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36-588: The name of the river is based on the Evenk word "tagin" (тагин), meaning "swamp". The Tyugyuene is a left tributary of the Lena. It has its origin at the confluence of the 13 km (8.1 mi) long Ysyakh-Yuryage and 7 km (4.3 mi) Kupsuyu-Yuryakh streams, at an altitude of about 300 m (980 ft) in the northeastern part of the Lena Plateau , southwest of the abandoned village of Abaranda. It heads first

72-695: A pinyin -like Latin spelling. They published an Evenki–Mongolian–Chinese dictionary ( Kesingge, Cidaltu & Alta 1983 ) with Evenki words spelled in IPA, a pinyin-like orthography, and Mongolian script, as well as a collection of folk songs in IPA and Mongolian script (and Chinese-style numbered musical notation ). The orthographic system developed by Chinese Evenki scholars reflects differences between Evenki and Mongol phonology . It uses both ᠬ and ᠭ (usually romanised from Mongolian as q and ɣ ) for /g/ . The system uses double letters in both Mongolian and Latin to represent most long vowels; however for /ɔː/ ao

108-551: A classical five-vowel system with distinctions between long and short vowels (except in /e/ ) and the addition of a long and short /ə/ , while Nedjalkov claims that there are 13 vowel phonemes. Evenki has a moderately small consonant inventory; there are 18 consonants (21 according to Nedjalkov 1997) in the Evenki language and it lacks glides or semivowels. Below are tables of Evenki consonant phonemes, including those identified by Nedjalkov (1997) in italics. The phoneme ( /β/ ) has

144-579: A roughly northern direction to the east of the Lungkha in its upper course, then it bends northeastwards in its middle course across the Central Yakutian Lowland , changing again to northwards. There are small lakes in the broad floodplain of the lower course of the river, and it meanders strongly before reaching the Lena floodplain, vast and filled with lakes, to the east of the Sitte . in some stretches

180-525: A word-final allophone , [f] , as well as an intervocalic variant, [w] . Likewise, some speakers pronounce intervocalic /s/ as [h] . Speakers of some dialects also alternate /b/ and /β/ . Consonant inventories given by researchers working on dialects in China are largely similar. The differences noted: Chaoke and Kesingge et al. give /h/ instead of /x/ and lack /β/ , /ɣ/ , or /ɲ/ ; furthermore, Kesingge et al. give /dʐ/ instead of /dʒ/ . Below

216-500: Is a chart of Evenki vowels found among Russian dialects, including those identified by Nedjalkov (1997) in italics. The vowel inventory of the Chinese dialects of Evenki, however, is markedly different (Chaoke, 1995, 2009): Like most Tungusic languages , Evenki employs back-front vowel harmony—suffix vowels are matched to the vowel in the root. However, some vowels – /i, iː, u, uː/ – and certain suffixes no longer adhere to

252-418: Is easily recognizable and carries only one piece of meaning. Evenki pronouns distinguish between singular and plural as well as inclusive and exclusive in the first person. The Evenki language has a rich case system — 13 cases, though there is some variation among dialects — and it is a nominative–accusative language. Evenki differentiates between alienable and inalienable possession: alienable possession marks

288-416: Is spelled eweŋki , despite Mongolian orthography usually prohibiting the letter combination ŋk . The vowel inventory of this system is also rather different from that of Chaoke (1995, 2009). Du (2007) uses a different version of Latin script, which distinguishes certain vowels and consonants more clearly than the system of Kesingge et al. : Evenki is highly agglutinating and suffixing: Each morpheme

324-442: Is used only inconsistently in printed works, due to typographical limitations. Boldyrev's dictionary uses ң instead. Some editions use the digraph нг. Other sounds found in Evenki but not Russian, such as /dʒ/ , lack devoted letters. Instead д stands in for both /d/ and /dʒ/ ; when the latter pronunciation is intended, it is followed by one of Cyrillic's iotated letters, similar to the way those letters cause palatalization of

360-500: Is written instead of oo . The same scholars' collection of songs has some orthographic differences from the table below; namely, long vowels are occasionally written not just doubled but also with an intervening silent ᠭ ( ɣ ), showing clear orthographic influence from the Mongolian language . In medial and final positions, t is written in the Manchu script form ᡨ . Evenki itself

396-550: The Urals as far as Obdorsk , and occupied a period of three years. Before starting on this last expedition he had published a translation into Swedish of the Finnish epic of Kalevala . Upon his return he gave to the world his Elementa grammatices Syrjaenæ , 'Elements of Komi-Zyryan grammar ' (1844) and Elementa grammatices Tscheremissæ , 'Elements of Mari (Cheremiss) grammar ' (1845). No sooner had he recovered from

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432-699: The "Imperial History of the National Languages of Liao, Jin, and Yuan" ( Chinese : 欽定遼金元三史國語解 ; pinyin : Qīndìng liáo jīn yuán sān shǐ guóyǔ jiě ) commissioned by the Qianlong Emperor , the Manchu alphabet is used to write Evenki words. Evenki in China is now written in the Latin script and experimentally in the Mongolian script . Evenki scholars made an attempt in the 1980s to create standard written forms for their language, using both Mongolian script and

468-452: The 78 kilometres (48 mi) long Chyuyolu from the right and the 71 kilometres (44 mi) long Olom and 71 kilometres (44 mi) long Lamlara from the left. The river freezes between mid October and the first half of May. In some stretches it freezes to the bottom. The vegetation of the Tyunyuene basin is mainly spruce and larch taiga , dense in some stretches of the upper course. In

504-732: The Evenki alphabet began in the 1920s. In May 1928, researcher G. M. Vasilevich prepared for the Evenk students who studied in Leningrad the Memo to Tungus-vacationers . It was a small textbook duplicated on the glass. It used the Vasilyevich Evenki alphabet on a Latin graphic basis. A year later, she compiled the First Book for Reading in the Tungus Language ( əwənkil dukuwuntin ). This alphabet had

540-470: The Evenkis spoke Russian, rising to 92.7% in 2002). Evenki children were forced to learn Russian at Soviet residential schools, and returned with a "poor ability to speak their mother tongue...". The Evenki language varies considerably among its dialects, which are divided into three large groups: the northern, the southern and the eastern dialects. These are further divided into minor dialects. A written language

576-687: The Northern sub-family, and the Southern family itself subdivided into Southwestern (among which Manchu) and Southeastern ( Nanai and others). Others propose three or more sub-families, or at the extreme a continuum with Manchu at one end and Evenki at the other. Bulatova enumerated 14 dialects and 50 sub-dialects within Russia, spread over a wide geographical area ranging from the Yenisei River to Sakhalin . These may be divided into three major groups primarily on

612-607: The banks are high, with a cliff-like appearance. Finally it meets the Lena 1,162 kilometres (722 mi) from its mouth. Its confluence is at the Khatyng-Tumusakh arm, by the village of Khaptagay , near Sangar on the facing bank. The A331 highway has a bridge over the Tyugyuene and a gas pipeline crosses the river about 111 km (69 mi) upstream from its mouth. The Tyugyuene has thirty-eight tributaries that are over 10 km (6.2 mi) in length. The largest ones are

648-679: The basis of phonology: Evenks in China also speak several dialects. According to Ethnologue , the Hihue or Hoy dialect is considered the standard; Haila'er, Aoluguya (Olguya), Chenba'erhu (Old Bargu), and Morigele (Mergel) dialects also exist. Ethnologue reports these dialects differ significantly from those in Russia. Some works focused on individual Russia dialects include Gortsevskaya 1936 (Barguzin), Andreeva 1988 (Tommot), and Bulatova 1999 (Sakhalin). The Evenki language typically has CV syllables but other structures are possible. Bulatova and Grenoble list Evenki as having 11 possible vowel phonemes;

684-404: The floodplain the coniferous forest gives way to birch and willow thickets. Since there is little human presence in the area, Eurasian eagle-owl , elk , forest reindeer , roe deer , wolf , hare , sable and muskrat are common in the river basin. Evenki language Evenki ( / eɪ ˈ v ɛ ŋ k i / ay- VEN -kee ), formerly known as Tungus , is the largest member of

720-500: The following composition: Aa Bb Çç HH Dd Ӡӡ Ee Әә Gg Hh Ii Kk Ll Mm Nn Ŋŋ Oo Pp Rr Ss Tt Uu Ww Yy ; it also included diacritical marks: a macron to indicate the longitude of the sound and a sub-letter comma to indicate palatalization. In 1930, it was decided to create a written language for the majority of the peoples of the North of the USSR. The Latin alphabet was chosen as its graphic basis. In

756-455: The form of Versuch einer ostjakischen Sprachlehre , 'Essay on Khanty (Ostyak) grammar ' (1858). In 1850 he published a treatise De affixis personalibus linguarum Altaicarum , 'On the personal affixes of Ural-Altaic languages ', and was appointed professor of the new chair of Finnish language and literature at the University of Helsinki. The following year saw him raised to

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792-411: The foundations of a work on Finnish mythology . He received his bachelor's degree in 1836 and graduate degree in 1839. The necessity of personal explorations among the still unwritten languages of cognate tribes soon made itself evident. In 1838 he joined a medical fellow student, Dr. Ehrström, in a journey through Lapland . This was the first of the voyages Castrén undertook in order to investigate

828-528: The illness which his last journey had occasioned than he set out, under the auspices of the Academy of St Petersburg and the Alexander University, on an exploration among the indigenous peoples of Siberia , which resulted in a vast addition to previous knowledge, but seriously affected the health of the adventurous investigator. The first fruits of his collections were published at St. Petersburg in 1849 in

864-517: The kinship between Finnish and several other languages. Following this he was appointed in 1840 to associate professor in Finnish and Norse languages at the University of Helsinki. In the following year, he traveled in Karelia at the expense of the Literary Society of Finland. In 1841 he undertook, in company with Finnish philologist Elias Lönnrot , a third journey, which ultimately extended beyond

900-572: The late 18th century, and then in a more formal linguistic study by M. A. Castren in the mid-19th century, regarded as a "pioneer treatise" in the field of Tungusology. The exact internal structure of the Tungusic family is a matter of some debate. Some scholars propose two sub-families: one for Manchu, and another for all the other Tungusic languages, including Evenki. SIL International 's Ethnologue divides Tungusic into two sub-families, Northern and Southern, with Evenki alongside Even and Negidal in

936-617: The northern group of Tungusic languages , a group which also includes Even , Negidal , and the more closely related Oroqen language . The name is sometimes wrongly given as "Evenks". It is spoken by the Evenki or Ewenkī(s) in Russia and China . In certain areas the influences of the Yakut and the Buryat languages are particularly strong. The influence of Russian in general is overwhelming (in 1979, 75.2% of

972-944: The possessor in the nominative case and the possessum in the possessed case , while inalienable possession is marked by personal indices. Below is a table of cases and suffixes in Evenki, following Nedjalkov (1997): LOCDIR:locative-directive case ALLLOC:allative-locative case ACD:accusative case, definite PRO:prolative case INS:instrumental case SEM:semblative case POS:possessed asatkan asatkan 'the girl' e-ja e-ja 'what?' bi I kete-ve much- ACD himmikte-ve cowberry - ACD tevle-che-v gather- PST - 1SG bi kete-ve himmikte-ve tevle-che-v I much-ACD cowberry -ACD gather-PST-1SG 'I gathered much cowberry ' hute-kle-vi child- LOCDIR - REF hute-kle-vi child-LOCDIR-REF 'to/for [her] own child' e:kun-ngi who- GEN e:kun-ngi who-GEN Matthias Alexander Castr%C3%A9n Matthias Alexander Castrén (2 December 1813 – 7 May 1852)

1008-478: The preceding consonant in Russian. However orthographic decisions like these have resulted in some confusion and transfer of Russian phonetics to Evenki among younger speakers. For example, the spellings ди and ды were intended to record [dʒi] and [di] (i.e. the same vowel sound). However, in Russian и and ы are respectively two different vowels, /i/ and /ɨ/ . Long vowels are optionally indicated with macrons. In

1044-510: The protection of his uncle, Matthias Castrén. At the age of twelve he was sent to school at Oulu . On entering the Alexander University at Helsinki (now University of Helsinki) in 1828 he first devoted himself to Greek and Hebrew with the intention of entering the church; but his interest was soon excited by the Finnish language and even before his course was completed he began to lay

1080-914: The rank of chancellor of the university. He was busily engaged in what he regarded as his principal work, a grammar of the Samoyedic languages , when he died in 1852 at 38 years of age. In 1850, he married Lovisa Natalia Tengström (1830–1881), whose father Johan Jakob Tengström (1787–1858), was a professor of theoretical and practical philosophy at Alexander University. They were the parents of newspaper publisher and elected official Robert Castrén  [ fi ; sv ; ru ] (1851–1883). Five volumes of his collected works appeared from 1852 to 1858, containing respectively (1) Reseminnen från åren 1838-1844 ; (2) Reseberättelser och bref åren 1845-1849 ; (3) Föreläsningar i finsk mytologi ; (4) Ethnologiska föreläsningar öfver altaiska folken ; and (5) Smärre afhandlingar och akademiska dissertationer . A German translation

1116-432: The rules of vowel harmony. Knowledge of the rules of vowel harmony is fading, as vowel harmony is a complex topic for elementary speakers to grasp, the language is severely endangered (Janhunen), and many speakers are multilingual. Possible syllable structures include V, VC, VCC, CV, CVC, and CVCC. In contrast to dialects in Russia, dialects in China do not have /k/, /ŋ/, or /r/ in word-initial position. The creation of

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1152-421: The same year, the project of the Evenki alphabet was proposed by Ya. P. Alcor. This project differed from Vasilevich's alphabet only by the presence of letters for displaying Russian borrowings ( C c, F f, J j, W w, Z z ), as well as using V v instead of W w . After some refinement, the letter Çç was replaced by C c , V v by W w , and the letter Y y was excluded. In May 1931, the Evenki romanized alphabet

1188-670: Was a Finnish Swedish ethnologist and philologist who was a pioneer in the study of the Uralic languages . He was an educator, author and linguist at the University of Helsinki . Castrén is known for his research in the linguistics and ethnography of the Northern Eurasian peoples. Castrén was born at Tervola , in Northern Finland. His father, Christian Castrén, parish priest and vicar at Rovaniemi , died in 1825. Castrén passed under

1224-530: Was created for Evenkis in the Soviet Union in 1931, first using a Latin alphabet , and from 1937 a Cyrillic one. In China, Evenki is written experimentally in the Mongolian script . The language is generally considered endangered . Evenki is a member of the Tungusic family . Its similarity to Manchu , the best-documented member of the family, was noted hundreds of years ago, first by botanist P. S. Pallas in

1260-556: Was officially approved, and in 1932 regular publishing began on it. The basis of the literary language was laid the most studied Nepsky dialect (north of the Irkutsk region). The official Latinized Evenk alphabet, in which book publishing and schooling were conducted, looked like this: Today, the official writing system in Russia for the Evenki language is the Cyrillic script . The script has one additional letter, ӈ, to indicate /ŋ/ ; it

1296-530: Was published by Anton Schiefner, who was also entrusted by the St Petersburg Academy with the editing of his manuscripts, which had been left to the University of Helsinki and which were subsequently published. The M. A. Castrén Society was founded in Helsinki on 22 January 1990. The Society creates contacts and fosters dialogue between Finns and other Uralic-speaking peoples and provides assistance for

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