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72-457: Chief Ministership Early political career 1) Maharashtra-Israel Mega Desalination Plant Project 2) Mumbai-Nagpur Samruddhi Mahamarg 3) Mumbai Coastal Road Project 4) Balasaheb Thackeray Agribusiness and Rural Transformation Project 5) Maharashtra Agro-Business Network Project 6) Sharad Pawar Gram Samruddhi Yojana [REDACTED] Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray (Marathi pronunciation: [ud̪ʱːəʋ ʈʰaːkɾeː] , born 27 July 1960)

144-591: A "decent pledge". The UN Race to Zero campaign calls them "starting line criteria". This states that they must have a "plan and published evidence of action taken towards reaching the target" besides a stated pledge. One of the main reasons for the low credibility of many net zero claims is their heavy reliance on carbon credits. Carbon credits are often used for offsetting. They reduce or remove emissions of carbon dioxide or other greenhouse gases in order to compensate for emissions made elsewhere. Many fossil fuel companies have made commitments to be net zero by 2050. At

216-617: A 2007 report from the Transnational Institute , Kevin Smith likened carbon offsets to medieval indulgences. He said they allowed people to pay "offset companies to absolve them of their carbon sins." He said this permits a "business as usual" attitude that stifles required major changes. Many people have criticized offsets for playing a part in greenwashing . This argument appeared in a 2021 watchdog ruling against Shell . Loose regulation of claims by carbon offsetting schemes combined with

288-646: A base year to measure emissions reductions against. This should be representative of their typical greenhouse gas profile. They should explain the choice of baseline and how they will account for changes in conditions since the baseline. Financial organizations should also include emissions within their portfolio . This should include all organizations they have financed, invested in, or insured. Countries and regions should include both territorial emissions released within their boundaries and consumption emissions related to products and services imported and consumed within their boundaries. Cities and countries pose

360-412: A baseline or status quo. But they do not remove emissions from the atmosphere. Weak standards such as ISO and BSI "carbon neutrality" standards allow organizations to use avoided-emissions carbon credits. They do not specify how permanent or durable a credit must be. Carbon offsetting has been criticized on several fronts. One important concern is that offsets may delay active emissions reductions. In

432-491: A brief political crisis , on 28 November 2019 he took the oath as 18th Chief minister of Maharashtra after being elected as the president of the newly formed post- poll coalition Maha Vikas Aghadi . In a 2021 Prashnam Survey, Thackeray was ranked the most popular Chief Minister in India out of 13 states, with nearly half of all voters surveyed said that they will vote for him again. Thackeray has committed Maharashtra to leading

504-458: A challenge when it comes to calculating emissions. This is because the production of products and services within their boundaries might be linked to either internal consumption or exports. At the same time the population also consumes imported products and services. So it is important to state explicitly whether emissions are counted at the location of production or consumption. This helps to prevent double counting. The lengthy manufacturing chains of

576-652: A commitment to reach net-zero emissions by the year 2050. These promises are often made at the corporate level. Both governments and international agencies encourage businesses to contribute to a national, or international, net zero pledge. The International Energy Agency says that global investment in low carbon substitutes for fossil fuels needs to reach US$ 4 trillion annually by 2030 for the world to get to net zero by 2050. Some analyses have raised concerns that net zero cannot be achieved worldwide by 2050. On average, approximately 29% of companies in EU member states have formulated

648-529: A globalised market might make this challenging. There are additional challenges with looking at renewable energy systems and electric vehicle batteries. This is because the necessary embodied energy and other effects of raw material extraction are often significant when measuring life-cycle emissions. However the local emissions at the place they are used may be small. Leading standards and guidance allow official accreditation bodies to certify products as carbon neutral but not as net zero. The rationale behind this

720-543: A lack of binding regulation. It is also due to the need for continued innovation and investment to make decarbonization possible. To date, 27 countries have enacted domestic net zero legislation. These are laws that legislatures have passed that contain net zero targets or equivalent. There is currently no national regulation in place that legally requires companies based in that country to achieve net zero. Several countries, for example Switzerland, are developing such legislation. The idea of net zero came out of research in

792-608: A legal battle, Eknath Shinde claimed that he had the support of the majority of Shiv Sena members, and the Election Commission of India recognised his faction as the legitimate Shiv Sena party, effectively granting him control over the party. Thackeray has always had a keen interest in photography and has exhibited his collection of aerial shots of various forts of Maharashtra at the Jehangir Art Gallery in 2004. He has also taken photographs of wildlife including those of

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864-642: A need to protect business as usual, not the climate. If we want to keep people safe then large and sustained cuts to carbon emissions need to happen now. [...] The time for wishful thinking is over." In his 2021 report, Dangerous Distractions, economist Marc Lee said that net zero had the potential to be a dangerous distraction that reduced political pressure to reduce emissions. "A net zero target means less incentive to get to 'real zero' emissions from fossil fuels, an escape hatch that perpetuates business as usual and delays more meaningful climate action," he said. "Rather than gambling on carbon removal technologies of

936-401: A rate just fast enough to compensate for this deep ocean adjustment. The result would be approximately constant global average surface temperatures over decades or centuries. It will be quicker to reach net-zero emissions for CO 2 alone rather than CO 2 plus other greenhouse gases like methane , nitrous oxide and fluorinated gases . The net-zero target date for non-CO 2 emissions

1008-596: A report that stated that the carbon neutrality pledges of many corporations , local governments , regional governments , and financial institutions around the world often amount to nothing more than greenwashing and provided 10 recommendations to ensure greater credibility and accountability for carbon neutrality pledges such as requiring non-state actors to publicly disclose and report verifiable information (e.g. greenhouse gas inventories and carbon footprint accounting in prospectus for financial securities ) that substantiates compliance with such pledges. After

1080-457: A respective target to achieve net zero or have already reached this goal. However, these numbers can vary significantly across different industries, countries, and firm sizes. External pressures, such as companies' exposure to risks associated with climate change and its perception as a problem, can influence a company's ambition to adopt specific targets and strategies. The guidance from standards institutions says that organizations should choose

1152-412: A voluntary basis. The lack of an enforcement mechanism surrounding these claims means that many are dubious. In many sectors such as steel, cement, and chemicals, the pathway to reaching net zero in terms of technology remains unclear. Further investment in research and innovation and further regulation will probably be necessary if net zero claims are to become more credible. Tzeporah Berman , chair of

1224-1119: Is Eknath Shinde of the Shiv Sena since 30 June 2022. Colour key for political parties by (Governor) (1937 Elections) (Governor's Rule) 1939 Provincial (1946 Elections) (Governor) 1946 election ) ( 1952 elections ) ( 1952 elections ) ( 1957 elections ) (Bombay Reorganisation Act, 1960) (Alliance) ( 1957 elections ) ( 1962 election ) ( 1967 election ) ( 1972 election ) ( 1978 election ) ( Congress - Congress (I) ) ( President's rule ) ( 1980 election ) ( 1985 election ) ( 1990 election ) ( 1995 election ) ( NDA ) ( 1999 election ) ( MA ) ( 2004 election ) ( 2009 election ) ( President's rule ) ( 2014 election ) ( MY ) ( President's rule ) ( 2019 election ) ( BJP - NCP ) ( MVA ) ( MY ) ( 2024 election ) ( MY ) Fraction of time of holding CMO by party (as of October 2024) Carbon neutrality People often use

1296-603: Is a set of policy initiatives by the European Commission with the overarching aim of making the European Union (EU) climate neutral in 2050. The plan is to review each existing law on its climate merits, and also introduce new legislation on the circular economy (CE), building renovation , biodiversity , farming and innovation . The president of the European Commission, Ursula von der Leyen , stated that

1368-514: Is a short-term target, and net zero is a longer-term target. To balance residual emissions, actors may take direct action to remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and sequester it. Alternatively or in addition they can buy carbon credits that "offset" emissions . Carbon credits can be used to fund carbon removal projects such as reforestation . Strong standards such as the ISO and BSI "net zero" standards only allow removal-based offsets that have

1440-522: Is also an RSS member. She lived in suburban Dombivli and did her Bachelor of Commerce degree from V G Vaze College in Mulund . She joined the Life Insurance Corporation of India as a contract employee in 1987. She became the friend of Raj Thackeray 's sister Jaywanti and came into contact with Thackeray through her. Later, they got married in 1989. The elder son, Aaditya, is the president of

1512-544: Is an Indian politician who served as the 19th Chief Minister of Maharashtra from 2019 to 2022 and the Leader of the House, Maharashtra Legislative Assembly from 2019 to 2022. He is a member of Maharashtra Legislative Council since 2020, the president of Maha Vikas Aghadi since 2019 and the president of Shiv Sena (UBT) since 2022. He was also the leader ( pramukh ) of Shiv Sena from 2013 to 2022, working President from 2003 to 2013 and

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1584-454: Is because it allows actors to defer present-day emissions reductions by relying on future, unproved technological fixes. Examples are carbon offsetting, carbon dioxide removal and geoengineering . "The problems come when it is assumed that these [technological fixes] can be deployed at vast scale. This effectively serves as a blank cheque for the continued burning of fossil fuels and the acceleration of habitat destruction ", they said. By tracing

1656-542: Is because of the possibility that offset projects themselves could have harmful effects. The ISO Net Zero Guidelines say that net zero strategies should align with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals .This is in order to "support equity and global transition to a net-zero economy, and any subsequent UN global goals which supersede the 2030 SDGs." The UNFCCC's Race to Zero campaign says emissions reductions and removals should "safeguard

1728-415: Is later partly because modellers assume that some of these emissions such as methane from farming are harder to phase out. Emissions of short-lived gases such as methane do not accumulate in the climate system in the same way that CO 2 does. Therefore there is no need to reduce them to zero to halt global warming. This is because reductions in emissions of short-lived gases cause an immediate decline in

1800-436: Is often confused with "stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere". This is a term that dates from the 1992 Rio Convention . The two concepts are not the same. This is because the carbon cycle continuously sequesters or absorbs a small percentage of cumulative historical human-caused CO 2 emissions into vegetation and the ocean. This happens even after current CO 2 emissions are reduced to zero. If

1872-429: Is that until organizations and their supply chains are on track for net zero, allowing a product to claim to be net zero at this point would be disingenuous and lead to greenwashing. The International Monetary Fund estimates that compared to current government policies, shifting policies to bring emissions to net zero by 2050 would result in global gross domestic product (GDP) being 7 percent higher. In its estimates,

1944-556: The 25 countries with the greatest emissions (whose pledges cover more than 90% of the gross world product ) by the recommendations of the UN report and found that many these pledges were largely unsubstantiated and more than half of cities had no plan for tracking and reporting compliance with pledges. The concept of net zero has attracted criticism for the impact it could have on equity and distribution. The use of removals or carbon credits for offsetting has been particularly controversial. This

2016-586: The Brihan Mumbai Municipal Corporation elections where the party performed well. In 2003, he was appointed as working president of Shiv Sena. Thackeray took over as chief editor of Saamana (a daily Marathi -language newspaper published by Shiv Sena) in 2006 and resigned in 2019 before becoming chief minister of Maharashtra. A split in Shiv Sena happened when his cousin Raj Thackeray left

2088-516: The Fossil Fuel Non-Proliferation Treaty Initiative , has criticized net zero claims by fossil fuel companies, describing them "delusional and based on bad science". A consortium of climate scientists has tracked net zero commitments. Their research found that net pledges drafted in law or policy documentation have grown from 7% of countries in 2020 to 75% in 2023. However, very few have met the minimum requirements for

2160-546: The Kanha , Gir , Ranthambore , Bharatpur national parks. Due to these experiences he named his first photography exhibition in 1999 as "Live and Let Live". He has also published photo-books Maharashtra Desh (2010) and Pahava Vitthal (2011), capturing various aspects of Maharashtra and the warkaris during Pandharpur Wari respectively in the two books. On 16 July 2012, Thackeray was admitted to Lilavati Hospital after he reported chest pain. He underwent an angioplasty and all

2232-636: The Legislative Assembly , the governor invites the party (or coalition) with a majority of seats to form the government and appoints the chief minister. If the appointee is not a member of either the Legislative Assembly or the Legislative Council of Maharashtra, then the Constitution stipulates that they need to be elected within six months of being sworn in. The office of the CM is coterminous with

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2304-879: The government in Maharashtra with Thackeray leading the ministry . In 2022, during a party meeting, Thackeray explained his move to pull out of NDA to join UPA. "We supported the BJP wholeheartedly to enable them to fulfill their national ambitions. The understanding was they will go national while we will lead in Maharashtra. But we were betrayed and attempts were made to destroy us in our home. So we had to hit back". Thackeray accused BJP of dumping its allies according to its political convenience. He said, "BJP doesn't mean Hindutva. I stand by my comment that Shiv Sena had wasted 25 years in alliance with BJP." Though Thackeray never took any constitutional post in his political career initially, however after

2376-712: The European Green Deal would be Europe's "man on the moon moment". On 13 December 2019, the European Council decided to press ahead with the plan, with an opt-out for Poland . On 15 January 2020, the European Parliament voted to support the deal as well, with requests for higher ambition. A year later, the European Climate Law was passed, which legislated that greenhouse gas emissions should be 55% lower in 2030 compared to 1990. The Fit for 55 package

2448-516: The Yuva Sena. He has served as Cabinet Minister of Tourism and Environment Government of Maharashtra . Tejas, the younger son, is a wildlife conservationist and researcher. Chief Minister of Maharashtra The Chief Minister of Maharashtra ( IAST : Mahārāṣṭrāce Mukhyamaṃtrī) is the head of the executive branch of the government of the Indian state of Maharashtra . Following elections to

2520-1065: The company's activities. This can greatly affect the volume of emissions that are counted. Some oil companies, for instance, claim that their operations (Scopes 1 and 2) produce net-zero emissions. These claims do not cover the emissions produced when the oil is burned by its customers, which are 70 - 90% of oil-related emissions. This is because they count as Scope 3 emissions. Robust net zero standards require Scope 3 emissions to be counted, but "carbon neutrality" standards do not. To achieve net zero, actors are encouraged to set net zero targets for 2050 or earlier. Long-term net zero targets should be supplemented by interim targets for every one to five years. The UN, UNFCCC, ISO, and SBTi all say that organizations should prioritize early, front-loaded emissions reduction. They say they should aim to halve emissions by 2030. Specific emissions reduction targets and pathways may look different for different sectors. Some may be able to decarbonize more quickly and easily than others. Many companies often claim

2592-421: The concentration of CO 2 in the atmosphere were kept constant, some CO 2 emissions could continue. However global average surface temperatures would continue to increase for many centuries due to the gradual adjustment of deep ocean temperatures. If CO 2 emissions that result directly from human activities are reduced to net zero, the concentration of CO 2 in the atmosphere would decline. This would be at

2664-492: The concurrent Assembly provided the CM commands confidence in the house and hence does not exceed five years. However, it is subject to no term limits . Maharashtra was formed by dissolution of Bombay State and Hyderabad State on 1 May 1960. Yashwantrao Chavan , who was serving as the third CM of Bombay State since 1956, became the first CM of Maharashtra. He belonged to the Indian National Congress and held

2736-457: The cost of emissions reductions in 2050 is less than 2% of world GDP, and the cost savings from reducing the effects of climate change are approximately 9% of world GDP. More and more nations and private and public-sector organizations are committing to net zero. But the credibility of these claims remains low. There is no binding regulation requiring a transition to net zero. So the overwhelming majority of net zero commitments have been made on

2808-804: The difficulties in calculating greenhouse gas sequestration and emissions reductions has also given rise to criticism. This argument is that this can result in schemes that do not adequately offset emissions in reality. There have been moves to create better regulation. The United Nations has operated a certification process for carbon offsets since 2001. This is called the Clean Development Mechanism. It aims to stimulate "sustainable development and emission reductions, while giving industrialized countries some flexibility in how they meet their emission reduction limitation targets." The UK Government's Climate Change Committee says reported emissions reductions or removals may have happened anyway or. not last into

2880-566: The editor-in-chief of Saamana from 2006 to 2019. During his tenure from 2019 to 2022, he was ranked as the most popular Chief Minister in India in a survey conducted out of 13 states. Thackeray was born in a Marathi family on 27 July 1960 as the youngest of politician Bal Thackeray and his wife Meena Thackeray's three sons. He did his schooling from Balmohan Vidyamandir and graduated from Sir J.J. Institute of Applied Art with photography as his main subject. In 2002, Thackeray started his political career as campaign incharge of Shiv Sena in

2952-423: The effort against climate change , as the state considers a radical plan to deregister vehicles that run on diesel or petrol by 2030. He plans for the city of Mumbai to become a climate-resilient metropolis which is carbon-neutral by 2050, which is 20 years before India's target for carbon neutrality . Following a rebellion within his party and resulting political crisis on 29 June 2022, Thackeray resigned from

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3024-560: The emissions of others (third parties), and (3) actions to directly remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere (carbon sinks). Robust net zero standards require actors to reduce their own emissions as much as possible following science-based pathways. They must then balance their residual emissions using removals and offsets. This typically involves shifting from fossil fuels to sustainable energy sources. Residual emissions are emissions that are not practical to reduce for technological reasons. Experts and net zero frameworks disagree over

3096-451: The exact percentage of residual emissions that may be allowed. Most guidance suggests this should be limited to a small fraction of total emissions. Sector-specific and geographical factors would determine how much. The Science Based Targets initiative says that residual emissions across most sectors should fall between 5-10% of an organization's baseline emissions. It should be even lower for some sectors with competitive alternatives like

3168-484: The exceptions of Manohar Joshi ( SS ), Narayan Rane ( SS ), Devendra Fadnavis ( BJP ), Uddhav Thackeray ( SS ) and Eknath Shinde ( SS ), all other CMs have been from the Congress or its breakaway parties . So far, President's rule has been imposed thrice in the state : first from February to June 1980 and again from September to October 2014. It was again imposed on 12 November 2019. The current incumbent

3240-682: The future, Canada should plan for a managed wind down of fossil fuel production and invest public resources in bona fide solutions like renewables and a just transition from fossil fuels," he said. At the 2022 United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP27), the High-Level Expert Group on the net-zero emissions commitments of non-state entities of the United Nations formed the previous March by U.N. Secretary-General António Guterres and chaired by former Canadian Minister of Environment and Climate Change Catherine McKenna released

3312-696: The future. This is despite an improvement in standards globally and in the UK. There has also been criticisms of non-native and monocultural forest plantations as carbon offsets. This is because of their "limited—and at times negative—effects on native biodiversity" and other ecosystem services . Most of the carbon credits on the voluntary market today do not meet UN, UNFCCC, ISO or SBTi standards for permanent carbon dioxide removals. So significant investment in carbon capture and permanent geological storage will probably be necessary to achieve net-zero targets by mid-century. Since 2015, there has been significant growth in

3384-446: The history of previous failures in climate policy at reducing emissions from 1988 to 2021, they said they "[arrive] at the painful realisation that the idea of net zero has licensed a recklessly cavalier 'burn now, pay later' approach which has seen carbon emissions continue to soar". They concluded: "Current net zero policies will not keep warming to within 1.5 °C because they were never intended to. They were and still are driven by

3456-638: The largest 2,000 publicly traded companies by annual revenue have net zero targets. Among Fortune 500 companies the percentage is 63%. Company targets can result from both voluntary action and government regulation . The Greenhouse Gas Protocol is a group of standards that are the most common in GHG accounting. These standards reflect a number of accounting principles. They include relevance, completeness, consistency, transparency, and accuracy. The standards divide emissions into three scopes: Corporate net zero targets vary in how widely they cover emissions related to

3528-462: The last few years, net zero has become the main framework for climate action . Many countries and organizations are setting net zero targets. As of November 2023, around 145 countries had announced or are considering net zero targets, covering close to 90% of global emissions. They include some countries that were resistant to climate action in previous decades. Country-level net zero targets now cover 92% of global GDP , 88% of emissions, and 89% of

3600-461: The late 2000s into how the atmosphere, oceans and carbon cycle were reacting to CO 2 emissions. This research found that global warming will only stop if CO 2 emissions are reduced to net zero. Net zero was basic to the goals of the Paris Agreement . This stated that the world must "achieve a balance between anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks of greenhouse gases in

3672-446: The legitimate Shiv Sena party. The Election Commission of India mandates that every political party follows a democratic process. In 2018, Thackeray oversaw changes to the Shiv Sena party constitution that were criticised for centralising control of the party and not allowing for free, fair, and transparent elections for party positions. The Election Commission of India deemed these amendments undemocratic, further eroding his control over

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3744-452: The national strategy of France, use the term "carbon neutral" to mean net reductions of all greenhouse gases. The United States has pledged to achieve "net zero" emissions by 2050. As of March 2021 it had not specified which greenhouse gases will be included in its target. Countries, local governments, corporations, and financial institutions may all announce pledges for achieving to reach net-zero emissions. In climate change discussions,

3816-428: The net-zero emissions commitments of non-state entities has made several recommendations for non-state actors . Non-state actors include cities, regional governments, financial institutions, and corporations. One of these is not financing new fossil fuel development. Another is supporting strong climate policy. And another is ensuring that business activities and investments do not contribute to deforestation . 65% of

3888-574: The number of actors pledging net-zero emissions. Many standards have emerged that interpret the net zero concept and aim to measure progress towards net zero targets. Some of these standards are more robust than others. Some people have criticized weak standards for facilitating greenwashing . The UN , UNFCCC , International Organization for Standardization (ISO), and the Science Based Targets initiative (SBTi) promote more robust standards. The "United Nations High-Level Expert Group" on

3960-404: The office until the 1962 Assembly elections . Marotrao Kannamwar succeeded him and was the only CM to die while in office. Vasantrao Naik , who was in office from December 1963 to February 1975 for more than 11 years, has by far been the longest serving CM. He also was the first and only CM to complete his full term of five years (1967-1972) till Devendra Fadnavis matched it (2014-2019). With

4032-510: The party has been challenged. After Eknath Shinde established the government in Maharashtra, he began using the Shiv Sena name and symbols without Uddhav Thackeray, leading to a leadership dispute within the party. Despite challenging this in court and before the Election Commission of India , Thackeray's faction was ultimately unsuccessful in its bid to maintain control over the party, as the commission recognised Eknath Shinde's faction as

4104-444: The party in 2006 to form his own party named Maharashtra Navnirman Sena . After the death of his father Bal Thackeray in 2012, he led the party and was elected as Shiv Sena president in 2013, and under his leadership Shiv Sena joined the NDA government in Maharashtra in 2014. In 2019, Shiv Sena broke away with NDA and joined UPA. It formed a sub alliance called Maha Vikas Aghadi to form

4176-580: The party. More recently, Thackeray faced a significant challenge to his leadership when Eknath Shinde , a key member of the party, called for breaking the Maha Vikas Aghadi alliance and re-establishing an alliance with the Bharatiya Janata Party . Despite gathering support from two-thirds of his party members, Thackeray ignored their requests, leading to a political crisis that resulted in his resignation as Chief Minister of Maharashtra. Through

4248-542: The post of Chief Minister of Maharashtra ahead of a floor test ordered by governor Bhagat Singh Koshyari . Thackeray challenged the order in the Supreme Court of India citing the pending disqualification motion of the rebel MLAs, but the Supreme Court refused to stay the floor test. Thackeray took over as the leader of Shiv Sena in 2012 after his father, Bal Thackeray , died. However, in recent years, his leadership of

4320-467: The power sector. Sectors such as heavy manufacturing where it is harder to mitigate emissions will probably have a higher percentage of residual emissions by 2050. The ISO and British Standards Institution (BSI) publish "carbon neutrality" standards that have higher tolerance for residual emissions than "net zero" standards. For example, BSI PAS 2060 is a British standard for measuring carbon neutrality. According to these standards, carbon neutrality

4392-795: The release of the report, Net Zero Tracker, a research consortium that includes the NewClimate Institute, the Energy and Climate Intelligence Unit , the Data-Driven EnviroLab of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , and the Net Zero Initiative at the University of Oxford issued a report evaluating the climate neutrality pledges of 116 of 713 regional governments, of 241 of 1,177 cities with populations greater than 500,000 , and of 1,156 of 2,000 publicly listed companies in

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4464-452: The resulting radiative forcing . Radiative forcing is the change in the Earth's energy balance that they cause. However, these potent but short-lived gases will drive temperatures higher in the short term. This could possibly push the rise in temperature past the 1.5 °C threshold much earlier. A comprehensive net-zero emissions target would include all greenhouse gases. This would ensure that

4536-506: The rights of the most vulnerable people and communities". It says that organizations should disclose how they will support communities affected by climate impacts and climate transition. As of November 2023, around 145 countries had announced or are considering net zero targets, covering close to 90% of global emissions. They include some countries that were resistant to climate action in previous decades. Country-level net zero targets now cover 92% of global GDP , 88% of emissions and 89% of

4608-726: The same permanence as the greenhouse gases that they balance. The term for this concept is "like for like" removals. Permanence means that removals must store greenhouse gases for the same period as the lifetime of the GHG emissions they balance. For example, methane has a lifetime of around 12 years in the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide lasts between 300 and 1,000 years. Accordingly, removals that balance carbon dioxide must last much longer than removals that balance methane. Carbon credits can also fund initiatives that aim to avoid emissions. One example would be energy efficiency retrofits or renewable energy projects. Avoided emissions offsets result from actions that reduce emissions relative to

4680-463: The same time they continue to increase greenhouse gas emissions by extracting and producing fossil fuels. They claim that they will use carbon credits and carbon capture technology in order to continue extracting and burning fossil fuels. The UN has condemned such pledges as dangerous examples of greenwashing. Climate scientists James Dyke, Bob Watson , and Wolfgang Knorr argue that the concept of net zero has been harmful for emissions reductions. This

4752-556: The second half of this century". The term "net zero" gained popularity after the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change published its Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C (SR15) in 2018, this report stated that "Reaching and sustaining net zero global anthropogenic [human-caused] CO 2 emissions and declining net non-CO 2 radiative forcing would halt anthropogenic global warming on multi-decadal timescales ( high confidence )." The idea of net-zero emissions

4824-471: The terms net zero, carbon neutrality, and climate neutrality are often used as if they mean the same thing. In some contexts, however, they have different meanings from each other. The sections below explain this. People often use these terms without rigorous standard definitions. A given actor may plan to achieve net-zero emissions through a combination of approaches. These would include (1) actions to reduce their own emissions, (2) actions to reduce

4896-454: The terms net-zero emissions , carbon neutrality , and climate neutrality with the same meaning. However, in some cases, these terms have different meanings from each other. For example, some standards for carbon neutral certification allow a lot of carbon offsetting . But net zero standards require reducing emissions to more than 90% and then only offsetting the remaining 10% or less to fall in line with 1.5 °C targets. In

4968-499: The three blockages in his arteries were successfully removed. On 12 November 2021, he underwent a cervical spine surgery at the HN Reliance Hospital. Thackeray is married to Rashmi Thackeray and has two sons, Aaditya , who serves as MLA from Worli constituency , and Tejas. Rashmi Thackeray (née Patankar ) is the editor of Saamana and Marmik . She is the daughter of Madhav Patankar, who runs his family business and

5040-512: The world population. According to World Population Review, a number of countries have net zero, or net negative carbon emissions: Bhutan , Comoros , Gabon , Guyana , Madagascar , Panama , and Suriname . However, according to the World Resources Institute, all of these countries have net positive greenhouse gas emissions. These countries generally have a high level of forestation. The European Green Deal , approved in 2020,

5112-571: The world population. 65% of the largest 2,000 publicly traded companies by annual revenue have net zero targets. Among Fortune 500 companies, the percentage is 63%. Company targets can result from both voluntary action and government regulation . Net zero claims vary enormously in how credible they are, but most have low credibility despite the increasing number of commitments and targets. While 61% of global carbon dioxide emissions are covered by some sort of net zero target, credible targets cover only 7% of emissions. This low credibility reflects

5184-465: The world would also urgently reduce non-CO 2 gases. Some targets aim to reach net-zero emissions only for carbon dioxide. Others aim to reach net-zero emissions of all greenhouse gases. Robust net zero standards state that all greenhouse gases should be covered by a given actor's targets. Some authors say that carbon neutrality strategies focus only on carbon dioxide, but net zero includes all greenhouse gases. However some publications, such as

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