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17-524: The Arabic spelling in its standard transliteration is al-Din . Due to the phonological rules involving the " sun letter " ( حرف الشّمسيّة hurfu ’sh-Shamsiyyah ), the Arabic letter د ( dāl ) is an assimilated letter of the Arabic definite article ال ( al ). This leads to the variant phonetic transliteration ad-Din . The first noun of the compound must have the ending - u , which, according to

34-625: A sukūn over the lām ⟨ لْ ‎ ⟩. Most modern-written Arabic names (including personal names and geographical Arabic names) do not follow the consonant assimilation rule or the shaddah when Latinized in Latin-spelled languages. Sometimes the sun and moon rules are not followed in casual speech. They are also mostly spaced rather than hyphenated. E.g. personal name: transliterated geographical name: [[[ʼ]]] Error: {{Transliteration}}: transliteration text not Latin script ( help ) al-’a .../ al-’u ...; al-’i ... al-ʼakh(u) =

51-622: A former voiceless velar stop /k/ (as in English church ; also in Gulf Arabic , Slavic languages , Indo-Iranian languages and Romance languages ), or a voiceless dental stop /t/ by way of palatalization, especially next to a front vowel (as in English nature ; also in Amharic , Portuguese , some accents of Egyptian , etc.). Features of the voiceless domed postalveolar affricate: Pronunciation

68-447: A sun letter, the / l / of the Arabic definite article al- assimilates to the initial consonant of the following noun, resulting in a doubled consonant . For example, "the Nile" is pronounced an-Nīl , not al-Nīl . When the Arabic definite article ( الْـ ) is followed by a moon letter, no assimilation takes place. The sun letters represent the coronal consonants according to

85-572: A voiced palatal plosive / ɟ / . A contemporary pronunciation as [ ɡ ] is retained in Egypt , Oman , and coastal Yemen or [ ɟ ] in eastern hinterland Yemen, and as a variant in Sudan. As a result, it was classified as a moon letter, and it does not assimilate the article in Classical Arabic. Maltese ġ /d͡ʒ/ is also considered a moon consonant, whereas its voiceless counterpart ċ / t͡ʃ /

102-433: A vowel, the initial <i> of the article always drops, as in "dak ir -raġel ra r -raġel" (that man saw the man). When a word starts with two consonants, the definite article used is l-, but an i is attached at the beginning of the word: skola > l-iskola and Żvezja > l-Iżvezja. The sound / l / (represented by the letters L and ل ) function in the same way no matter it is sun or moon letter, e.g. (the meat)

119-412: A word starts with any of the moon letters, the definite article il- stays the same and does not assimilate, while with the sun letters it assimilates accordingly to: iċ-, id-, in-, ir-, is-, it-, ix-, iż-, iz-. It is also worth mentioning that words starting with vowels, and the letters għ, and h get the definite article l- (minus the initial i). When the definite article comes exactly after a word ending in

136-511: Is a sun consonant. However, in some varieties of Moroccan , Mesopotamian , and Palestinian Arabic, jīm (often / ʒ /) assimilates, like a sun letter, e.g., ij-jamal 'camel'. In Arabic dialects, like Palestinian, al before an emphatic consonant only assimilates in place of articulation but not in pharyngealization, hence it-ṭāwla instead of aṭ-ṭāwila (‏ الطاولة ‎ 'table'). The sun (konsonanti xemxin) and moon (konsonanti qamrin) letters are as follows: If

153-626: Is an important general rule used in Arabic grammar. Phonetically, sun letters are ones pronounced as coronal consonants , and moon letters are ones pronounced as other consonants. These names come from the fact that the word for 'the Sun', al-shams , pronounced ash-shams , assimilates the lām , while the word for 'the Moon', al-qamar , does not. This also applies to the Maltese language where they are written as ix-xemx and il-qamar . When followed by

170-432: Is il-laħam in Maltese and الْلَحْمْ al-laḥm in Arabic or (the game) is il-logħba in Maltese and الْلُعْبَة al-lu ʿ ba in Arabic. In the written language, the ⟨ ال ‎ ⟩ al is retained regardless of how it is pronounced. When full diacritics are used, assimilation may be expressed by putting a shaddah ⟨ ّ⟩ on the consonant after the lām ⟨ ل ‎ ⟩. Non-assimilation may be expressed by placing

187-437: The consonants are divided into two groups, called the sun letters or solar letters ( Arabic : حروف شمسية ḥurūf shamsiyyah , Maltese : konsonanti xemxin ) and moon letters or lunar letters ( Arabic : حروف قمرية ḥurūf qamariyyah , Maltese : konsonanti qamrin ), based on whether they assimilate the letter lām ( ﻝ l ) of a preceding Arabic definite article al- ( الـ ), which

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204-535: The Arabic short vowel u is rendered as short o in Persian, thus od-din . In practice, romanizations of Arabic names containing this element may vary greatly, including: Examples of names including this element are: In modern times in English-speaking environments, the name Uddin has sometimes been used as if it was a separate surname. An example is: Sun and moon letters In Arabic and Maltese ,

221-507: The assimilation rules in Arabic (names in general are in the nominative case), assimilates the following a -, thus manifesting into ud-Din in Classical and Modern Standard Arabic . However, all modern Arabic vernaculars lack the noun endings. Thus, the vowel of the definite article in them is pronounced in full as either a or e (the latter mostly in Maghreb and Egypt ). At the same time,

238-493: The brother الْأُذُنُ ‎ al-’udhun(u) = the ear الْإِبْرِيقُ ‎ al-’ibrīq(u) = the jug b al-b ... al-bayt(u) = the house j al-j ... al-jawz(u) = the walnut ḥ al-ḥ ... al-Ḥajj(u) /alˈħad.d͡ʒu, alˈħaʒ.ʒu, alˈħaɟ.ɟu, alˈħaɡ.ɡu/ = the pilgrimage kh al-kh ... al-khawkh(u) = the peach [[[ʻ]]] Error: {{Transliteration}}: transliteration text not Latin script ( help ) al-ʻ ... al-‘aql(u) =

255-586: The ligature ⟨ ʧ  ⟩), or, in broad transcription, ⟨ c ⟩. This affricate has a dedicated symbol U+02A7 ʧ LATIN SMALL LETTER TESH DIGRAPH , which has been retired by the International Phonetic Association but is still used. The alternative commonly used in American tradition is ⟨č⟩ . It is familiar to English speakers as the "ch" sound in "chip". Historically, this sound often derives from

272-557: The mind الْعُشْبُ ‎ al-‘ush·b(u) = the grass الْعِيدُ ‎ al-‘id(u) Voiceless postalveolar affricate The voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant affricate or voiceless domed postalveolar sibilant affricate is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages . The sound is transcribed in the International Phonetic Alphabet with ⟨ t͡ʃ  ⟩, ⟨ t͜ʃ  ⟩ ⟨ tʃ  ⟩ (formerly

289-464: The phonology of Classical Arabic, and the moon letters represent all others. The sun and moon letters are as follows: The letter ج jīm is pronounced differently depending on the region of the speaker. In many regions it represents a coronal consonant such as [ d͡ʒ ] or [ ʒ ] . However, in Classical Arabic , it represented a palatalized voiced velar plosive / ɡʲ / or

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