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83-643: United for the Victory of Serbia ( Serbian Cyrillic : Уједињени за победу Србије , romanized :  Ujedinjeni za pobedu Srbije , abbr. UZPS ) was an opposition electoral alliance in Serbia that participated in the 2022 Serbian general election . The alliance was preceded by the Alliance for Serbia and United Opposition of Serbia (UOPS) coalitions, both of which had existed between 2018 and January 2021. Coalition parties temporarily suspended their cooperation after

166-766: A 2014 survey, 47% of the Serbian population write in the Latin alphabet whereas 36% write in Cyrillic. The following table provides the upper and lower case forms of the Serbian Cyrillic alphabet, along with the equivalent forms in the Serbian Latin alphabet and the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) value for each letter. The letters do not have names, and consonants are normally pronounced as such when spelling

249-528: A challenge in Unicode modeling, as the glyphs differ only in italic versions, and historically non-italic letters have been used in the same code positions. Serbian professional typography uses fonts specially crafted for the language to overcome the problem, but texts printed from common computers contain East Slavic rather than Serbian italic glyphs. Cyrillic fonts from Adobe, Microsoft (Windows Vista and later) and

332-457: A few other font houses include the Serbian variations (both regular and italic). If the underlying font and Web technology provides support, the proper glyphs can be obtained by marking the text with appropriate language codes. Thus, in non-italic mode: whereas: Since Unicode unifies different glyphs in same characters, font support must be present to display the correct variant. The standard Serbian keyboard layout for personal computers

415-534: A joint parliamentary group that would be composed of parties inside the alliance. Pavle Grbović , the leader of the Movement of Free Citizens (PSG), stated that his party might leave the alliance to continue alone. He had later stated that the alliance "practically doesn't exist anymore". On 28 May, it was announced that the SSP, PSG, Movement for Reversal (PZP) and Sloga would continue their cooperation. In August they formed

498-582: A long and exhausting battle, the 7th German SS Division ' Prinz Eugen ' was defeated and Niš was liberated by Bulgarian Army , and Partisans . The city was also the site of a unique and accidental friendly fire air war on November 7, 1944 between the air forces of the United States and Soviet Union . On 23 June 1948, Niš was the site of a catastrophic flood during which the Nišava river's water level raised by an unprecedented 5.5 meters. After World War II,

581-666: A part were of Albanian origin, and the rest were Muslim Albanians and Muslim Romani. In 1870, Niš was included in the Bulgarian Exarchate . Before the area had been under the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople and the Serbian Patriarchate of Peć . The city was also stipulated the area to be ceded to Bulgaria according to the Constantinople Conference in 1876. Niš was finally taken by

664-509: A population of 182,797, while its administrative area (City of Niš) has a population of 260,237 inhabitants. Several Roman emperors were born in Niš or used it as a residence: Constantine the Great , the first Christian emperor and the founder of Constantinople , Constantius III , Constans , Vetranio , Julian , Valentinian I , Valens ; and Justin I . Emperor Claudius Gothicus decisively defeated

747-521: Is as follows: Ni%C5%A1 Niš ( / ˈ n iː ʃ / ; Serbian Cyrillic : Ниш , Serbian pronunciation: [nîːʃ] ; names in other languages ), less often spelled in English as Nish , is the third largest city in Serbia and the administrative center of the Nišava District . It is located in the southern part of Serbia . According to the 2011 census , the city proper has

830-480: Is at Trupale , near the mouth of the Nišava (173 m (568 ft)). The city covers 596.71 square kilometres (230 sq mi) of five municipalities. Below Niska Banja and Nis, under the ground is a natural source of hot water, unique potential of clean and renewable geothermal energy at the surface of up to 65 square kilometers. According to some sources, the natural reservoir is at a depth of 500 to 800 meters, and

913-623: Is mentioned in descriptions of Serbia under Vukan in 1202, highlighting its special status. In 1203, Kaloyan of Bulgaria annexed Niš. Stefan Nemanjić later regained the region. The fall of the Serbian Empire , which was conquered by Ottoman Sultan Murad I in 1385, decided the fate of Niš as well. After a 25-day-long siege the city fell to the Ottomans. It was returned to Serbian rule in 1443. Niš again fell under Ottoman rule in 1448, and remained thusly for 241 years. During Ottoman rule Niš

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996-615: Is necessary (or followed by a short schwa , e.g. /fə/).: Summary tables According to tradition, Glagolitic was invented by the Byzantine Christian missionaries and brothers Saints Cyril and Methodius in the 860s, amid the Christianization of the Slavs . Glagolitic alphabet appears to be older, predating the introduction of Christianity, only formalized by Cyril and expanded to cover non-Greek sounds. The Glagolitic alphabet

1079-678: Is one of the most important economic centers in Serbia, especially in the electronics, mechanical engineering, textile, and tobacco industries. Constantine the Great Airport is Niš's international airport. The city is also the seat of the University of Niš , the Eparchy of Niš and the Command of Serbian Army . In 2013, the city was host to the celebration of 1700 years of Constantine's Edict of Milan . Niš

1162-548: Is seen as being more traditional, and has the official status (designated in the constitution as the " official script ", compared to Latin's status of "script in official use" designated by a lower-level act, for national minorities). It is also an official script in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Montenegro , along with Gaj's Latin alphabet . Serbian Cyrillic is in official use in Serbia , Montenegro , and Bosnia and Herzegovina . Although Bosnia "officially accept[s] both alphabets",

1245-507: Is situated at the 43°19' latitude north and 21°54' longitude east, in the Nišava valley, near the spot where it joins the South Morava . The main city square, the city's central part, is at 194 m (636 ft) above sea level . The highest point in the city area is "Sokolov kamen" (Falcon's rock) on the Suva Planina ( Dry Mountain ) (1,523 m (4,997 ft)) while the lowest spot

1328-526: Is strategically important, at the intersection of European highway and railway networks connecting Europe with Asia. Niš is easily accessible, having an airport – Niš Constantine the Great Airport and being a point of intersection of numerous railroad and highway lines. It is in Niš that the trunk road running from the north down the Morava River valley forks into two major lines: These roads have been widely known from ancient times, because they represented

1411-477: Is the only one in official use. The ligatures : were developed specially for the Serbian alphabet. Serbian Cyrillic does not use several letters encountered in other Slavic Cyrillic alphabets. It does not use hard sign ( ъ ) and soft sign ( ь ), particularly due to a lack of distinction between iotated consonants and non-iotated consonants, but the aforementioned soft-sign ligatures instead. It does not have Russian/Belarusian Э , Ukrainian/Belarusian І ,

1494-620: The Goths at the Battle of Naissus (present-day Niš). Later playing a prominent role in the history of the Byzantine Empire, the city's past would earn it the nickname Imperial City. After about 400 years of Ottoman rule, the city was liberated in 1878 and became part of the Principality of Serbia , though not without great bloodshed—remnants of which can be found throughout the city. Today, Niš

1577-532: The Latin alphabet instead, and adding several consonant letters for sounds specific to Serbian phonology . During the same period, linguists led by Ljudevit Gaj adapted the Latin alphabet, in use in western South Slavic areas, using the same principles. As a result of this joint effort, Serbian Cyrillic and Gaj's Latin alphabets have a complete one-to-one congruence, with the Latin digraphs Lj, Nj, and Dž counting as single letters. The updated Serbian Cyrillic alphabet

1660-634: The National Assembly and 26 seats in the City Assembly of Belgrade . Following the elections, the alliance was faced with a series of conflicts, which ultimately led to its dissolution. SSP, PSG, Movement for Reversal , and USS Sloga continued their cooperation after the election by forming the Ujedinjeni parliamentary group in the National Assembly and City Assembly of Belgrade. Shortly before

1743-552: The Nazi puppet Independent State of Croatia banned the use of Cyrillic, having regulated it on 25 April 1941, and in June 1941 began eliminating " Eastern " (Serbian) words from Croatian, and shut down Serbian schools. The Serbian Cyrillic alphabet was used as a basis for the Macedonian alphabet with the work of Krste Misirkov and Venko Markovski . The Serbian Cyrillic script was one of

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1826-477: The Tanzimat the population of Sanjak of Niš was treated as Bulgarian, and according to French travelers such as Jérôme-Adolphe Blanqui and Ami Boue in 1837/1841. According to all authors between 1840-72 the delineation between Bulgarians and Serbs is undisputed and ran north of Nis, although one author Cyprien Robert claims that half of the population of the town was made up by Serbians. Serbian cartographers of

1909-559: The Ujedinjeni parliamentary group, which stayed in opposition to the incumbent government. UZPS was ideologically heterogeneous, although it was also described as centrist . During an interview with Svetislav Basara , journalist Zoran Panović  [ sr ] compared the alliance with the defunct Democratic Movement of Serbia . Its representatives had stated their support for the formation of technocratic teams and an anti-corruption body, including lustration , transparency , and social justice . The alliance had also supported

1992-542: The University of Niš was founded on 15 June 1965. Over the course of the 1999 NATO bombing of Yugoslavia , Niš was subject to airstrikes on 40 occasions. On 7 May 1999, the city was the site of a NATO cluster bomb raid which killed 16 civilians. By the end of the NATO bombing campaign, a total of 56 people in Niš had been killed from airstrikes. In April 2012, the Russian-Serbian Humanitarian Center

2075-487: The djerv (Ꙉꙉ) for the Serbian reflexes of Pre-Slavic *tj and *dj (* t͡ɕ , * d͡ʑ , * d͡ʒ , and * tɕ ), later the letter evolved to dje (Ђђ) and tshe (Ћћ) letters . Vuk Stefanović Karadžić fled Serbia during the Serbian Revolution in 1813, to Vienna. There he met Jernej Kopitar , a linguist with interest in slavistics. Kopitar and Sava Mrkalj helped Vuk to reform Serbian and its orthography. He finalized

2158-576: The 2nd century CE, and was considered a place worthy of note in the Geography of Ptolemy of Alexandria. The Romans occupied the town during the Dardanian campaign (75–73 BC), and set up a legionary camp in the city. The city, called refugia and vici in pre-Roman relation, as a result of its strategic position (the Thracians were based to the south ) developed as an important garrison and market town in

2241-546: The 3 and 13 October 1914 banned the use of Serbian Cyrillic in the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia , limiting it for use in religious instruction. A decree was passed on January 3, 1915, that banned Serbian Cyrillic completely from public use. An imperial order on October 25, 1915, banned the use of Serbian Cyrillic in the Condominium of Bosnia and Herzegovina , except "within the scope of Serbian Orthodox Church authorities". In 1941,

2324-563: The Albanians that resettled in parts of now Kosovo , are now known as Muhaxhir . The number of remaining Muslims counted were 1,168, with many being Muslim Romani, out of the pre-war ca. 8,500. The Albanian bazaar in Niš was destroyed. 12 out of 15 mosques and about 1,300 out of 4,000 houses were torn down, while the rest of the Muslim houses were sold at discounted prices. The destruction of buildings owned by Muslims, Jews and recalcitrant Christians

2407-453: The Austrians , who attempted to rebuild the fortifications around the city. The same year, the Ottomans reclaimed the city without resistance. The existing fortification is of Ottoman Turkish origin, dating from the first decades of the 18th century (1719–1723). It is well known as one of the most significant and best preserved monuments of this kind in the mid-Balkans. The Fortress was erected on

2490-466: The Belgrade City Assembly election, it won 26 seats. Ponoš placed second in the presidential election behind incumbent president Aleksandar Vučić , winning 18% of the popular vote. Following the election, the alliance was de facto dissolved, while Ponoš left Narodna. A week later, Đilas met with Aleksandar Vučić to discuss the outcome of the Belgrade City Assembly election. Narodna criticised

2573-541: The Hermit clashed with Byzantine forces at Naissus. Manuel I fortified the town, but under his successor Andronikos I it was seized by the Hungarian king Béla III . Byzantine control was eventually reestablished, but in 1185 it fell under Serbian control. By 1188, Niš became the capital of Serbian king Stefan Nemanja . On 27 July 1189, Nemanja received German emperor Frederick Barbarossa and his 100,000 crusaders at Niš. Niš

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2656-626: The Latin script is almost always used in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina , whereas Cyrillic is in everyday use in Republika Srpska . The Serbian language in Croatia is officially recognized as a minority language; however, the use of Cyrillic in bilingual signs has sparked protests and vandalism . Serbian Cyrillic is an important symbol of Serbian identity. In Serbia, official documents are printed in Cyrillic only even though, according to

2739-675: The Nišava was built in 1908; at the time, it was the largest in Serbia. The airfield was built in 1912 on the Trupale field, and the first aeroplane arrived on 29 December 1912. The city's museum was founded in 1913. During the First Balkan War , Niš was the seat of The Main Headquarters of the Serbian Army, which led military operations against the Ottoman Empire . In World War I , Niš was

2822-600: The Ottomans arrested the Bishop of Niš, Milentija, as well as 200 Serbian patriots, on charges of preparing an uprising in the Niš area in support of the Greek War of Independence . On June 13 of that year, Bishop Milentija and other Serbian leaders were hanged in public. In the 19th century Niš was an important town, but populated by Bulgarians in the 19th century, when the Niš rebellion broke out in 1841. According to Ottoman statistics during

2905-611: The Roman Empire into halves which they would rule as co-emperors. It was besieged by the Huns in 441 and devastated in 448, and again in 480 when the partially-rebuilt town was demolished by the Barbarians . Byzantine Emperor Justinian I restored the town but it was destroyed by the Avars once again. The Slavs , in their campaign against Byzantium, conquered Niš and settled here in 540. In 805,

2988-616: The Serbian Army during the Serbo–Ottoman War of 1876–1878. The battle for the liberation of Niš started on 29 December 1877, and the Serbian Army entered Niš on 11 January 1878, and it became a part of Serbia. The Albanian quarter was burned and some of the town's Muslim population, which the majority were Albanians, were forced to flee to the Ottoman vilayet of Kosovo , resettling in Pristina , while others went to Skopje. The descendants of

3071-569: The Teacher Training College, and in 1894, the Girls' College were founded in Niš. The City Hall was built from 1882 to 1887. In 1883, Kosta Čendaš established the first printing house. In 1884, the first newspaper in the city Niški Vesnik was started. In 1884, Jovan Apel built a brewery. A railway line to Niš was built in 1884, as well as the city's railway station; on 8 August 1884, the first train arrived from Belgrade. In 1885, Niš became

3154-558: The alphabet in 1818 with the Serbian Dictionary . Karadžić reformed standard Serbian and standardised the Serbian Cyrillic alphabet by following strict phonemic principles on the Johann Christoph Adelung ' model and Jan Hus ' Czech alphabet . Karadžić's reforms of standard Serbian modernised it and distanced it from Serbian and Russian Church Slavonic , instead bringing it closer to common folk speech, specifically, to

3237-425: The annual rainfall is 613.8 mm (24.17 in). The average barometer value is 992.74 mb. On average, there are 134 days with rain and snow cover lasts for 41 days. Average temperatures in Niš are rising and they are about 1 °C higher in last 15 years than in period from 1991-2020. Number of snow days and days with frost is decreasing, since January is the only month with average lows below 0 °C. According to

3320-470: The area which might have been an eastern expansion of Proto-Albanian settlement as no other toponyms known in antiquity in the area presuppose an Albanian development. It cannot be ruled out however that the development of Nish < Naiss- may also represent a regional development in late antiquity Balkans which, while closely related to Albanian (i.e. characterized by the same phonetic system), may not be identical with it. Attempts have been made to explain

3403-608: The beaten tracks along which peoples, goods and armies moved. Known as 'Via Militaris' in Roman and Byzantine periods, or 'Constantinople road' in Middle Ages, these roads still represent major European traffic arteries. Niš thus stands at a point of intersection of the roads connecting Asia Minor to Europe, and the Black Sea to the Mediterranean. Nis had been a relatively developed city in

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3486-432: The beginning of the protests in 2018 , the Alliance for Serbia (SzS) was formed, as an initiative of Dragan Đilas . It was a major opposition coalition, that played a key role in Serbian politics until its dissolution in 2020. The coalition boycotted the 2020 parliamentary election , claiming that "there were no conditions for free and fair elections". Most of the parties decided to continue their cooperation, which led to

3569-533: The campaign period. The Republic Electoral Commission confirmed Ponoš as a presidential candidate on 6 March. Its last campaign rally was held on the Nikola Pašić Square, Belgrade on 31 March. UZPS also took part in the local elections , although in Bor and Smederevska Palanka the alliance parties participated on separate lists. The alliance placed second in the general elections, winning 38 seats in total, while in

3652-447: The candidate for mayor of Belgrade. UZPS was composed of the Party of Freedom and Justice , People's Party , Democratic Party , Movement of Free Citizens , and minor parties and movements. It campaigned under the "United for the Victory of Serbia" (UZPS) banner during the campaign period. Ponoš placed second behind incumbent president Aleksandar Vučić , while the alliance won 38 seats in

3735-631: The centre of the Region (oblast), governed by a grand-župan, appointed by royal decree. From 1929 to 1941, Niš was the capital of the Morava Banovina of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia . The tram system in Niš started to run in November 1930. The national airline Aeroput included Niš as a regular destination for the route Belgrade—Niš—Skopje—Thessaloniki in 1930. During the time of German occupation in World War II,

3818-545: The dialect of Eastern Herzegovina which he spoke. Karadžić was, together with Đuro Daničić , the main Serbian signatory to the Vienna Literary Agreement of 1850 which, encouraged by Austrian authorities, laid the foundation for Serbian, various forms of which are used by Serbs in Serbia , Montenegro , Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia today. Karadžić also translated the New Testament into Serbian, which

3901-400: The dissolution of UOPS, although they resumed cooperation around June 2021. The coalition was officially renewed in November 2021 and formalised in February 2022, under the name United Serbia to prepare for the 2022 general elections. The alliance nominated Zdravko Ponoš as their presidential candidate, Marinika Tepić as the head of their national parliamentary list, and Vladeta Janković as

3984-634: The dissolution of the National Assembly on 15 February, the United Serbia alliance began collecting signatures to submit their ballot lists. The ballot list for the parliamentary election was submitted on 18 February, named "United for the Victory of Serbia", and it was supported by 13,007 valid signatures. It campaigned also under the "a change from the root" slogan, while its electoral campaign on 22 February, with its first rally being held in Niš . The alliance has held rallies in other cities across Serbia, such as Belgrade , Valjevo , Prokuplje , Aleksinac , Sremska Mitrovica , Kruševac and Novi Pazar during

4067-400: The end of the 3rd century BC. There is very little archaeological evidence however which can be used to reconstruct a pre-Roman history of Niš. During the Roman era , the city of Naissus became a large urban center. During the Roman conquest of the Balkans , between 168 and 75 BC, the city was used as a base of operations. Naissus was first mentioned in Roman documents near the beginning of

4150-413: The estimated capacity is about 400 million cubic meters of thermal mineral water. Niš has a humid subtropical climate , but with continental influences. Average annual temperature in the area of Niš is 12.4 °C (54.3 °F). July is the warmest month of the year, with an average of 23.1 °C (73.6 °F). The coldest month is January, averaging at 0.9 °C (33.6 °F). The average of

4233-467: The final results from the 2022 census, the population of city proper of Niš was 182,797, while its administrative area had a population of 260,237. The city of Niš has 87,975 households with 2,96 members on average, while the number of homes is 119,196. Religion structure in the city of Niš is predominantly Serbian Orthodox (240,765), with minorities like Muslims (2,486), Catholics (809), Protestants (258), Atheists (109) and others. Most of

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4316-429: The first Nazi Crveni Krst concentration camp in Yugoslavia was in Niš. About 30,000 people passed through this camp, of whom over 10,000 were shot on nearby Bubanj hill. On 12 February 1942, 147 prisoners staged a mass escape. In 1944, the city was heavily bombed by the Allies . In September 1943, the Germans established the Dulag 413 transit camp for Italian Military Internees in the city. On 14 October 1944, after

4399-413: The formation of the United Opposition of Serbia (UOPS) in August 2020. It remained unstable and was challenged with inter-party problems, which led to its dissolution that took place between December 2020 and January 2021. It then split into two blocs, one that was gathered around the Party of Freedom and Justice (SSP), and the other bloc gathered around the People's Party (Narodna). Around June 2021,

4482-538: The former Yugoslavia. In 1981, its GDP per capita was 110% of the Yugoslav average. As of September 2017, Niš has one of 14 free economic zones established in Serbia. The following table gives a preview of total number of registered people employed in legal entities per their core activity (as of 2022): Niš is one of the most important industrial centers in Serbia, well known for its tobacco, electronics, construction, mechanical-engineering, textile, nonferrous-metal, food-processing and rubber-goods industries. Among

4565-408: The introduction of a law regarding gender equality , and it supported the change of the presidential electoral system to a secret ballot system that would be done in the National Assembly . Ponoš stated that he would sign a law that would return confiscated pensions. The alliance had also stated its support for the formation of the "ministry for the return of the people from abroad". The alliance

4648-430: The last station of the Orient Express , until the railroad was built between Niš and Sofia in 1888. In 1887, the Niš Theatre Sinđelić was built. In 1897 Mita Ristić founded the Nitex textile factory. In 1905 the female painter Nadežda Petrović established the Sićevo art colony . The first film was screened in 1897, and the first permanent cinema started operating in 1906. The hydroelectric dam in Sićevo Gorge on

4731-533: The manufacturing companies which had a huge impact during the second half of the 20th century on Niš's development are: EI Niš (electronics industry), Mechanical Industry Niš , "Građevinar" (construction company), Niš Tobacco Factory , "Nitex – Niš" (textile industry), "Niš Brewery" (beverages) and "Žitopek" (bakery). Other prominent companies which went bankrupt during the 1990s and 2000s are: "Vulkan" (rubber-goods manufacturer), "NISSAL" (nonferrous-metal industry). Prominent tobacco manufacturer "Niš Tobacco Factory"

4814-414: The move, while Zoran Lutovac , president of the Democratic Party (DS), said that Đilas did not consult with other alliance members before the meeting. Tepić accused Narodna of populism . Lutovac had also stated that UZPS was "just a pre-election alliance", and that he would prefer to create a wide alliance of moderate parties. Regarding the parliamentary groups, Lutovac said that the parties would not form

4897-420: The parties resumed their cooperation. In October, it was revealed to the public that SSP would begin the formation of another alliance for the 2022 general election . Talks were held in November, after which it was revealed that the parties reached an agreement on 23 November. It was also revealed that Marinika Tepić would head the parliamentary list. During the talks, Zdravko Ponoš stated that he would run for

4980-405: The place name in various ways as "a purely Slavic development", such as by Serbian linguist Aleksandar Loma , however, Austrian linguist Joachim Matzinger, who maintains the Albanian transmission of Naiss > Niš , states that "a discussion with historical South Slavic linguistics is an urgent desideratum". The first settlement on the site of today's Niš may have been founded by the Celts at

5063-462: The population speaks Serbian language (249,949). The composition of population by sex and average age: A total of 120,562 citizens (older than 15 years) have secondary education (53.81%), while the 51,471 citizens have higher education (23.0%). Of those with higher education, 34,409 (15.4%) have university education. The ethnic composition of the city of Niš: The city of Niš consists of five municipalities. The first four municipalities are in

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5146-411: The presidency if "opposition parties unite themselves", and in January 2022, he was proposed by SSP as joint presidential candidate. Other members of the alliance confirmed their support during the following days. Vladeta Janković , an independent nominated by Narodna, was also chosen as their ballot carrier for the Belgrade City Assembly election . The alliance was formalised on 2 February. Following

5229-477: The province of Moesia Superior. In 169 AD, Naissus was established as a municipium and from Diocletian onwards it belonged to the province of Dardania . In 272, the future Emperor Constantine the Great was born in Naissus. Constantine created the Dacia Mediterranea province, of which Naissus was the capital, which also included Remesiana on the Via Militaris and the towns of Pautalia and Germania. He lived in Naissus briefly from 316 to 322. The city

5312-768: The semi-vowels Й or Ў , nor the iotated letters Я (Russian/Bulgarian ya ), Є (Ukrainian ye ), Ї ( yi ), Ё (Russian yo ) or Ю ( yu ), which are instead written as two separate letters: Ја, Је, Ји, Јо, Ју . Ј can also be used as a semi-vowel, in place of й . The letter Щ is not used. When necessary, it is transliterated as either ШЧ , ШЋ or ШТ . Serbian italic and cursive forms of lowercase letters б , г , д , п , and т (Russian Cyrillic alphabet) differ from those used in other Cyrillic alphabets: б , г , д , п , and т (Serbian Cyrillic alphabet). The regular (upright) shapes are generally standardized among languages and there are no officially recognized variations. That presents

5395-451: The site of earlier fortifications – the ancient Roman, Byzantine, and later yet Medieval forts. During the First Serbian uprising in 1809, Serbian revolutionaries attempted to liberate Niš in the Battle of Čegar . After the defeat of the Serbian forces, the Ottoman commander of Niš ordered the heads of the slain Serbs mounted on a tower to serve as a warning. The structure became known as Skull Tower ( Serbian : Ćele Kula ). In 1821,

5478-548: The time (such as Dimitrije Davidović in 1828 and Milan Savić in 1878) also accepted South Morava river as such delineation and added Niš outside the borders of the Serbian people. In 1862 some Muslim families from Belgrade and Smederevo settled in Nis due to the forced displacement of Muslims in the Principality of Serbia. The urban population of Niš consisted of 17,107 Christian and 4,291 Muslim males, with total number of 3,500 Serbian houses and 2,000 Muslim houses. Muslim population of Niš consisted mainly of Turks , of which

5561-421: The toponym attested in Ancient Greek as ΝΑΙΣΣΟΣ (Naissos) achieving its present form via phonetic changes in Proto-Albanian and thereafter the placename entered Slavic. Nish might indicate that Proto-Albanian was spoken in the region in pre-Slavic antiquity. According to Ismajli (2015), when this settlement happened is a matter of debate, as Proto-Albanians might have moved relatively late in antiquity in

5644-401: The town and its surroundings were taken by Bulgarian Emperor Krum . In the 11th century Byzantium reclaimed control over Naissus and the surrounding area. King Solomon of Hungary and Prince Géza marched along the valley of the river Great Morava as far as Niš. The Hungarians seized the Byzantine city without any resistance in 1072. During the People's Crusade , on 3 July 1096, Peter

5727-427: The two official scripts used to write Serbo-Croatian in Yugoslavia since its establishment in 1918, the other being Gaj's Latin alphabet ( latinica ). Following the breakup of Yugoslavia in the 1990s, Serbian Cyrillic is no longer used in Croatia on national level, while in Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Montenegro it remained an official script. Under the Constitution of Serbia of 2006, Cyrillic script

5810-399: The urban area of Niš, while Niška Banja is a suburban municipality. Before 2002, the city of Niš had only two municipalities, one of them named "Niš" and another named "Niška Banja". The city of Niš includes further neighborhoods: The city of Niš is the administrative, industrial, commercial, financial and cultural center of the south-eastern part of Republic of Serbia. The position of Niš

5893-437: The urban population prior to 1878 became 80 percent in 1884. In the following years, the city saw rapid development. The city library was founded in 1879 and the famous Serbian writer Stevan Sremac , a native of Niš, was its first clerk. The first hotel, Europe , was built in 1879; shortly after the first district hospital and the first bank started operating in 1881. In 1878, the first Grammar School (Gimnazija), in 1882

5976-579: The wartime capital of Serbia, hosting the Government and the National Assembly, until Central Powers conquered Serbia in November 1915, when the city was ceded to Bulgaria. After the breakthrough of the Salonika front , the First Serbian Army commanded by general Petar Bojović liberated Niš on 12 October 1918. In the first few years after the war, Niš was recovering from the damage. In 1921, Niš became

6059-519: Was a seat of the empire's military and civil administration. A Silesian traveler stated in 1596 that the route from Sofia to Niš was littered with corpses and described the gates of Niš as bedecked with the freshly-severed heads of poor Bulgarian peasants. In 1689, Niš was seized by the Austrian army during the Great Turkish War , but the Ottomans regained it in 1690. In 1737, Niš was again seized by

6142-554: Was based on the Slavic dialect of Thessaloniki . Part of the Serbian literary heritage of the Middle Ages are works such as Miroslav Gospel , Vukan Gospels , St. Sava's Nomocanon , Dušan's Code , Munich Serbian Psalter , and others. The first printed book in Serbian was the Cetinje Octoechos (1494). It's notable extensive use of diacritical signs by the Resava dialect and use of

6225-522: Was established in the city of Niš. In December 2017, a new building of Clinical Centre of Niš spreading over 45,000 square meters was opened. The road running from the North, from Western and Central Europe and Belgrade down to the Morava River valley, forks into two major lines at Niš: the southern line, leading to Thessalonica and Athens , and the eastern one leading towards Sofia and Istanbul . Niš

6308-484: Was followed by the widening of streets and other measures to "modernise" the town and weaken its Ottoman outlook. Albanian traders who wanted to stay were subjected to a targeted campaign of murder. The Serbian authorities subjected the Jewish community to extortion of money, arbitrary arrests, confiscation of property, forced labour and desecration of graves. The demographics of Niš underwent change whereby Serbs who formed half

6391-611: Was gradually superseded in later centuries by the Cyrillic script, developed around by Cyril's disciples, perhaps at the Preslav Literary School at the end of the 9th century. The earliest form of Cyrillic was the ustav , based on Greek uncial script, augmented by ligatures and letters from the Glagolitic alphabet for consonants not found in Greek. There was no distinction between capital and lowercase letters. The standard language

6474-636: Was known as Нишь or Ньшь ( Nyšь ) in Old Serbian and Old Bulgarian . Nāissus is the Ancient name of the city. Naissus is itself probably a derivative of the older * Nāviskos , from * Nāvia ("trough valley"), the Celtic name of the Nišava River , which flows through the city. In historical sources , the town is mentioned as Naissus, Ναϊσσός, Naessus, urbs Naisitana, Нишь, Ньшь, Nisso and Nix. Niš evolved from

6557-413: Was led by SSP, NS, DS, and PSG. Besides them, the alliance also included minor parties and movements. Serbian Cyrillic alphabet Reformed Serbian based its alphabet on the previous 18th century Slavonic-Serbian script, following the principle of "write as you speak and read as it is written", removing obsolete letters and letters representing iotated vowels , introducing ⟨J⟩ from

6640-601: Was of great importance for the Constantinian dynasty . It is the birthplace of Constantine the Great who turned it from a middle-sized town to a large city with many public buildings. The city flourished greatly in the Constantinian period. A bronze bust of Constantine decorated city. It was his temporary residence and the city where he promulgated many laws, preserved in the Theodosian code . In Constantinian narratives, Naissus

6723-585: Was officially adopted in the Principality of Serbia in 1868, and was in exclusive use in the country up to the interwar period . Both alphabets were official in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia and later in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia . Due to the shared cultural area, Gaj's Latin alphabet saw a gradual adoption in the Socialist Republic of Serbia since, and both scripts are used to write modern standard Serbian. In Serbia , Cyrillic

6806-576: Was published in 1868. He wrote several books; Mala prostonarodna slaveno-serbska pesnarica and Pismenica serbskoga jezika in 1814, and two more in 1815 and 1818, all with the alphabet still in progress. In his letters from 1815 to 1818 he used: Ю, Я, Ы and Ѳ. In his 1815 song book he dropped the Ѣ. The alphabet was officially adopted in 1868, four years after his death. From the Old Slavic script Vuk retained these 24 letters: He added one Latin letter: And 5 new ones: He removed: Orders issued on

6889-434: Was the city where the usurper Vetranio abdicated to Constantius II after a powerful speech he gave to the rebel armies. Julian , the last Constantinian emperor, used Naissus, which had arms factories, as his base in the civil war and recruited Illyrians and others as soldiers for his campaign. In 364 AD, the imperial Villa Mediana 3 km (2 mi) was the site where emperors Valentinian and Valens met and divided

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