 29,109 RMB, an increase of 2.4% over the previous year, while

1079-484: Is 5.5 °C (41.9 °F). More than 70% of the annual precipitation falls from June to August alone. Drought conditions are common in spring and autumn; from 1961 to 2009, there were 31 years with spring drought and 28 with autumn drought. Baicheng directly administers one district , two counties , and two county-level cities . These county-level divisions then in turn administer 31 subdistricts , 38 towns , and 35 townships (including 8 ethnic townships ). Per

1162-633: Is designed to handle 200,000 passengers and 700 tons of cargo annually by 2020. As of 2022, Baicheng has one art gallery , five cultural centers , six museums , and six public libraries . The city has seven radio stations and six television channels . As of 2022, the city has 1,947 medical institutions, including 49 hospitals , 6 maternal and child health care institutions, 5 specialized disease prevention and treatment institutions, 6 disease prevention and control centers, 11 community service centers, 92 township health centers, and 847 clinics, health centers, medical offices, and nursing stations. At

1245-475: Is located in the town of Taohe ( 洮河 ) in Taobei District , 16.5 kilometres (10.3 mi) from the city center. It has been under construction since October 26, 2012. The total investment is 480 million yuan. The airport was opened on 31 March 2017, the fifth civil airport in Jilin province. The airport has a runway that is 2,500 meters long and 45 meters wide (class 4C), and a 4,471 square-meter terminal building. It

1328-464: Is the Mongolian name of the city Chaghanhot , which also means "white town". After the liberation of the area from Japanese forces on August 15, 1945, all counties in the area were placed under the jurisdiction of Nenjiang province . In 1946, Communist forces took the area, and it was placed under the jurisdiction of Nenjiang province and Liaoji province  [ zh ] . The following year,

1411-717: The Alliance Conducted at Sea with the Han -led Northern Song dynasty and agreed to jointly invade the Liao dynasty. While the Song armies faltered, the Jurchens succeeded in driving the Liao to Central Asia . In 1125, after the death of Aguda, the Jin dynasty broke its alliance with the Song dynasty and invaded north China. When the Song dynasty reclaimed the Han-populated Sixteen Prefectures , they were "fiercely resisted" by

1494-590: The Canon as gifts, not a single fragment of it is known to have survived. A Buddhist Canon or "Tripitaka" was also produced in Shanxi , the same place where an enhanced version of the Jin-sponsored Taoist Canon would be reprinted in 1244. The project was initiated in 1139 by a Buddhist nun named Cui Fazhen, who swore (and allegedly "broke her arm to seal the oath") that she would raise the necessary funds to make

1577-625: The Great Jin ( 大金 ; Dà Jīn ), was an imperial dynasty of China that existed between 1115 and 1234. As the ruling Wanyan clan was of Jurchen descent, it is also sometimes called the Jurchen dynasty or the Jurchen Jin . At its peak, the empire extended from Outer Manchuria in the north to the Qinling–Huaihe Line in the south. The Jin dynasty emerged from Wanyan Aguda 's rebellion against

1660-722: The Heishui Mohe in the north, named after the Heilong River , and the Sumo Mohe in the south, named after the Songhua River . From the Heishui Mohe emerged the Jurchens in the forested mountain areas of eastern Manchuria and Russia's Primorsky Krai . The Wuguo ("Five Nations") federation that existed to the northeast of modern Jilin are also considered to be ancestors of the Jurchens. The Jurchens were mentioned in historical records for

1743-463: The Huai River to the Jin dynasty and the execution of Song general Yue Fei in return for peace. The peace treaty was formally ratified on 11 October 1142 when a Jin envoy visited the Song court. Having conquered Kaifeng and occupied northern China, the Jin later deliberately chose earth as its dynastic element and yellow as its royal color. According to the theory of the wuxing ('five elements'),

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1826-723: The Khitan people . During the Khitan-founded Liao dynasty , the area was incorporated as part of the Changchun Prefecture  [ zh ] , the seat of which was located in the ancient city of Chengsijiazi ( Chinese : 城四家子 ; pinyin : Chéngsìjiāzǐ ), located in present-day Deshun Mongol Ethnic Township  [ zh ] in Taobei District . Four emperors of the Liao dynasty were based out of Changchun Prefecture: Emperor Shengzong , Emperor Xingzong , Emperor Daozong , and Emperor Tianzuo . During this time,

1909-604: The Liao dynasty (916–1125), which held sway over northern China until being driven by the nascent Jin to the Western Regions , where they would become known in Chinese historiography as the Western Liao . After conquering the Liao territory, the Jin launched a century-long campaign against the Song dynasty (960–1279) based in southern China, whose rulers were ethnically Han Chinese . Over

1992-669: The Neo-Confucian "Learning of the Way" that developed and became orthodox in Song did not take root in Jin. Jin scholars put more emphasis on the work of northern Song scholar and poet Su Shi (1037–1101) rather than on Zhu Xi 's (1130–1200) scholarship that constituted the foundation of the Learning of the Way. The Jin pursued a revival of Tang dynasty urban design with architectural projects in Kaifeng and Zhongdu (modern Beijing), building for instance

2075-556: The Qing dynasty , the area belonged to the Khorchin Mongols . As Qing government forbade the settlement of Han Chinese in the 19th century, no farming was allowed until 1902. In 1902, under the reign of Emperor Guangxu , the Qing government approved the opening of the area to settlement. In 1904, Taonan Fu  [ zh ] was established in the area, which was under the jurisdiction of

2158-556: The Shengjing General  [ zh ] . In the same year, Kaitong County ( Chinese : 开通县 ; pinyin : Kāitōng Xiàn ) and Jing'an County ( Chinese : 靖安县 ; pinyin : Jìng'ān Xiàn ) were established within Taonan Fu. In 1905, Anguang County ( Chinese : 安广县 ; pinyin : Ānguǎng Xiàn ) was established as part of Taonan Fu. In December 1905, Dalai Ting ( Chinese : 大赉厅 ; pinyin : Dàlài Tīng )

2241-572: The Southern Song dynasty in 1161. Meanwhile, two simultaneous rebellions erupted in Shangjing , at the Jurchens' former power base: led by Wanyan Liang's cousin, soon-to-be crowned Wanyan Yong , and the other of Khitan tribesmen. Wanyan Liang had to withdraw Jin troops from southern China to quell the uprisings. The Jin forces were defeated by Song forces in the Battle of Caishi and Battle of Tangdao . With

2324-697: The Upper Paleolithic era. The area was subsequently inhabited by the nomadic Donghu from the period of the Shang dynasty through to the Qin dynasty . It would later be inhabited by the Xianbei and formed part of Buyeo from the period of the Han dynasty through to the Northern and Southern dynasties . During the time of the Sui dynasty and Tang dynasty , the area was inhabited by

2407-411: The "Newly Submitted Army" ( 新附軍 ). Genghis Khan died in 1227 while his armies were attacking Western Xia. His successor, Ögedei Khan, invaded the Jin dynasty again in 1232 with assistance from the Southern Song dynasty . The Jurchens tried to resist; but when the Mongols besieged Kaifeng in 1233, Emperor Aizong fled south to the city of Caizhou . A Song–Mongol allied army surrounded the capital, and

2490-518: The Han Chinese population there who had previously been under Liao rule, while when the Jurchens invaded that area, the Han Chinese did not oppose them at all and handed over the Southern Capital (present-day Beijing , then known as Yanjing) to them. The Jurchens were supported by the anti-Song, Beijing-based noble Han clans. The Han Chinese who worked for the Liao were viewed as hostile enemies by

2573-553: The Imperial Jurchen Academy was founded, and the imperial examinations started to be offered in the Jurchen language. Emperor Shizong 's reign (1161–1189) was remembered by the posterity as the time of comparative peace and prosperity, and the emperor himself was compared to the mythological rulers Yao and Shun . Poor Jurchen families in the southern Routes (Daming and Shandong) Battalion and Company households tried to live

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2656-541: The Imperial palaces in Kaifeng, the capital of the Northern Song dynasty, capturing both Emperor Qinzong and his father, Emperor Huizong , who had abdicated in panic in the face of the Jin invasion. Following the fall of Bianjing, the succeeding Southern Song dynasty continued to fight the Jin dynasty for over a decade, eventually signing the Treaty of Shaoxing in 1141, which called for the cession of all Song territories north of

2739-450: The Jin "eastern capital", and in 1213 they besieged the "central capital", Zhongdu (present-day Beijing ). In 1214 the Jin made a humiliating treaty but retained the capital. That summer, Emperor Xuanzong abandoned the central capital and moved the government to the "southern capital" Kaifeng , making it the official seat of the Jin dynasty's power. In 1216, a hawkish faction in the Jin imperial court persuaded Emperor Xuanzong to attack

2822-434: The Jin dynasty merged Jurchen customs with institutions adopted from the Liao and Song dynasties. The pre-dynastic Jurchen government was based on the quasi-egalitarian tribal council. Jurchen society at the time did not have a strong political hierarchy. The Shuo Fu ( 說郛 ) records that the Jurchen tribes were not ruled by central authority and locally elected their chieftains. Tribal customs were retained after Aguda united

2905-507: The Jin dynasty. His son, Shi Gang, married a Keraite woman; the Keraites were Mongolified Turkic people and considered as part of the "Mongol nation". Shi Tianze, Zhang Rou, Yan Shi and other Han Chinese who served in the Jin dynasty and defected to the Mongols helped build the structure for the administration of the new Mongol state. The Mongols created a Han army out of defecting Jin troops, and another army out of defected Song troops called

2988-417: The Jin imperial family, high officials, common people, and Buddhist priests. Some sutras have only survived from these carvings and thus they are important in the study of Chinese Buddhism. At the same time, the Jin court sold monk certificates for revenue. This practice was initiated in 1162 by Emperor Shizong to fund his wars, and stopped three years later when the wars were over. His successor Zhanzong used

3071-512: The Jin southern capital Kaifeng (the former Northern Song capital) to the central capital's "Abbey of Celestial Perpetuity" ( Tianchang guan 天長觀), on the site of what is now the White Cloud Temple in Beijing. Other Daoist writings were also moved there from another abbey in the central capital. Zhangzong instructed the abbey's superintendent Sun Mingdao (孫明道) and two civil officials to prepare

3154-530: The Jurchen tribes and formed the Jin dynasty, coexisting alongside more centralised institutions. The Jin dynasty had five capitals, a practice they adopted from the Balhae and the Liao. The Jin had to overcome the difficulties of controlling a multicultural empire composed of territories once ruled by the Liao and Northern Song. The solution of the early Jin government was to establish separate government structures for different ethnic groups. The Jin court maintained

3237-565: The Jurchens as the Liao violently extorted annual tribute from the Jurchen tribes. Leveraging the Jurchens' desire for independence from the Khitans, chief Wugunai (1021–1074) of the Wanyan clan rose to prominence, dominating all of eastern Manchuria from Mount Changbai to the Wuguo tribes. According to tradition, Wugunai was a sixth generation descendant of Hanpu while his father held a military title from

3320-519: The Khitan Xiao Zhala defected and commanded the three tumens in the Mongol army. Liu Heima and Shi Tianze served Genghis Khan's successor, Ögedei Khan . Liu Heima and Shi Tianxiang led armies against Western Xia for the Mongols. There were four Han tumens and three Khitan tumens, with each tumen consisting of 10,000 troops. The three Khitan generals Shimo Beidi'er , Tabuyir , and Xiao Zhongxi  [ zh ] (Xiao Zhala's son) commanded

3403-448: The Liao court, although the title did not confer or hold any real power. As described, Wugunai was a great warrior, eater, drinker, and lover of women. His grandson Aguda eventually founded the Jin dynasty. The Jin dynasty was created in modern Jilin and Heilongjiang by the Jurchen tribal chieftain Aguda in 1115. According to tradition, Aguda was a descendant of Hanpu . Aguda adopted

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3486-489: The Liao dynasty, but they also sent a number of tributary and trade missions to the Song capital of Kaifeng , which the Liao tried unsuccessfully to prevent. Some Jurchens paid tribute to Goryeo and sided with the latter during the Khitan–Goryeo War . They offered tribute to both courts out of political necessity and for material benefits. In the 11th century there was widespread discontent against Khitan rule among

3569-456: The Mongols. The Jurchen Jin emperor Wanyan Yongji 's daughter, Jurchen Princess Qiguo was married to Mongol leader Genghis Khan in exchange for relieving the Mongol siege of Zhongdu in the Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty . Many Han Chinese and Khitans defected to the Mongols to fight against the Jin dynasty. Two Han Chinese leaders, Shi Tianze and Liu Heima  [ zh ] , and

3652-624: The Mysterious Metropolis of the Great Jin ( Da Jin Xuandu baozang 大金玄都寶藏). Based on a smaller version of the Canon printed by Emperor Huizong (r. 1100–1125) of the Song, it was completed in 1192 under the direction and support of Emperor Zhangzong (r. 1190–1208). In 1188, Zhangzong's grandfather and predecessor Shizong (r. 1161–1189) ordered for the Song Canon woodblocks to be transferred from

3735-522: The Song dynasty, but in 1219 they were defeated at the same place by the Yangtze River where Wanyan Liang had been defeated in 1161. The Jin dynasty now faced a two front war that they could not afford. Furthermore, Emperor Aizong won a succession struggle against his brother and then quickly ended the war and went back to the capital. He made peace with the Tanguts of Western Xia, who had been allied with

3818-527: The Song dynasty. Song Han Chinese also defected to the Jin. One crucial mistake that the Song made during this joint attack was the removal of the defensive forest it originally built along the Song-Liao border. Because of the removal of this landscape barrier, in 1126/27, the Jin army marched quickly across the North China Plain to Bianjing (present-day Kaifeng ). On 9 January 1127, the Jurchens ransacked

3901-429: The annual mean is 5.03 °C (41.1 °F). Over two-thirds of the annual rainfall occurs from May to August. Secondary schools in Ulanhot include: Baicheng Baicheng ( Chinese : 白城市 ; pinyin : Báichéng Shì ; lit. 'White City') is a prefecture-level city in the northwestern part of Jilin province, China , bordering Inner Mongolia to the north and west and Heilongjiang to

3984-464: The area of Baicheng was modified multiple times, as were its internal borders. In July 1987, Tao'an County was reorganized as Taonan , a county-level city , which it remains today. In November 1988, Da'an County was also reorganized to be a county-level city, which it remains today. Baicheng underwent multiple more border changes in the early 1990s. In August 1993, it was reorganized as a prefecture-level city , which it remains today. Situated in

4067-435: The area was a major political, military, economic, and cultural center of the Liao Dynasty. During the Jin dynasty , Changchun Prefecture remained intact until 1150, when it was reorganized as Changchun County ( Chinese : 长春县 ; pinyin : Chángchūn Xiàn ), which was placed under the jurisdiction of Zhao Prefecture  [ zh ] . In 1198, the area was re-organized as Tai Prefecture  [ zh ] ,

4150-414: The area was reorganized as part of Liaobei province  [ zh ] . In 1949, it was moved back to Heilongjiang province. The area was moved again to Jilin province in 1954. In August of that year, the area was reorganized as Baichengzi zone ( Chinese : 白城子专区 ; pinyin : Báichéngzǐ zhuānqū ). The following year, it was renamed to Baicheng. From the late 1950s throughout the late 1970s,

4233-413: The ban on Jurchen nobility marrying outside of their ethnicity was only annulled in 1191. Following the death of Emperor Taizong in 1135, each of the next three emperors were the remaining grandsons of Aguda , each by a different one of his sons. Emperor Xizong ( r.   1135–1149) studied the classics and wrote Chinese poetry. He adopted Han Chinese cultural traditions, but the Jurchen nobles had

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4316-479: The city is 25,758.73 square kilometres (9,945.50 sq mi), occupying 13.7% of the provincial area. The eastern part of the Greater Khingan Mountains lies in the northwest of Baicheng. Grassland and wetlands are prominent throughout the city's southeastern part. Baicheng is bordered by Songyuan to its east and southeast. It is bordered by Horqin Right Middle Banner , Tuquan County , and Horqin Right Front Banner in Hinggan League in Inner Mongolia to

4399-528: The city is a tomb from the Yuan dynasty and a temple dedicated to Genghis Khan . The temple was constructed in 1940. In the year 2002 it received funds for significant expansion. Ulanhot is divided into 10 subdistricts and 4 towns . Others: Ulan Hot has a monsoon -influenced humid continental climate ( Köppen Dwa ). Winters are long, cold and dry, while summers are very warm. The monthly 24-hour mean temperature ranges from −15.0 °C (5.0 °F) in January to 22.9 °C (73.2 °F) in July, and

4482-414: The course of the Jin's rule, their emperors adapted to Han customs and even fortified the Great Wall against the ascendant Mongol Empire . The Jin also oversaw a number of internal cultural advances, such as the revival of Confucianism . The Mongols under Genghis Khan invaded in 1211, inflicting several crushing defeats upon Jin armies. After a sequence of defeats, revolts, defections, and coups over

4565-509: The definition of "China" to include non-Han peoples in addition to Han people whenever they ruled China. Jin documents indicate that the usage of "China" by dynasties to refer to themselves began earlier than previously thought. The progenitors of the Jin and the Jurchen people were the Mohe people , who lived in what is now Northeast China . The Mohe were a primarily sedentary people who practiced hunting, pig farming, and grew crops such as soybean, wheat, millet, and rice. Horses were rare in

4648-438: The earth element follows the fire, the dynastic element of the Song, in the sequence of elemental creation. Therefore, this ideological move shows that the Jin regarded the Song reign of China was officially over and themselves as the rightful ruler of China Proper. The decision to choose "earth" (signalling the Jin as successor of the Song) was chosen against the alternative suggestion of linking Jin (literally meaning "gold") with

4731-432: The east and northeast. At the 2010 census , 2,033,058 people lived within its administrative area of 25,683 km (9,916 sq mi). By 1938 the area was renamed to Baicheng, which in Chinese means white town . The name's origin is the Mongolian name of the city Chaghanhot , which also means "white town". The area of present-day Baicheng has been inhabited by humans for more than 12,000 years, dating back to

4814-616: The economy. It is home to the Baicheng Weapons Test Centre. The total retail sales of consumer goods in Baicheng totaled 15.319 billion RMB in 2022. Baicheng was home to 3.203 billion RMB-worth of foreign trade in 2022. Baicheng railway station is a railway hub in western Jilin Province. It is the terminus of the Changchun–Baicheng railway . There are multiple daily departures to other cities including Beijing, Harbin, Changchun, Shenyang, Dalian, Qiqihar, Ulanhot and several other cities in northern provinces of China. Expressways National highways (GXXX): Baicheng Chang'an Airport

4897-407: The element of metal. This rejected suggestion was based on a nativist current that distanced the Jin from the Song and interpreted the Jin as an autonomous development rooted in Northeast Asia unrelated to the precedents of Chinese dynasties. However, the emperor dismissed the "metal" suggestion. After taking over northern China, the Jin became increasingly sinicised . Over the span of twenty years,

4980-439: The end of the year, Baicheng's health institutions had 9,248 beds, of which, 8,980 were located in hospitals and health centers. The city has 13,340 healthcare professionals, including 5,508 practicing assistant doctors , 4,397 practicing doctors, and 5,869 registered nurses . Jin dynasty (1115%E2%80%931234) The Jin dynasty ( / dʒ ɪ n / , Chinese : 金朝 ; pinyin : Jīn cháo ), officially known as

5063-404: The first time in the 10th century as tribute bearers to the Liao , Later Tang , and Song courts. They practiced hunting, fishing, and kept domestic oxen while their primary export was horses. They had no script, calendar, or offices during the mid-11th century. The Jurchens were minor political actors in the international system at the time. By the 10th century, the Jurchens had become vassals of

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5146-535: The jurisdiction of Fengtian province. Dalai Ting was placed under the jurisdiction of Heilongjiang province. In 1910, Zhendong County ( Chinese : 镇东县 ; pinyin : Zhèndōng Xiàn ) was established in the area, and placed under the jurisdiction of Fengtian province. In 1913, the area's administrative divisions were reorganized, and the area was split between Taochang Circuit  [ zh ] in Fengtian province, and Longjiang Circuit  [ zh ] in Heilongjiang province. In 1914 Jing'an County

5229-531: The lifestyle of wealthy Jurchen families and avoid doing farming work by selling their own Jurchen daughters into slavery and renting their land to Han tenants. The wealthy Jurchens feasted and drank and wore damask and silk. The History of Jin says that Emperor Shizong took note and attempted to halt these things in 1181. Shizong's grandson, Emperor Zhangzong (r. 1189–1208), venerated Jurchen values, but he also immersed himself in Han Chinese culture and married an ethnic Han Chinese woman. The Taihe Code of law

5312-523: The new Jurchen ruling class constituted around half of a larger pattern of migration southward into northern China. There, many Jurchens were granted land, which was then organised around a social structure based on hereditary military units: a mouke ('company') was a unit consisting of 300 households, and groups of 7–10 moukes were further organised into meng-an ('battalions'). The Jurchen ruling class ruled over an estimated 30 million people. Many Jurchens intermarried with Han Chinese, though

5395-415: The next year Emperor Aizong committed suicide by hanging himself to avoid being captured in the Mongols besieged Caizhou , ending the Jin dynasty in 1234. The territory of the Jin dynasty was to be divided between the Mongols and the Song dynasty. However, due to lingering territorial disputes, the Song dynasty and the Mongols eventually went to war with one another over these territories. The government of

5478-405: The nickname of Wang Chongyang (Wang "Double Yang") and his disciples were retrospectively known as the "seven patriarchs of Quanzhen". The ci poetry that characterized Jin literature was tightly linked to Quanzhen: two-thirds of the ci poetry written in Jin times was composed by Quanzhen Taoists. The Jin state sponsored an edition of the Taoist Canon that is known as the Precious Canon of

5561-447: The northwestern part of Jilin province, Baicheng is located in the western portion of the Songnen Plain , and in the eastern part of the Horqin Grassland  [ zh ] . The city stretches from a latitude of 44° 13′ to 46° 18′ N, and a longitude of 121° 38′ to 124° 22' E. At its greatest width, the city spans 230 kilometres (142.9 mi) from north to south and 211 kilometres (131 mi) from east to west. The total area of

5644-404: The per capita disposable income of rural residents in the city was 14,282 RMB, an increase of 5.7% over the previous year. The total output of the city's agriculture , forestry , animal husbandry , and fishery industries totaled 31.577 billion RMB in 2022. Major crops grown in Baicheng include maize , rice , various beans , and oilseeds . Textile industry is one of the main pillars of

5727-420: The permanence of the move, he razed the nobles' residences in Huining Prefecture. Wanyan Liang also reconstructed the former Song capital, Bianjing (present-day Kaifeng ), which had been sacked in 1127, making it the Jin's southern capital. Wanyan Liang also tried to suppress dissent by killing Jurchen nobles, executing 155 princes. To fulfil his dream of becoming the ruler of all China, Wanyan Liang attacked

5810-436: The position of emperor. Historians have consequently referred to him by his posthumous name "Prince of Hailing". Having usurped the throne, Wanyan Liang embarked on the program of legitimising his rule as an emperor of China. In 1153, he moved the empire's main capital from Huining Prefecture (south of present-day Harbin) to the former Liao capital, Yanjing (present-day Beijing ). Four years later, in 1157, to emphasise

5893-429: The pressure of Mongols from the north. Genghis Khan first led the Mongols into Western Xia territory in 1205 and ravaged it four years later. In 1211 about 50,000 Mongol horsemen invaded the Jin Empire and began absorbing Khitan and Jurchen rebels. The Jin had a large army with 150,000 cavalry but abandoned the "western capital" Datong (see also the Battle of Yehuling ). The next year the Mongols went north and looted

5976-567: The region until the Tang period and pastoralism was not widespread until the 10th century under the domination of the Khitans . The Mohe exported reindeer products and may have ridden them as well. They practiced mass slavery and used the slaves to aid in hunting and agricultural work. The Tang described the Mohe as a fierce and uncultured people who used poisoned arrows. The two most powerful groups of Mohe were

6059-648: The seat of which was located in Chengsijiazi. During the Yuan dynasty , the area was first a fief of Genghis Khan's younger brother Temüge . Later, it was organized as Taining Circuit  [ zh ] , which was still based out of Chengsijiazi. During the Ming dynasty , Taining Circuit reorganized as Taining Guard  [ zh ] , and was part of the Nurgan Regional Military Commission briefly used to administer Manchuria . During

6142-413: The term for "gold" as the name of his state, itself a translation of "Anchuhu" River, which meant "golden" in Jurchen . This river, known as Alechuka in modern Chinese, is a tributary of the Songhua River east of Harbin . Alechuka (阿勒楚喀) is a transliteration of its Manchu name alchuqa (ᠠᠯᠴᡠᡴᠠ), suggesting that the Jurchen name for the river sounded more similar to alchuhu rather than anchuhu . It

6225-421: The three Khitan tumens and the four Han generals Zhang Rou  [ zh ] , Yan Shi  [ zh ] , Shi Tianze and Liu Heima commanded the four Han tumens under Ögedei Khan. Shi Tianze was a Han Chinese who lived under Jin rule. Inter-ethnic marriage between Han Chinese and Jurchens became common at this time. His father was Shi Bingzhi . Shi Bingzhi married a Jurchen woman (surname Nahe) and

6308-531: The top positions. Later in life, Emperor Xizong became an alcoholic and executed many officials for criticising him. He also had Jurchen leaders who opposed him murdered, even those in the Wanyan clan. In 1149 he was murdered by a cabal of relatives and nobles, who made his cousin Wanyan Liang the next Jin emperor. Because of the brutality of both his domestic and foreign policy, Wanyan Liang was posthumously demoted from

6391-542: The two empires. In the early 1180s, Emperor Shizong instituted a restructuring of 200 meng'an units to remove tax abuses and help Jurchens. Communal farming was encouraged. The Jin Empire prospered and had a large surplus of grain in reserve. Although learned in Chinese classics , Emperor Shizong was also known as a promoter of Jurchen language and culture; during his reign, a number of Chinese classics were translated into Jurchen,

6474-581: The west and northwest. To its north and northeast, Baicheng is bordered by Tailai County in Qiqihar , as well as Dorbod Mongol Autonomous County and Zhaoyuan County in Daqing , all in the province of Heilongjiang . The city's metro area is located 333 kilometres (207 mi) from the provincial capital of Changchun , 218 kilometres (135 mi) from Qiqihar, 448 kilometres (278 mi) from Siping , and 83 kilometres (52 mi) from Ulanhot . Baicheng has

6557-469: Was common for Chinese translators at the time to use the final -n sound at the end of a Chinese character to transliterate -l , -r , -s , -z etc. at the end of a syllable in foreign words. The Jurchens' early rulers were the Khitan -led Liao dynasty , which had held sway over modern north and northeast China and the Mongolian Plateau , for several centuries. In 1121, the Jurchens entered into

6640-770: Was established in the area, and put under the jurisdiction of the Heilongjiang General  [ zh ] . In 1907, the northeast portion of the Qing dynasty was reorganized into provinces , and positions of the Shangjing General and the Heilongjiang General, which were responsible for the area's administration, were merged into the Viceroy of the Three Eastern Provinces . Taonan Fu, including Kaitong County, Jing'an County, and Anguang County were under

6723-454: Was not suppressed until 1164; their horses were confiscated so that the rebels had to take up farming. Other Khitan and Xi cavalry units had been incorporated into the Jin army. Because these internal uprisings had severely weakened the Jin's capacity to confront the Southern Song militarily, the Jin court under Emperor Shizong began negotiating for peace. The Treaty of Longxing was signed in 1164, ushering in more than 40 years of peace between

6806-455: Was promulgated in 1201 and was based mostly on the Tang Code . In 1207, the Southern Song dynasty attempted an invasion, but the Jin forces effectively repulsed them. In the peace agreement, the Song dynasty had to pay higher annual indemnities and behead Han Tuozhou , the leader of the hawkish faction in the Song imperial court. Starting from the early 13th century, the Jin dynasty began to feel

6889-462: Was renamed Tao'an ( 洮南 ). In 1915, Zhanyu County  [ zh ] was established in Taochang Circuit. Baicheng's importance started to increase after a railway from Qiqihar to Siping through Baicheng was constructed in the 1920s. In the 1930s another railway connecting Baicheng to Ulanhot and the mines at Arxan was opened northwestward. These two lines enabled Baicheng to become

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