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37-611: UMH may refer to: Miguel Hernández University of Elche , a Spanish university, located in the province of Alicante Underwood-Memorial Hospital , a hospital in Woodbury, New Jersey, USA The United Methodist Hymnal University of Mons-Hainaut , a university in the French Community of Belgium UMH group , an international multimedia group based in Ukraine Topics referred to by

74-603: A foreign language. Students can take the DELE examination, the Diploma de Español como Lengua Extranjera (Diploma of Spanish as a Foreign Language), at the UMH, which is a certification from the Cervantes Institute with international recognition. 38°16′30″N 0°41′03″W  /  38.27500°N 0.68417°W  / 38.27500; -0.68417 Neurotoxicity Neurotoxicity

111-464: A golf course, paddle tennis courts, a pool, and a sports hall. In Sant Joan d'Alacant , beside the university hospital, the UMH campus is dedicated to the health sciences. Housed here are two schools, two research institutes, six departments and several laboratories for training students. Degrees in medicine, physiotherapy, podiatry, occupational therapy, pharmacy and various postgraduate courses are taught on this campus. The Institute of Neuroscience and

148-496: A result of long term drug use are amyloid beta (Aβ), glutamate , dopamine , and oxygen radicals . When present in high concentrations, they can lead to neurotoxicity and death ( apoptosis ). Some of the symptoms that result from cell death include loss of motor control, cognitive deterioration and autonomic nervous system dysfunction. Additionally, neurotoxicity has been found to be a major cause of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Amyloid beta (Aβ)

185-454: Is a chemical found in the brain that poses a toxic threat to neurons when found in high concentrations. This concentration equilibrium is extremely delicate and is usually found in millimolar amounts extracellularly. When disturbed, an accumulation of glutamate occurs as a result of a mutation in the glutamate transporters , which act like pumps to clear glutamate from the synapse. This causes glutamate concentration to be several times higher in

222-509: Is a form of toxicity in which a biological, chemical, or physical agent produces an adverse effect on the structure or function of the central and/or peripheral nervous system . It occurs when exposure to a substance – specifically, a neurotoxin or neurotoxicant – alters the normal activity of the nervous system in such a way as to cause permanent or reversible damage to nervous tissue . This can eventually disrupt or even kill neurons , which are cells that transmit and process signals in

259-678: Is also taught here. Campuses Personnel Research Students Employability Internationalization Annual budget The Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC) aims for a multidisciplinary approach of excellence on a molecular and cellular level in the areas of biotechnology and health. Research at the IBMC is developed through two main lines of research: Molecular and Cellular Design and Molecular Diagnosis and Therapy. The Institute carries out intense translational and transferable technology research programs that have led to more than 20 registered patents and

296-611: Is an institute of applied research created with the aim of undertaking R&D projects in environmental issues of special relevance for the Valencia Autonomous Community and the Mediterranean region. The CEAM houses the European Photoreactor (EUROPHORE), one of the largest simulation chambers for studying atmospheric chemistry processes. Other areas include the evaluation of plant injuries caused by air pollution,

333-546: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Miguel Hern%C3%A1ndez University of Elche The UMH offers bachelor's degrees, Master's and PhD programs adapted to the European Higher Education Area in the fields of the arts, experimental and technical sciences, engineering, and health and social sciences at its four university campuses ( Elche , Altea , Orihuela and Sant Joan d'Alacant ). The Office of

370-469: Is fundamentally oriented towards the development of research, education and application of programs and resources, through the provision of services and technical assessment for public and/or private entities that may require them in relation to all problems related to drug addiction. The INID approaches the problems of drug addiction through three research blocks: prevention, assistance, and reinsertion. The Mediterranean Center for Environmental Studies (CEAM)

407-431: Is produced by monoamine oxidase B as a metabolite of MPTP (1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine) , and its toxicity is particularly significant to dopaminergic neurons because of an active transporter on those cells that bring it into the cytoplasm. The neurotoxicity of MPP+ was first investigated after MPTP was produced as a contaminant in the pethidine synthesized by a chemistry graduate student, who injected

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444-455: The central nervous system to cause cell death. An example is through the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAchRs), which is a receptor commonly found along the surfaces of the cells that respond to nicotine stimulation, turning them on or off. Aβ was found manipulating the level of nicotine in the brain along with the MAP kinase , another signaling receptor, to cause cell death. Another chemical in

481-460: The Ca and NOS results in the formation of the cofactor tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), which then moves from the plasma membrane into the cytoplasm. As a final step, NOS is dephosphorylated yielding nitric oxide (NO), which accumulates in the brain, increasing its oxidative stress . There are several ROS, including superoxide , hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl , all of which lead to neurotoxicity. Naturally,

518-862: The Centre for the Development of Industrial Technology (CDTI), being a node in the Network of R&D Information Points, as well as with the High Council of Chambers of Commerce, Industry and Navigation of Spain. The Park actively participates in the Assistance Program for the Creation and Growth of Innovative Companies of the Institute for Small and Medium Industry of the Generalitat Valenciana (IMPIVA), and along with

555-602: The Drug Dependence Research Institute have their headquarters at the Sant Joan d'Alacant Campus. In Orihuela , there are two schools and five UMH departments distributed between two university locations (Desamparados and Salesas), where technical and social science education, respectively, are offered. The courses taught at Desamparados, in addition to various masters, include food science and technology , agri-food and agri-environmental engineering. At Salesas,

592-662: The IN use a wide variety of techniques covering the fields of molecular and cell biology, genetics and physiology. The Institute of Bioengineering (IB) focuses on the following areas: cell regenerative therapy, genetics of plant development, cell physiology, biomaterials, biomedical instrumentation, telemedicine, structural and functional genomics, toxicology and chemical safety, neurotoxicity and embryotoxicity, synthesis and design of organic molecules and polymers with biological and electronic applications, cell banks, clinical trials and drug monitoring. The Drug Addiction Research Institute (INID)

629-756: The Rector and the University's central services, as well as four schools, four research institutes and twelve departments are located in the city of Elche . In particular, the degree programs taught here include law, journalism, business administration, labor relations and human resources, sports science, psychology, biotechnology, business statistics, environmental science, electrical engineering, electronic engineering, mechanical engineering, telecommunication technologies engineering and computer engineering in information technology, in addition to various masters and postgraduate courses. The campus contains sporting facilities including

666-622: The UMH, jointly promotes an entrepreneurial culture. One of the primary objectives of the UMH is its internationalization. To accomplish this, the University has increased its number of agreements with foreign universities in recent years, which has resulted in an increment of incoming and outgoing students and exchanges of faculty and researchers. UMH is continuously interested in fostering its international relations and expanding its number of foreign partners. The UMH organizes language courses in English, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish as

703-412: The activation of nitric oxide synthase , ultimately leading to cell death. Aβ was also found aiding this route to neurotoxicity by enhancing neuron vulnerability to glutamate. The formation of oxygen radicals in the brain is achieved through the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) pathway. This reaction occurs as a response to an increase in the Ca concentration inside a brain cell. This interaction between

740-427: The blood than in the brain; in turn, the body must act to maintain equilibrium between the two concentrations by pumping the glutamate out of the bloodstream and into the neurons of the brain. In the event of a mutation, the glutamate transporters are unable to pump the glutamate back into the cells; thus a higher concentration accumulates at the glutamate receptors . This opens the ion channels, allowing calcium to enter

777-632: The body utilizes a defensive mechanism to diminish the fatal effects of the reactive species by employing certain enzymes to break down the ROS into small, benign molecules of simple oxygen and water. However, this breakdown of the ROS is not completely efficient; some reactive residues are left in the brain to accumulate, contributing to neurotoxicity and cell death. The brain is more vulnerable to oxidative stress than other organs, due to its low oxidative capacity. Because neurons are characterized as postmitotic cells, meaning that they live with accumulated damage over

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814-863: The brain and other parts of the nervous system. Neurotoxicity can result from organ transplants , radiation treatment , certain drug therapies , recreational drug use , exposure to heavy metals , bites from certain species of venomous snakes , pesticides , certain industrial cleaning solvents , fuels and certain naturally occurring substances. Symptoms may appear immediately after exposure or be delayed. They may include limb weakness or numbness, loss of memory, vision, and/or intellect, uncontrollable obsessive and/or compulsive behaviors, delusions, headache, cognitive and behavioral problems and sexual dysfunction. Chronic mold exposure in homes can lead to neurotoxicity which may not appear for months to years of exposure. All symptoms listed above are consistent with mold mycotoxin accumulation. The term neurotoxicity implies

851-444: The brain that Aβ regulates is JNK ; this chemical halts the extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) pathway, which normally functions as memory control in the brain. As a result, this memory favoring pathway is stopped, and the brain loses essential memory function. The loss of memory is a symptom of neurodegenerative disease , including AD. Another way Aβ causes cell death is through the phosphorylation of AKT ; this occurs as

888-540: The business environment. The CIO continually searches for ways to improve the quality, efficiency and productivity in both public institutions and private companies. The Institute of Neurosciences (IN) is a joint UMH and CSIC research center devoted to the study of the structure, function and development of the nervous system under normal and pathological conditions. The IN is organized into three research units that include Developmental Neurobiology, Molecular Neurobiology and Cellular and Systems Neurobiology. Research groups at

925-472: The cell causing excitotoxicity. Glutamate results in cell death by turning on the N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptors (NMDA); these receptors cause an increased release of calcium ions (Ca ) into the cells. As a result, the increased concentration of Ca directly increases the stress on mitochondria , resulting in excessive oxidative phosphorylation and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) via

962-419: The creation of spin-off companies. The University Research Institute "Center of Operations Research" (CIO) was established to support R&D activities in statistics, optimization and information technologies. The CIO comprises researchers from different fields (statistics, mathematics, computer engineering and marketing), forming a qualified interdisciplinary group capable of solving problems currently found in

999-430: The death of neurons. This may be due to the direct action of the substance, with the impairment and neurocognitive deficits being temporary, and resolving when the substance is eliminated from the body. In some cases the level or exposure-time may be critical, with some substances only becoming neurotoxic in certain doses or time periods. Some of the most common naturally occurring brain toxins that lead to neurotoxicity as

1036-457: The degrees offered include business administration, political science and public management. In Altea is an educational center dedicated to the arts. Offered here is the degree in fine arts, and the campus contains a multi-sport court as well. This campus has workshops and studios for painting, sculpture, illustration, design, drawing, modeling, and dance for students in a fine arts curriculum. The master's degree of planning and landscape research

1073-448: The field of agriculture and horticulture. Residing at the Park are an extensive number of innovative businesses from sectors including biotechnology and health sciences, ICTs and industrial technologies, aeronautics, agro food and socioeconomics. The businesses installed at the park have a series of value-added services at their disposal, like the search for technological partners, assistance in

1110-405: The involvement of a neurotoxin; however, the term neurotoxic may be used more loosely to describe states that are known to cause physical brain damage , but where no specific neurotoxin has been identified. The presence of neurocognitive deficits alone is not usually considered sufficient evidence of neurotoxicity, as many substances may impair neurocognitive performance without resulting in

1147-427: The pathology of Parkinson's disease . Certain drugs, most famously the pesticide and metabolite MPP+ (1-methyl-4-phenylpyridin-1-ium) can induce Parkinson's disease by destroying dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra . MPP+ interacts with the electron transport chain in the mitochondria to generate reactive oxygen species which cause generalized oxidative damage and ultimately cell death. MPP+

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1184-555: The phosphate group is bound to several sites on the protein. This phosphorylation allows AKT to interact with BAD , a protein known to cause cell death. Thus an increase in Aβ results in an increase of the AKT/BAD complex, in turn stopping the action of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 , which normally functions to stop cell death, causing accelerated neuron breakdown and the progression of AD. Glutamate

1221-402: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title UMH . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=UMH&oldid=817636557 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

1258-531: The search for public and private financing, administrative area outsourcing, assistance in business strategy and management and access to the UMH library and databases. The Park is a member of the Association of Science and Technology Parks of Spain (APTE), the International Association of Science Parks (IASP), and a member of the Network of Valencian Science Parks (rePCV). It actively collaborates with

1295-605: The study and forecasting of extreme weather phenomena, the study of climate change and the carbon cycle, the fight against desertification and the restoration of ecosystems affected by forest fires. The Scientific and Business Park at the UMH is managed by the Fundación Quórum. The Park has four areas of specialization: the Biotechnological Business Innovation Centre (CIEB); ILINOVA, ICTs and Consulting; ILITEK, Engineering; and AGROTEC, focusing on

1332-400: The years, accumulation of ROS is fatal. Thus, increased levels of ROS age neurons, which leads to accelerated neurodegenerative processes and ultimately the advancement of AD. The endogenously produced autotoxin metabolite of dopamine, 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde (DOPAL), is a potent inducer of programmed cell death (apoptosis) in dopaminergic neurons. DOPAL may play an important role in

1369-410: Was found to cause neurotoxicity and cell death in the brain when present in high concentrations. Aβ results from a mutation that occurs when protein chains are cut at the wrong locations, resulting in chains of different lengths that are unusable. Thus they are left in the brain until they are broken down, but if enough accumulate, they form plaques which are toxic to neurons . Aβ uses several routes in

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