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27-622: Töre ( Kalix Language : te'or ) is a locality situated in Kalix Municipality , Norrbotten County , Sweden with 1,099 inhabitants as of 2010. Its harbour is the northernmost of the Bothnian Bay (and thus, of the Baltic Sea ) that is accessible to commercial vessels. The European route E10 passes through Töre. This article about a location in Norrbotten County , Sweden is

54-724: A stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Kalix Language The Nederkalix dialect retains Old Norse diphthongs , Old Swedish light syllables , and many initial consonants lost in Standard Swedish. In terms of morphology , the dialect has also preserved plural agreement of verbs, as well as the dative case, which have been lost in Standard Swedish. The Nederkalix dialect has innovated many diphthongs from older long vowels. It also displays features such as vowel balance , apocope (with preserved double-peak pitch accent ), and vowel harmony , all common in many Norrland dialects. Nasal consonants have been lost before

81-485: A capitalized or boldface ⟨l⟩ for the retroflex flap , a colon ⟨:⟩ for marking long vowels etc. Accusative case In grammar , the accusative case ( abbreviated ACC ) of a noun is the grammatical case used to receive the direct object of a transitive verb . In the English language , the only words that occur in the accusative case are pronouns : "me", "him", "her", "us", "whom", and "them". For example,

108-478: A following plosive , with subsequent vowel nasalization . Like many other Norrland dialects, it has also innovated an extended use of the definite form and a preproprial article before proper names . The Nederkalix dialect is most closely related to other traditional dialects in Norrbotten, especially the neighboring Överkalix dialect in the north. The three parishes constituted one single Kalix parish until

135-458: Is marked as accusative, although not a direct object. In Russian , accusative is used not only to display the direct object of an action, but also to indicate the destination or goal of motion. It is also used with some prepositions. The prepositions в and на can both take accusative in situations where they are indicating the goal of a motion. In the masculine , Russian also distinguishes between animate and inanimate nouns with regard to

162-534: Is neuter, and all vowel except "e" are feminine. General ending for words following the nouns are in feminine "-ar", masculine "-en", neuter "-e" or "-t", and plural "-er". Ex. The definite noun form is used in a broader sense than in other Scandinavian languages, widespread in all dialects spoken in northern Scandinavia. Some examples: "je skå nå:åp i gröut ve bera" – I'll pick some (the)berries, "kunin jåra ät som kåran" – (the) women are not like (the) men. Definiteviness can be divided into four categories depending on

189-592: Is open) and "doran jåra ipi" (the doors are open), "bå:ne jär vötchin" (the child is awake) and "bå:na jåra vötchin" (the children are awake), "do jär wälkymin heit" (she is welcome here) and "di jåra wälkymin heit" (they are welcome here). Other adjectives differs in singular and plural, and have two plural forms, e.g. "flaska jär rö:" (the flask is red), "rö:a flasko, so jåra rö:ö" (red flasks, that are red). Adjectives can also be joined with nouns, e.g. "råLkafötren" (dirty feet), or serially joined, e.g. "lilvåckerstäinta" (the little beautiful girl). A preproprial article

216-1008: Is separated from the accusative and nominative case , e.g. feminine: "Din jär SkåoLa, je siti ini skå:oLn" (there is the school, I am sitting in the school), masculine: "je sei tjälarn, he lik na ini tjälaro" (I see the basement, it's something in the basement). Several forms of genitive cases exists, e.g. "Je ha ons Enok bi:l" (I have Enok's car), "je fick bre:ve än Anna" (I got Anna's letter), "kLåk:a gran:o" (The neighbor's clock). Verbs are conjugated in singular and plural, unlike modern standard Swedish: "hån jär" (he is) but "di jåra" (they are), "hö löut se" (she leans herself) but "di lö:ut se" (they lean themselves), "je far" (I go) but "we fåra" (we go), "je vil" (I want) but "di vili" (they want). But there are irregular verbs which does not differ, e.g. "je liot fåra" (I have to go) / "we liot fåra" (we have to go). Most adjectives are equal in singular and plural, similar to English but distinct from many other Scandinavian languages, e.g.: "dö:rn jär ipi" (the door

243-645: Is typical of early Indo-European languages and still exists in some of them (including Albanian , Armenian , Latin, Sanskrit , Greek , German , Nepali , Polish , Romanian , Russian , Serbian , and Ukrainian ), in the Finno-Ugric languages (such as Finnish and Hungarian), in all Turkic languages , in Dravidian languages like Malayalam and Tamil , and in Semitic languages (such as Arabic ). Some Balto-Finnic languages , such as Finnish, have two cases for objects,

270-778: Is usually combined with the nominative case (for example in Latin ). The English term, "accusative", derives from the Latin accusativus , which, in turn, is a translation of the Greek αἰτιατική . The word can also mean "causative", and that might have derived from the Greeks, but the sense of the Roman translation has endured and is used in some other modern languages as the grammatical term for this case, for example in Russian ( винительный ). The accusative case

297-492: Is widespread traditional Norrland dialects and is also found in many parts of Norway. It functions as an obligatory article before proper names and kinship terms. In the Nederkalix dialect, it takes the form on or en in the masculine, and na or a in the feminine. There are also separate dative forms of the article: nu or u in the masculine, and en in the feminine, but the basic (nominative) forms are also used in

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324-514: The accusative and the partitive case . In morphosyntactic alignment terms, both do the accusative function, but the accusative object is telic , while the partitive is not. Modern English almost entirely lacks declension in its nouns; pronouns, however, have an understood case usage, as in them , her , him and whom , which merges the accusative and dative functions, and originates in old Germanic dative forms (see Declension in English ). In

351-424: The accusative case ( accusativus ) can be used: For the accusative endings, see Latin declensions . The accusative case is used for the direct object in a sentence. The masculine forms for German articles , e.g., "the", "a/an", "my", etc., change in the accusative case: they always end in -en. The feminine, neutral and plural forms do not change. For example, Hund (dog) is a masculine ( der ) word, so

378-502: The accusative case. Another factor that determines the endings of adjectives is whether the adjective is being used after a definite article (the), after an indefinite article (a/an) or without any article before the adjective ( many green apples). In German, the accusative case is also used for some adverbial expressions, mostly temporal ones, as in Diesen Abend bleibe ich daheim (This evening I'm staying at home), where diesen Abend

405-427: The accusative or the dative. The latter prepositions take the accusative when motion or action is specified (being done into/onto the space), but take the dative when location is specified (being done in/on that space). These prepositions are also used in conjunction with certain verbs, in which case it is the verb in question which governs whether the accusative or dative should be used. Adjective endings also change in

432-407: The accusative; only the animates carry a marker in this case. The PIE accusative case has nearly eroded in Russian, merging with the genitive or the nominative in most declensions. Only singular first-declension nouns (ending in ' а ', ' я ', or ' ия ') have a distinct accusative (' у ', ' ю ', or ' ию '). Traditional Finnish grammars say the accusative is the case of a total object, while

459-441: The article changes when used in the accusative case: Some German pronouns also change in the accusative case. The accusative case is also used after particular German prepositions. These include bis , durch , für , gegen , ohne , um , after which the accusative case is always used, and an , auf , hinter , in , neben , über , unter , vor , zwischen which can govern either

486-405: The case of a partial object is the partitive . The accusative is identical either to the nominative or the genitive , except for personal pronouns and the personal interrogative pronoun kuka / ken , which have a special accusative form ending in -t . The major new Finnish grammar, Iso suomen kielioppi , breaks with the traditional classification to limit the accusative case to

513-461: The dative. The Nederkalix dialect, like the absolute majority of Swedish dialects, lack a standard orthography. In early dialectological descriptions, the phonetic Swedish Dialect Alphabet was used to transcribe the dialect. In more non-scientific contexts, the Swedish alphabet has been used, including the letters ⟨å ä ö⟩ and certain ad-hoc representations of sounds not found in Standard Swedish, e.g.

540-551: The dog). In German, masculine nouns change their definite article from der to den in the accusative case. In Nepali , "Rama sees Shyama" would be translated as रामले श्यामलाई देख्छ। Rama-le Shyama-lai dekhchha. The same sentence in Sanskrit would be रामः पश्यति श्यामम्। Rama: pashyati Shyamam . The accusative case in Latin has minor differences from the accusative case in Proto-Indo-European . Nouns in

567-474: The mid 17th century, when Överkalix parish split from Nederkalix, and the two dialects diverged. The Nederkalix and Överkalix dialects are however often considered to be mutually unintelligible . The oldest preserved manuscripts in the Kalix dialect is an 1879 description of the area, a text which is used as a standard of genuinity. The Kalix dialect was first described by a thesis work by Hulda Rutberg, starting

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594-419: The noun's plural form. Examples of usage with the feminine word "i fLa:ask" (a bottle / a flask): For masculine nouns, the four forms are e.g. "in bi:l" (a car) "to bi:il" (two cars) "naer bi:lo" (some cars), "mytji bi:lan" (many cars), and "bi:lan" (the cars). Neuter definitive plural ending is "-a". Non-enumerative words e.g. "i höus" (a house), "i gåLv" (a floor) are exceptions lacking the "-o" form. Dative

621-415: The pronoun she , as the subject of a clause , is in the nominative case ("She wrote a book"); but if the pronoun is instead the object of the verb, it is in the accusative case and she becomes her ("Fred greeted her"). For compound direct objects, it would be, e.g., "Fred invited her and me to the party". The accusative case is used in many languages for the objects of (some or all) prepositions . It

648-423: The sentence The man sees the dog , the dog is the direct object of the verb "to see". In English , which has mostly lost grammatical cases, the definite article and noun – "the dog" – remain the same noun form without number agreement in the noun either as subject or object, though an artifact of it is in the verb and has number agreement, which changes to "sees". One can also correctly use "the dog" as

675-711: The special case of the personal pronouns and kuka / ken . The new grammar considers other total objects as being in the nominative or genitive case. The accusative case is assigned to the direct object in a sentence in Hungarian. The accusative marker is always -t , often preceded by a linking vowel to facilitate pronunciation. A The fiú boy eszik. eats. A fiú eszik. The boy eats. The boy eats. A The fiú boy eszik eats egy an almát. apple. ACC . A fiú eszik egy almát. The boy eats an apple.ACC. The boy eats an apple. Every personal pronoun has an accusative form. For

702-579: The subject of a sentence: "The dog sees the cat." In a declined language, the morphology of the article or noun changes with gender agreement. For example, in German , "the dog" is der Hund . This is the form in the nominative case , used for the subject of a sentence. If this article/noun pair is used as the object of a verb, it (usually) changes to the accusative case, which entails an article shift in German ;– Der Mann sieht den Hund (The man sees

729-646: The year 1908 and ventilated at Uppsala University in 1924. The book contains many words and an extensive description of phonology and grammar. The language is also covered in later documentation, and by many recordings from the 1960s. The work of communities such as Föreningen Kalix Bygdemål , founded 1992, has kept collecting words and expressions to an extensive word lexicon, and is still active today. The Kalix dialect has, according to Rutberg, 18 vowel monophthongs, 10 vowel diphthongs, and 29 consonants. Three grammatical genders exist: Basically, words that in their definite form end with an "n" are masculine, an "e"

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