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99-831: After the war, she was renamed USAT Sherman and was fitted for service in the Pacific , supporting U.S. bases in Hawaii , Guam , and the Philippines . In addition to her regular supply missions, she transported American troops to several conflicts in the Pacific, including the Philippine Insurrection , Boxer Rebellion , the 1911 Revolution in China , and the Siberian Intervention of World War I . Her last sailing in government service

198-441: A brigade of Army troops against the insurgent Philippine forces. She arrived at her new home port, via coaling stops at Nagasaki and Yokohama , on 29 April 1899. As originally configured for her Pacific service, Sherman's capacity was 69 officers, 1,750 men, and 2,400 tons of cargo. After her shipyard modifications in 1901, her capacity was reckoned at 112 officers, 1,776 men, and 1,810 tons of cargo. Her authorized complement

297-581: A central lagoon . Important human migrations occurred in the Pacific in prehistoric times. Modern humans first reached the western Pacific in the Paleolithic , at around 60,000 to 70,000 years ago. Originating from a southern coastal human migration out of Africa, they reached East Asia , Mainland Southeast Asia , the Philippines, New Guinea , and then Australia by making the sea crossing of at least 80 kilometres (50 mi) between Sundaland and Sahul . It

396-579: A fire broke out on the dock to which she was moored. Sherman's rigging caught fire, but she had enough steam to power her fire pumps and to slowly back away from the dock. Quick repairs were made at the Puget Sound Naval Shipyard and Sherman sailed for Manila on 17 May, albeit without about 1,000 tons of cargo which were lost in the fire. The ship was idled in September 1908 for lack of funds for necessary repairs. On 22 June 1909, just before

495-478: A new ice house was built . Her first sailing after the overhaul left from San Francisco in April 1902. Sherman began a regular shuttle service between San Francisco, Honolulu, Guam, and Manila. The Army Transport Service maintained a roughly monthly schedule of sailings from San Francisco using Sherman , USAT Logan , USAT Sheridan , and USAT Thomas . The ships carried supplies, cash, mail, and fresh troops to

594-518: A part of the 1920 U.S. Olympic Team in both directions. On her return leg, Sherman repatriated the bodies of 763 American soldiers killed in Europe during World War I. From New York she passed through the Panama Canal and completed her round-the-world trip, arriving at San Francisco on 7 October 1920. After her circumnavigation she resumed her trans-Pacific shuttle service. Sherman's final trip for

693-526: A rock in San Bernardino Strait which punched a hole in her port bow below the waterline. The ship took on water but the pumps were able to keep up with the leaks. She went to Hong Kong for repairs before resuming her regular sailings. In May 1906 Sherman sailed to Seattle to take on food and forage for the troops in the Philippines. She had on board 2,862 tons of oats, 547 tons of hay, and 315 tons of other commissary supplies on 7 May 1906 when

792-465: A stroke of 48 inches. Each of the engines was rated at 600 horsepower . Steam was provided by two coal-fired boilers. At full speed she would burn 60 tons of coal per day. Mobile's cargo capacity was built primarily to support the shipment of American beef to England, both in the form of live cattle and refrigerated dressed beef. She was fitted out to transport 1,000 live cattle, and could carry 1,000 tons of fresh meat in her refrigerated holds. She

891-528: Is 4,280 m (14,040 ft; 2,340 fathoms), putting the total water volume at roughly 710,000,000 km (170,000,000 cu mi). Due to the effects of plate tectonics , the Pacific Ocean is currently shrinking by roughly 2.5 cm (1 in) per year on three sides, roughly averaging 0.52 km (0.20 sq mi) a year. By contrast, the Atlantic Ocean is increasing in size. Along

990-491: Is not known with any certainty what level of maritime technology was used by these groups – the presumption is that they used large bamboo rafts which may have been equipped with some sort of sail. The reduction in favourable winds for a crossing to Sahul after 58,000 B.P. fits with the dating of the settlement of Australia, with no later migrations in the prehistoric period. The seafaring abilities of pre-Austronesian residents of Island South-east Asia are confirmed by

1089-670: The Americas , although evidence for this remains inconclusive. The first contact of European navigators with the western edge of the Pacific Ocean was made by the Portuguese expeditions of António de Abreu and Francisco Serrão , via the Lesser Sunda Islands , to the Maluku Islands , in 1512, and with Jorge Álvares 's expedition to southern China in 1513, both ordered by Afonso de Albuquerque from Malacca . The eastern side of

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1188-424: The Americas , more than 25,000 islands, large and small, rise above the surface of the Pacific Ocean. Multiple islands were the shells of former active volcanoes that have lain dormant for thousands of years. Close to the equator, without vast areas of blue ocean, are a dot of atolls that have over intervals of time been formed by seamounts as a result of tiny coral islands strung in a ring within surroundings of

1287-620: The Arctic Ocean in the north to the Southern Ocean (or, depending on definition, to Antarctica ) in the south, and is bounded by the continents of Asia and Australia in the west and the Americas in the east. At 165,250,000 square kilometers (63,800,000 square miles) in area (as defined with a southern Antarctic border), this largest division of the World Ocean and the hydrosphere covers about 46% of Earth's water surface and about 32% of

1386-510: The Bering Sea in the Arctic to the northern extent of the circumpolar Southern Ocean at 60°S (older definitions extend it to Antarctica 's Ross Sea ), the Pacific reaches its greatest east–west width at about 5°N latitude , where it stretches approximately 19,800 km (12,300 mi) from Indonesia to the coast of Colombia  – halfway around the world, and more than five times

1485-914: The North Pacific Ocean and the South Pacific Ocean (or more loosely the South Seas ). The Pacific Ocean can also be informally divided by the International Date Line into the East Pacific and the West Pacific , which allows it to be further divided into four quadrants, namely the Northeast Pacific off the coasts of North America , the Southeast Pacific off South America , Northwest Pacific off Far Eastern / Pacific Asia , and

1584-583: The Pacific War ; however, by the end of that war, Japan was defeated and the U.S. Pacific Fleet was the virtual master of the ocean. The Japanese-ruled Northern Mariana Islands came under the control of the United States. Since the end of World War II, many former colonies in the Pacific have become independent states . The Pacific separates Asia and Australia from the Americas. It may be further subdivided by

1683-708: The Sirena Deep , is also located in the Mariana Trench. The western Pacific has many major marginal seas , including the Philippine Sea , South China Sea , East China Sea , Sea of Japan , Sea of Okhotsk , Bering Sea , Gulf of Alaska , Gulf of California , Mar de Grau , Tasman Sea , and the Coral Sea . In the early 16th century , Spanish explorer Vasco Núñez de Balboa crossed the Isthmus of Panama in 1513 and sighted

1782-693: The Southern Hemisphere . The North Equatorial Current , driven westward along latitude 15°N by the trade winds , turns north near the Philippines to become the warm Japan or Kuroshio Current . Turning eastward at about 45°N , the Kuroshio forks and some water moves northward as the Aleutian Current , while the rest turns southward to rejoin the North Equatorial Current. The Aleutian Current branches as it approaches North America and forms

1881-683: The Southwest Pacific around Oceania . The Pacific Ocean's mean depth is 4,000 meters (13,000 feet). Challenger Deep in the Mariana Trench , located in the northwestern Pacific, is the deepest known point in the world, reaching a depth of 10,928 meters (35,853 feet). The Pacific also contains the deepest point in the Southern Hemisphere , the Horizon Deep in the Tonga Trench , at 10,823 meters (35,509 feet). The third deepest point on Earth,

1980-609: The Strait of Magellan to the Philippines , the explorer indeed found the ocean peaceful; however, the Pacific is not always peaceful. Many tropical storms batter the islands of the Pacific. The lands around the Pacific Rim are full of volcanoes and often affected by earthquakes . Tsunamis , caused by underwater earthquakes, have devastated many islands and in some cases destroyed entire towns. The Martin Waldseemüller map of 1507

2079-683: The Suez Canal . She had a full load of 34 officers and 1,702 men, including the 3rd Infantry Regiment and the 2nd battalion of the 17th Infantry Regiment . She stopped at Gibralter for coal on 15 February 1899. Sherman reached Port Said on 24 February 1899, Aden by 2 March, Singapore on 16 March, and finally arrived in Manila on 22 March 1899. After disembarking her troops and unloading her cargo in Manila, she sailed to San Francisco on 3 April 1899. Sherman carried about 100 wounded soldiers and Brigadier General Harrison Gray Otis , who had commanded

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2178-772: The Western Hemisphere . The Southern Pacific Ocean harbors the Southeast Indian Ridge crossing from south of Australia turning into the Pacific-Antarctic Ridge (north of the South Pole ) and merges with another ridge (south of South America) to form the East Pacific Rise which also connects with another ridge (south of North America) which overlooks the Juan de Fuca Ridge . For most of Magellan's voyage from

2277-566: The crab claw sail ) – it is likely that the progressive development of these technologies were related to the later steps of settlement into Near and Remote Oceania. Starting at around 2200 BCE, Austronesians sailed southwards to settle the Philippines . From, probably, the Bismarck Archipelago they crossed the western Pacific to reach the Marianas Islands by 1500 BCE, as well as Palau and Yap by 1000 BCE. They were

2376-696: The Army faced substantial logistical challenges in the Caribbean. It had to garrison the new possessions, and return the men temporarily mobilized for the offensive.   Mobile moved thousands of troops and animals to and from Cuba and Puerto Rico. 16th Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry Regiment 8th Infantry Regiment 22nd Infantry Regiment 3rd battalion, 2nd Illinois Volunteer Infantry Regiment 1 company, 4th Virginia Volunteer Infantry Regiment 2nd Louisiana Volunteer Infantry Regiment 9th Illinois Volunteer Infantry Regiment Having taken Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam, and

2475-527: The Army was a round trip to the Philippines. She arrived back at San Francisco on 6 June 1922. In December 1920, the War Department announced its intention to sell eight Army transports, including Sherman and two of her sister-ships purchased from the Atlantic Transport Line in 1898. Given the glut of more modern troopships built during World War I, it made little sense for the Army to maintain

2574-573: The Atlantic Transport Line sold Manitoba , Mohawk , Massachusetts , Michigan , Mississippi , and Minnewaska . These ships were placed under the Quartermaster's Department of the United States Army. The Army reckoned Mobile's capacity to be 80 officers, 1,000 men, and 1,000 horses. Mobile arrived in New York from London on her last trip for the Atlantic Transport Line on 5 July 1898. She

2673-855: The Atlantic, the Strait of Magellan was at times patrolled by fleets sent to prevent the entrance of non-Spanish ships. On the western side of the Pacific Ocean the Dutch threatened the Spanish Philippines . The 18th century marked the beginning of major exploration by the Russians in Alaska and the Aleutian Islands , such as the First Kamchatka expedition and the Great Northern Expedition , led by

2772-519: The Atlantic. The andesite line is the most significant regional distinction in the Pacific. A petrologic boundary, it separates the deeper, mafic igneous rock of the Central Pacific Basin from the partially submerged continental areas of felsic igneous rock on its margins. The andesite line follows the western edge of the islands off California and passes south of the Aleutian arc , along

2871-534: The Atlantic. On 25 April 1898, Congress declared war on Spain , beginning the Spanish-American War. An immediate objective was to defeat Spain in the Caribbean , taking Cuba and Puerto Rico. At the time, the United States had few overseas possessions, and thus its military had limited ocean-capable sealift to support such an offensive. American political leaders preferred to acquire American ships to support

2970-704: The Chilean coast, the South Equatorial Current divides; one branch flows around Cape Horn and the other turns north to form the Peru or Humboldt Current . The climate patterns of the Northern and Southern Hemispheres generally mirror each other. The trade winds in the southern and eastern Pacific are remarkably steady while conditions in the North Pacific are far more varied with, for example, cold winter temperatures on

3069-629: The Civil War, he was hired on as an agent for the Union Pacific Railroad . In the 1870s, a group of investors from Detroit decided to build a rail line near Logansport, Indiana ; they hired Hecker to manage their project. Hecker took on the project, taking a younger Charles Lang Freer with him. Although the project fell through, the Detroit investors were pleased with Hecker's work and invited him to Detroit. There, in 1879, Hecker and Freer organized

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3168-802: The Danish-born Russian navy officer Vitus Bering . Spain also sent expeditions to the Pacific Northwest , reaching Vancouver Island in southern Canada, and Alaska. The French explored and colonized Polynesia , and the British made three voyages with James Cook to the South Pacific and Australia, Hawaii , and the North American Pacific Northwest . In 1768, Pierre-Antoine Véron , a young astronomer accompanying Louis Antoine de Bougainville on his voyage of exploration, established

3267-660: The Moluccas, between 1525 and 1527, Portuguese expeditions encountered the Caroline Islands , the Aru Islands , and Papua New Guinea . In 1542–43 the Portuguese also reached Japan. In 1564, five Spanish ships carrying 379 soldiers crossed the ocean from Mexico led by Miguel López de Legazpi , and colonized the Philippines and Mariana Islands . For the remainder of the 16th century, Spain maintained military and mercantile control, with ships sailing from Mexico and Peru across

3366-651: The Pacific Ring of Fire is the world's foremost belt of explosive volcanism . The Ring of Fire is named after the several hundred active volcanoes that sit above the various subduction zones. The Pacific Ocean is the only ocean which is mostly bounded by subduction zones. Only the central part of the North American coast and the Antarctic and Australian coasts have no nearby subduction zones. Frank J. Hecker Frank Joseph Hecker (July 6, 1846 – June 26, 1927)

3465-429: The Pacific Ocean to the Philippines via Guam , and establishing the Spanish East Indies . The Manila galleons operated for two and a half centuries, linking Manila and Acapulco , in one of the longest trade routes in history. Spanish expeditions also arrived at Tuvalu , the Marquesas , the Cook Islands , the Solomon Islands , Vanuatu , the Marshalls and the Admiralty Islands in the South Pacific. Later, in

3564-399: The Pacific Ocean's irregular western margins lie many seas, the largest of which are the Celebes Sea , Coral Sea , East China Sea (East Sea), Philippine Sea , Sea of Japan , South China Sea (South Sea), Sulu Sea , Tasman Sea , and Yellow Sea (West Sea of Korea). The Indonesian Seaway (including the Strait of Malacca and Torres Strait ) joins the Pacific and the Indian Ocean to

3663-402: The Pacific in recorded history. They were part of a Spanish expedition to the Spice Islands that would eventually result in the first world circumnavigation . Magellan called the ocean Pacífico (or "Pacific" meaning, "peaceful") because, after sailing through the stormy seas off Cape Horn , the expedition found calm waters. The ocean was often called the Sea of Magellan in his honor until

3762-428: The Peninsular Car Works, which in 1884 was renamed into the Peninsular Car Company . Hecker was president of both companies, and business made both Hecker and Freer wealthy. Hecker also was on boards of the Detroit Copper and Brass Rolling Mills, Michigan Fire and Marine Insurance Company, and the Detroit Lumber Company. Hecker was appointed Police Commissioner in 1888. He unsuccessfully ran for Congress in 1892, and

3861-540: The Philippines already in 7000 BCE. Additional earlier migrations into Insular Southeast Asia, associated with Austroasiatic-speakers from Mainland Southeast Asia, are estimated to have taken place already in 15000 BCE. At around 1300 to 1200 BCE, a branch of the Austronesian migrations known as the Lapita culture reached the Bismarck Archipelago , the Solomon Islands , Vanuatu , Fiji , and New Caledonia . From there, they settled Tonga and Samoa by 900 to 800 BCE. Some also back-migrated northwards in 200 BCE to settle

3960-467: The Philippines, and relieved, discharged, wounded, and dead troops back to the United States. During fiscal year 1903, for example, Sherman made three round trips through the Pacific. On her departures from San Francisco Sherman carried a total of 185 officers, 3,021 soldiers, and 244 civilians, many of them family members of the officers. On her return voyages she had aboard 182 officers, 3,093 soldiers, and 347 civilians. In addition to Army personnel,

4059-624: The Philippines, the Army had a permanent need for transport to overseas bases. The annexation of Hawaii in 1898 also required new ocean transport. The Army Transport Service chose the best vessels acquired during the war to become a permanent sealift capability. Mobile and her three sister ships were retained for this purpose. To mark their transition to permanent military service, they were renamed in January 1899. Mobile became United States Army Transport Sherman , named for Civil War General William Tecumseh Sherman . On 3 February 1899, Sherman sailed from New York, bound for Manila , via

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4158-528: The United States. Significant contributions to oceanographic knowledge were made by the voyages of HMS Beagle in the 1830s, with Charles Darwin aboard; HMS Challenger during the 1870s; the USS Tuscarora (1873–76); and the German Gazelle (1874–76). In Oceania, France obtained a leading position as imperial power after making Tahiti and New Caledonia protectorates in 1842 and 1853, respectively. After navy visits to Easter Island in 1875 and 1887, Chilean navy officer Policarpo Toro negotiated

4257-416: The andesite line and include New Guinea, the islands of New Zealand, and the Philippines. Some of these islands are structurally associated with nearby continents. High islands are of volcanic origin, and many contain active volcanoes. Among these are Bougainville , Hawaii, and the Solomon Islands. The coral reefs of the South Pacific are low-lying structures that have built up on basaltic lava flows under

4356-408: The andesite line. Within the closed loop of the andesite line are most of the deep troughs, submerged volcanic mountains, and oceanic volcanic islands that characterize the Pacific basin. Here basaltic lavas gently flow out of rifts to build huge dome-shaped volcanic mountains whose eroded summits form island arcs, chains, and clusters. Outside the andesite line, volcanism is of the explosive type, and

4455-409: The arctic, icing from October to May can present a hazard for shipping while persistent fog occurs from June to December. A climatological low in the Gulf of Alaska keeps the southern coast wet and mild during the winter months. The Westerlies and associated jet stream within the Mid-Latitudes can be particularly strong, especially in the Southern Hemisphere, due to the temperature difference between

4554-421: The base of a counter-clockwise circulation in the Bering Sea . Its southern arm becomes the chilled slow, south-flowing California Current . The South Equatorial Current , flowing west along the equator, swings southward east of New Guinea , turns east at about 50°S , and joins the main westerly circulation of the South Pacific, which includes the Earth-circling Antarctic Circumpolar Current . As it approaches

4653-562: The conflict to deliver troops and supplies to Manila. Adding urgency to moving troops and supplies to Asia was the United States involvement in the Boxer Rebellion in China in 1900. Details of Sherman's trans-Pacific trips during this period are shown in the table below. 2 batteries, California Heavy Artillery (9 officers, 286 men) 275 discharged troops 350 recruits for other regiments 160 recruits 1 battalion, 5th Infantry Regiment 1 battalion, 8th Infantry Regiment 71 prisoners 4,000 tons of supplies On 7 January 1901 Sherman

4752-456: The construction of the Col. Frank J. Hecker House , located on Woodward Avenue in Detroit. The mansion is on the National Register of Historic Places . Charles Lang Freer 's home is next door. In 1868, Hecker married Anna M. Williamson of Omaha, Nebraska . The couple had five children: Frank Clarence, Anna Cynthia, Louise May, Christian Henry, and Grace Clara. Frank Hecker died from heart failure at his home in Detroit on June 26, 1927, and

4851-443: The declaration of war, fewer domestic options remained. While the Atlantic Transport Line was British-flagged, it was American owned, making it a more attractive option. Army Colonel Frank J. Hecker approached the Atlantic Transport Line to charter its fleet, and was refused. He then offered to buy the vessels he sought and a deal was struck, subject to the approval of the Secretary of War Russel Alger . In addition to Mobile ,

4950-408: The diameter of the Moon. Its geographic center is in eastern Kiribati south of Kiritimati , just west from Starbuck Island at 4°58′S 158°45′W  /  4.97°S 158.75°W  / -4.97; -158.75 . The lowest known point on Earth – the Mariana Trench  – lies 10,911 m (35,797  ft ; 5,966 fathoms ) below sea level. Its average depth

5049-402: The difference between temperatures aloft and sea surface temperatures is the greatest; however, each particular basin has its own seasonal patterns. On a worldwide scale, May is the least active month, while September is the most active month. November is the only month in which all the tropical cyclone basins are active. The Pacific hosts the two most active tropical cyclone basins , which are

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5148-434: The east and the islands of Kiribati in the southeast. Melanesia, to the southwest, includes New Guinea , the world's second largest island after Greenland and by far the largest of the Pacific islands. The other main Melanesian groups from north to south are the Bismarck Archipelago , the Solomon Islands , Santa Cruz , Vanuatu , Fiji and New Caledonia . The largest area, Polynesia , stretching from Hawaii in

5247-423: The east coast of Russia contrasting with the milder weather off British Columbia during the winter months due to the preferred flow of ocean currents . In the tropical and subtropical Pacific, the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) affects weather conditions. To determine the phase of ENSO, the most recent three-month sea surface temperature average for the area approximately 3,000 km (1,900 mi) to

5346-403: The eastern edge of the Kamchatka Peninsula , the Kuril Islands , Japan, the Mariana Islands , the Solomon Islands , and New Zealand's North Island . The dissimilarity continues northeastward along the western edge of the Andes Cordillera along South America to Mexico, returning then to the islands off California. Indonesia, the Philippines, Japan, New Guinea, and New Zealand lie outside

5445-410: The eighteenth century. Magellan stopped at one uninhabited Pacific island before stopping at Guam in March 1521. Although Magellan himself died in the Philippines in 1521, Spanish navigator Juan Sebastián Elcano led the remains of the expedition back to Spain across the Indian Ocean and round the Cape of Good Hope , completing the first world circumnavigation in 1522. Sailing around and east of

5544-487: The equator into northern (North Pacific) and southern (South Pacific) portions. It extends from the Antarctic region in the South to the Arctic in the north. The Pacific Ocean encompasses approximately one-third of the Earth's surface, having an area of 165,200,000 km (63,800,000 sq mi) – larger than Earth's entire landmass combined, 150,000,000 km (58,000,000 sq mi). Extending approximately 15,500 km (9,600 mi) from

5643-469: The equator, which can have a salinity as low as 34 parts per thousand, is less salty than that found in the mid-latitudes because of abundant equatorial precipitation throughout the year. The lowest counts of less than 32 parts per thousand are found in the far north as less evaporation of seawater takes place in these frigid areas. The motion of Pacific waters is generally clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere (the North Pacific gyre ) and counter-clockwise in

5742-420: The first completely documented European landing in Australia (1606), in Cape York Peninsula , and Abel Janszoon Tasman circumnavigated and landed on parts of the Australian continental coast and arrived at Tasmania and New Zealand in 1642. In the 16th and 17th centuries, Spain considered the Pacific Ocean a mare clausum  – a sea closed to other naval powers. As the only known entrance from

5841-420: The first humans to reach Remote Oceania , and the first to cross vast distances of open water. They also continued spreading southwards and settling the rest of Maritime Southeast Asia , reaching Indonesia and Malaysia by 1500 BCE, and further west to Madagascar and the Comoros in the Indian Ocean by around 500 CE. More recently, it is suggested that Austronesians expanded already earlier, arriving in

5940-423: The great "Southern Sea" which he named Mar del Sur (in Spanish). Afterwards, the ocean's current name was coined by Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan during the Spanish circumnavigation of the world in 1521, as he encountered favorable winds on reaching the ocean. He called it Mar Pacífico , which in Portuguese means 'peaceful sea'. Top large seas: Across the continents of Asia, Australia and

6039-439: The incorporation of the island into Chile with native Rapanui in 1888. By occupying Easter Island, Chile joined the imperial nations. By 1900 nearly all Pacific islands were in control of Britain, France, United States, Germany, Japan, and Chile. Although the United States gained control of Guam and the Philippines from Spain in 1898, Japan controlled most of the western Pacific by 1914 and occupied many other islands during

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6138-417: The islands in the world. There are about 25,000 islands in the Pacific Ocean. The islands entirely within the Pacific Ocean can be divided into three main groups known as Micronesia , Melanesia and Polynesia . Micronesia, which lies north of the equator and west of the International Date Line , includes the Mariana Islands in the northwest, the Caroline Islands in the center, the Marshall Islands to

6237-519: The islands of eastern Micronesia (including the Carolines , the Marshall Islands , and Kiribati ), mixing with earlier Austronesian migrations in the region. This remained the furthest extent of the Austronesian expansion into Polynesia until around 700 CE when there was another surge of island exploration. They reached the Cook Islands , Tahiti , and the Marquesas by 700 CE; Hawaiʻi by 900 CE; Rapa Nui by 1000 CE; and finally New Zealand by 1200 CE. Austronesians may have also reached as far as

6336-403: The mainland after her first trip to the Caribbean was widely criticized in the press for significant overcrowding, spoiled food, and lack of care for the sick and wounded. Perhaps the bad press stung, for Mobile did not sail again until she was overhauled at the William Cramps and Sons shipyard in Philadelphia and personally inspected by Secretary of War Alger. Even though the war was over,

6435-433: The mainland, much of the freight was pineapples and bananas. From California to Hawaii freight ran the gamut from new cars for auto dealers, airplanes for the Navy, cement, asphalt, pipe, tile, grain, oranges, live quail, mail, and much more besides. Pacific Ocean Main five oceans division: Further subdivision: The Pacific Ocean is the largest and deepest of Earth's five oceanic divisions . It extends from

6534-454: The new Federal government fiscal year began, a contract was signed with Union Iron Works for $ 314,000 of repairs. She resumed her regular route through the Pacific, running from San Francisco to Honolulu, Guam, Manila, Nagasaki, and back again, on 5 April 1910, after more than a year out of commission. In July 1911, Sherman took part in an experiment that was reported as the U.S. Army's first use of wireless telephony at sea. The radio aboard

6633-468: The north to New Zealand in the south, also encompasses Tuvalu , Tokelau , Samoa , Tonga and the Kermadec Islands to the west, the Cook Islands , Society Islands and Austral Islands in the center, and the Marquesas Islands , Tuamotu , Mangareva Islands , and Easter Island to the east. Islands in the Pacific Ocean are of four basic types: continental islands, high islands, coral reefs and uplifted coral platforms. Continental islands lie outside

6732-485: The northern Philippines , but also earlier groups associated with Austroasiatic-speakers , resulting in the modern peoples of Island Southeast Asia and Oceania. A later seaborne migration is the Neolithic Austronesian expansion of the Austronesian peoples . Austronesians originated from the island of Taiwan c.  3000 –1500 BCE. They are associated with distinctive maritime sailing technologies (notably outrigger boats , catamarans , lashed-lug boats, and

6831-433: The northwestern Pacific and the eastern Pacific. Pacific hurricanes form south of Mexico, sometimes striking the western Mexican coast and occasionally the Southwestern United States between June and October, while typhoons forming in the northwestern Pacific moving into southeast and east Asia from May to December. Tropical cyclones also form in the South Pacific basin , where they occasionally impact island nations. In

6930-399: The ocean was encountered by Spanish explorer Vasco Núñez de Balboa in 1513 after his expedition crossed the Isthmus of Panama and reached a new ocean. He named it Mar del Sur ("Sea of the South" or "South Sea" ) because the ocean was to the south of the coast of the isthmus where he first observed the Pacific. In 1520, navigator Ferdinand Magellan and his crew were the first to cross

7029-439: The ocean's surface. One of the most dramatic is the Great Barrier Reef off northeastern Australia with chains of reef patches. A second island type formed of coral is the uplifted coral platform, which is usually slightly larger than the low coral islands. Examples include Banaba (formerly Ocean Island) and Makatea in the Tuamotu group of French Polynesia . The volume of the Pacific Ocean, representing about 50.1 percent of

7128-517: The planet's total surface area, larger than its entire land area (148,000,000 km (57,000,000 sq mi)). The centers of both the Water Hemisphere and the Western Hemisphere , as well as the oceanic pole of inaccessibility , are in the Pacific Ocean. Ocean circulation (caused by the Coriolis effect ) subdivides it into two largely independent volumes of water that meet at the equator ,

7227-575: The promenade deck, contained 23 staterooms, the doctor's office, music room, and smoking room. Her second deck contained 51 staterooms, the beauty salon, dining salon, and barber shop. Her third deck, the main deck, contained another first-class dining salon, and five 4-person third-class staterooms with an attached dining area. Her fourth deck contained another 14 staterooms and a lounge. She sailed with as many as 418 passengers. The passenger accomodations left plenty of room for freight, and Calawaii sailed with as much as 6,000 tons aboard. From Hawaii to

7326-569: The quest for Terra Australis ("the [great] Southern Land"), Spanish explorations in the 17th century, such as the expedition led by the Portuguese navigator Pedro Fernandes de Queirós , arrived at the Pitcairn and Vanuatu archipelagos, and sailed the Torres Strait between Australia and New Guinea, named after navigator Luís Vaz de Torres . Dutch explorers, sailing around southern Africa, also engaged in exploration and trade; Willem Janszoon , made

7425-500: The settlement of Buka by 32,000 B.P. and Manus by 25,000 B.P. Journeys of 180 kilometres (110 mi) and 230 kilometres (140 mi) are involved, respectively. The descendants of these migrations today are the Negritos , Melanesians , and Indigenous Australians . Their populations in maritime Southeast Asia , coastal New Guinea , and Island Melanesia later intermarried with the incoming Austronesian settlers from Taiwan and

7524-630: The ship also routinely transported U.S. Marines Corps , and U.S. Navy personnel. The first-class service offered to Sherman's cabin passengers attracted a number of prominent passengers. These included U.S. Senators Samuel Piles , and John Shafroth , U.S. Representatives F. A. Britton, George Edmunds , and Clement Brumbaugh , Major Generals John Brooke , John Weston , Lloyd Wheaton , George Randall , Frederick Funston , and Thomas Barry , and Brigadier Generals John J. Pershing , William Carter , Charles Humphrey , John Wisser , Frederick Strong , and Henry Hodges . In December 1902 Sherman struck

7623-496: The ship for her new service. The major work was done by the Los Angeles Shipbuilding and Drydock Company . Among the changes were to convert her boilers from burning coal to burning oil. Her name was changed to Calawaii , a contraction of California and Hawaii, the two endpoints of her route. The interiors of her staterooms and lounges were replaced as was her galley. New linens and china were procured. Her top deck,

7722-720: The ship made a detour in her usual Pacific route by moving troops to and from Alaska . Sherman arrived at Fort Seward on 17 September 1918. She also stopped at Fort Liscum before returning to San Francisco. The revolutionary Bolshevik government of Russia made a separate peace with the Central Powers in March 1918, ending Russian participation in World War I. In July 1918, President Wilson agreed to send U.S. troops to Siberia as part of an Allied Expeditionary Force to safeguard American interests threatened by Russia's withdrawal from

7821-550: The ship received a voice transmission from San Francisco when she was roughly 600 miles from shore. Sherman had nothing but her standard wireless telegraphy equipment on board, so she repeated the voice message back in morse code to prove that she had received it. The Army Transport Service leased wharfage and warehouse space on the Folsom Street Pier in San Francisco and this is where Sherman most often moored when she

7920-500: The southeast of Hawaii is computed, and if the region is more than 0.5 °C (0.9 °F) above or below normal for that period, then an El Niño or La Niña is considered in progress. In the tropical western Pacific, the monsoon and the related wet season during the summer months contrast with dry winds in the winter which blow over the ocean from the Asian landmass. Worldwide, tropical cyclone activity peaks in late summer, when

8019-484: The thirty-year-old Sherman . Sealed bids for Sherman and several other transports were opened and accepted on 2 October 1922. Sherman was sold to the Los Angeles Steamship Company, which intended to sail her between Los Angeles and Honolulu. She replaced the company's City of Honolulu, which burned at sea. The Los Angeles Steamship Company was reported to have spent $ 250,000 to $ 300,000 refitting

8118-786: The tropics and Antarctica, which records the coldest temperature readings on the planet. In the Southern hemisphere, because of the stormy and cloudy conditions associated with extratropical cyclones riding the jet stream, it is usual to refer to the Westerlies as the Roaring Forties, Furious Fifties and Shrieking Sixties according to the varying degrees of latitude. The ocean was first mapped by Abraham Ortelius ; he called it Maris Pacifici following Ferdinand Magellan 's description of it as "a pacific sea" during his circumnavigation from 1519 to 1522. To Magellan, it seemed much more calm (pacific) than

8217-593: The war effort, rather than enrich foreigners and rely on foreign crews. There were also legal constraints on using neutral-flagged vessels in American military operations. Through some quirks in the Congressional funding of the war, the US Navy was able to charter transport ships prior to the declaration of war and tied-up the best of the American merchant fleet for its use. When the Army was able to begin acquiring ships after

8316-523: The war. Sherman embarked 45 officers and 1490 men, comprising most of the 31st Infantry Regiment , at Manila on 12 August 1918 and landed them in Vladivostok, Russia on 21 August. During 1918 and 1919 Sherman sailed a triangular route between San Francisco, Vladivostok, and Manila, with her usual intermediate stops in Hawaii, and Guam. While in 1918, the ship brought troops to Vladivostok, by late 1919 she

8415-566: The west, and Drake Passage and the Strait of Magellan link the Pacific with the Atlantic Ocean on the east. To the north, the Bering Strait connects the Pacific with the Arctic Ocean . As the Pacific straddles the 180th meridian , the West Pacific (or western Pacific , near Asia) is in the Eastern Hemisphere , while the East Pacific (or eastern Pacific , near the Americas) is in

8514-525: The width of the Pacific with precision for the first time in history. One of the earliest voyages of scientific exploration was organized by Spain in the Malaspina Expedition of 1789–1794. It sailed vast areas of the Pacific, from Cape Horn to Alaska, Guam and the Philippines, New Zealand, Australia, and the South Pacific. Growing imperialism during the 19th century resulted in the occupation of much of Oceania by European powers, and later Japan and

8613-434: The world's oceanic water, has been estimated at some 714 million cubic kilometers (171 million cubic miles). Surface water temperatures in the Pacific can vary from −1.4 °C (29.5 °F), the freezing point of seawater, in the poleward areas to about 30 °C (86 °F) near the equator. Salinity also varies latitudinally, reaching a maximum of 37 parts per thousand in the southeastern area. The water near

8712-487: Was London and she was registered as a British ship. During her six-year career with Atlantic Transport Line she was assigned to the New York to London route. Mobile completed her maiden voyage to New York on 6 August 1893. Mobile regularly shipped cattle to Britain, as she was designed to do. Since facilities for transporting cattle also supported other livestock, Mobile occasionally shipped horses, and even deer across

8811-465: Was 13 officers and 172 crew. As she sailed, her crew was typically between 175 and 200 officers and men. Just over 30 of the crew were waiters who were typically tipped by the first-class cabin passengers. There was an urgent need for troops and supplies in the Philippines to prosecute American aims in the Philippine-American War. Sherman sailed continuously during the critical portion of

8910-471: Was also fitted with a salon and first-class cabins for 60 passengers. Mobile was launched from the Harland and Wolff shipyard on Queen's Island on 17 November 1892. She then had her engines and boilers installed. The ship was completed on 27 July 1893. While the Atlantic Transport Line was controlled by American shipping magnate Bernard N. Baker , its operations were run from Britain. Mobile's home port

9009-632: Was an American businessman in the railroad -car manufacturing business. Hecker was from Detroit , Michigan. Frank J. Hecker was born in Freedom, Michigan (in Washtenaw County ) on July 6, 1846. His family moved to St. Louis, Missouri in 1859, where Frank was educated. During the American Civil War , he joined the Union Army in 1864, and was appointed first sergeant . After the conclusion of

9108-584: Was bringing them home. Sherman sailed from Vladivostok for the last time on 24 June 1920 with 1,546 officers and men of the Czechoslovak Legion aboard. She arrived in Trieste, Italy , via the Suez Canal, on 7 July 1920 and disembarked the troops. On her return trip from Europe, Sherman stopped at Brindisi , Gibraltar, and New York. The ship then made a single round trip to Antwerp , notable for carrying

9207-554: Was built of steel plates. She was 445.5 feet (135.8 m) long, with a beam of 49.2 feet (15.0 m) and a depth of hold of 30 feet (9.1 m). Her gross register tonnage was 5,283, and her net register tonnage was 3,725. She displaced 7,271 tons. She was driven by two manganese-bronze propellers . These were turned by two triple-expansion steam engines which were also built by Harland and Wolff. They had high, medium, and low-pressure cylinders with diameters of 22.5 inches, 36.5 inches, and 60 inches, respectively, with

9306-747: Was in June 1922. The ship was sold to the Los Angeles Steamship Company which renamed her Calawaii . She ran freight and passengers between Los Angeles and Hawaii from 1923 to 1932. The ship was scrapped in Japan in 1933. The Atlantic Transport Line commissioned four sisterships to be built by the Harland and Wolff Shipyard in Belfast, Northern Ireland . They were, in order of launch, Massachusetts , Manitoba , Mohawk , and Mobile . Mobile's hull

9405-623: Was later a delegate to the Republican National Convention in 1900 . During the Spanish–American War , Hecker joined the Army once more, where he was put in charge of transporting Spanish prisoners. In 1899, he was commissioned as a colonel. This service brought him to the attention of President Theodore Roosevelt , who in 1904 appointed Hecker to the Panama Canal Commission . Hecker is perhaps best known for

9504-535: Was loading or unloading. In 1903, as the Army's commitments in the Pacific became clear, it decided to develop its own, larger facility at Fort Mason . Sherman was the first Army transport to dock at the new piers at Fort Mason when she arrived in San Francisco on 6 January 1912. Sherman went out of commission for significant repairs in July 1914. She returned to her regular Pacific route in October 1914. In September 1918

9603-571: Was taken out of commission for maintenance. An initial contract for $ 335,497.50 was signed with the Union Iron Works shipyard in San Francisco, and a $ 33,244 contract for additional work was added later. Work on the ship stopped when the machinists' union struck in May 1901. She languished in port, but when the strike was settled, her decks were rebuilt, the number of staterooms was increased, her medical facilities were improved, lavoratories expanded, and

9702-572: Was the first to show the Americas separating two distinct oceans. Later, the Diogo Ribeiro map of 1529 was the first to show the Pacific at about its proper size. (Inhabited dependent territories are denoted by the asterisk (*), with names of the corresponding sovereign states in round brackets. Associated states in the Realm of New Zealand are denoted by the hash sign (#).) Territories with no permanent civilian population. The Pacific Ocean has most of

9801-444: Was turned over to the Army as soon as she was unloaded. The purchase price of the ship was $ 660,000. Mobile underwent little conversion for military use. She sailed from New York on 14 July 1898, just a week after her purchase, for Charleston, South Carolina , where she arrived on 18 July 1898. There she embarked troops for Puerto Rico, but by then the fighting was all but over. Hostilities ceased on 12 August 1898. Her return to

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