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74-592: The 43-foot-tall (13 m) fountain is cast in bronze and sits on a green granite base. The inscription "To the People of Cincinnati" appears on its base. The artistic fountain's motif is water, in homage the river city's continuing debt to the Ohio River . The central figure, the Genius of Water—a female in heroic size—pours down the symbolic longed-for rain from hundreds of jets pierced in her outstretched fingers. The figure

148-482: A dolphin , another playing with ducks, a third struggling with a snake and the fourth on the back of a turtle. The construct is made of approximately 24 short tons (22 t) of cannon bronze purchased from the Danish government and 85 short tons (77 t) of granite. After the death of his brother-in-law and business partner Tyler Davidson, Cincinnati businessman Henry Probasco went to Munich , Germany in search of

222-625: A backdrop for various cultural events in Cincinnati: movie nights, game shows, and the ice rink which opens in the winter. The fountain is most familiar to non-Cincinnati residents for being featured in the opening credits (at its former location) of the television series WKRP in Cincinnati . It can also be seen in the montage that accompanies the opening narration for the paranormal investigation series Ghost Adventures . Casting (metalworking) In metalworking and jewelry making, casting

296-409: A cooling curve shaped as shown below. [REDACTED] Note that there is no longer a thermal arrest, instead there is a freezing range. The freezing range corresponds directly to the liquidus and solidus found on the phase diagram for the specific alloy. The local solidification time can be calculated using Chvorinov's rule, which is: Where t is the solidification time, V is the volume of

370-474: A fine surface quality and dimensional consistency. Semi-solid metal (SSM) casting is a modified die casting process that reduces or eliminates the residual porosity present in most die castings. Rather than using liquid metal as the feed material, SSM casting uses a higher viscosity feed material that is partially solid and partially liquid. A modified die casting machine is used to inject the semi-solid slurry into reusable hardened steel dies. The high viscosity of

444-401: A finished bronze casting. This is a class of casting processes that use pattern materials that evaporate during the pour, which means there is no need to remove the pattern material from the mold before casting. The two main processes are lost-foam casting and full-mold casting. Lost-foam casting is a type of evaporative-pattern casting process that is similar to investment casting except foam

518-399: A large collection of paintings by American painter Frank Duveneck ( Elizabeth B. Duveneck ). In 2022 the museum discovered a portrait beneath Paul Cézanne 's 1865 Still Life with Bread and Eggs when its chief conservator , Serena Urry, removing the painting from an exhibit in which it had been included and examining it for potential maintenance requirements, noticed unusual patterns in

592-439: A limited life before wearing out. The die casting process forces molten metal under high pressure into mold cavities (which are machined into dies). Most die castings are made from nonferrous metals , specifically zinc , copper, and aluminium-based alloys, but ferrous metal die castings are possible. The die casting method is especially suited for applications where many small to medium-sized parts are needed with good detail,

666-563: A result, in 2010 the museum mounted "See America", nine small shows that highlighted different parts of the country through the museum’s collection. Attendance at the museum has increased by 30 percent since it started emphasizing its permanent collection. General admission is always free to the Cincinnati Art Museum’s 73 permanent collection galleries and the Rosenthal Education Center (REC) family interactive center of

740-412: A short and open gating system to fill the mold as quickly as possible. However, for turbulent sensitive materials short sprues are used to minimize the distance the material must fall when entering the mold. Rectangular pouring cups and tapered sprues are used to prevent the formation of a vortex as the material flows into the mold; these vortices tend to suck gas and oxides into the mold. A large sprue well

814-509: A similar theme. Probasco requested the addition of four figures with animals that would act as drinking fountains, which Miller's sons Ferdinand and Fritz designed. The original miniature model is now located in the Cincinnati Art Museum . The fountain was cast in separate sections at the foundry and shipped to Cincinnati for assembly. Probasco requested that the City of Cincinnati remove

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888-496: A suitable memorial to him. Many years before, artist August von Kreling had collaborated with Ferdinand von Miller at the Royal Bronze Foundry of Bavaria to design a fountain to rival the great fountains of Europe but which would glorify mankind rather than fanciful creatures and mythic deities . When Miller could find no patron to sponsor the fountain, the designs languished until Probasco came to him with an interest in

962-440: Is 9 feet high and weighs 2 tons. The pedestal itself is square with four representations in basso-relievo of four principal uses of water; namely, steam, water-power, navigation, and the fisheries. The first is typified by workers in iron using a trip hammer powered by an engine in the background; the second, by peasants carrying corn to a watermill; the third, by a steamboat leaving the shore, lined by numbers waving farewell;

1036-437: Is a solidification process, which means the solidification phenomenon controls most of the properties of the casting. Moreover, most of the casting defects occur during solidification, such as gas porosity and solidification shrinkage . Solidification occurs in two steps: nucleation and crystal growth . In the nucleation stage, solid particles form within the liquid. When these particles form, their internal energy

1110-561: Is a metal casting process that employs reusable molds ("permanent molds"), usually made from metal . The most common process uses gravity to fill the mold. However, gas pressure or a vacuum are also used. A variation on the typical gravity casting process, called slush casting , produces hollow castings. Common casting metals are aluminum , magnesium , and copper alloys. Other materials include tin , zinc , and lead alloys and iron and steel are also cast in graphite molds. Permanent molds, while lasting more than one casting still have

1184-436: Is a method of either vertical or horizontal continuous casting of rods and pipes of various profiles (cylindrical, square, hexagonal, slabs etc.) of 8-30mm in diameter. Copper (Cu), bronze (Cu· Sn alloy), nickel alloys are usually used because of greater casting speed (in case of vertical upcasting) and because of better physical features obtained. The advantage of this method is that metals are almost oxygen-free and that

1258-479: Is a mixture of clay and sand with straw or dung. A model of the produced is formed in a friable material (the chemise). The mold is formed around this chemise by covering it with loam. This is then baked (fired) and the chemise removed. The mold is then stood upright in a pit in front of the furnace for the molten metal to be poured. Afterwards the mold is broken off. Molds can thus only be used once, so that other methods are preferred for most purposes. Plaster casting

1332-1154: Is a process in which a liquid metal is delivered into a mold (usually by a crucible ) that contains a negative impression (i.e., a three-dimensional negative image) of the intended shape. The metal is poured into the mold through a hollow channel called a sprue . The metal and mold are then cooled, and the metal part (the casting ) is extracted. Casting is most often used for making complex shapes that would be difficult or uneconomical to make by other methods. Casting processes have been known for thousands of years, and have been widely used for sculpture (especially in bronze ), jewelry in precious metals , and weapons and tools. Highly engineered castings are found in 90 percent of durable goods, including cars, trucks, aerospace, trains, mining and construction equipment, oil wells, appliances, pipes, hydrants, wind turbines, nuclear plants , medical devices, defense products, toys, and more. Traditional techniques include lost-wax casting (which may be further divided into centrifugal casting , and vacuum assist direct pour casting), plaster mold casting and sand casting . The modern casting process

1406-456: Is a process that has been practiced for thousands of years, with the lost-wax process being one of the oldest known metal forming techniques. From 5000 years ago, when beeswax formed the pattern, to today's high technology waxes, refractory materials, and specialist alloys, the castings ensure high-quality components are produced with the key benefits of accuracy, repeatability, versatility, and integrity. Investment casting derives its name from

1480-496: Is black in color, has almost no part weight limit, whereas dry sand has a practical part mass limit of 2,300–2,700 kg (5,100–6,000 lb). Minimum part weight ranges from 0.075–0.1 kg (0.17–0.22 lb). The sand is bonded using clays, chemical binders, or polymerized oils (such as motor oil). Sand can be recycled many times in most operations and requires little maintenance. Loam molding has been used to produce large symmetrical objects such as cannon and church bells. Loam

1554-404: Is both gravity and pressure independent since it creates its own force feed using a temporary sand mold held in a spinning chamber. Lead time varies with the application. Semi- and true-centrifugal processing permit 30–50 pieces/hr-mold to be produced, with a practical limit for batch processing of approximately 9000 kg total mass with a typical per-item limit of 2.3–4.5 kg. Industrially,

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1628-423: Is cast over the original clay mixture. When cured, it is then removed from the damp clay, incidentally destroying the fine details in undercuts present in the clay, but which are now captured in the mold. The mold may then at any later time (but only once) be used to cast a plaster positive image, identical to the original clay. The surface of this plaster may be further refined and may be painted and waxed to resemble

1702-630: Is cooled from the solidification temperature to room temperature, which occurs due to thermal contraction . Cincinnati Art Museum The Cincinnati Art Museum is an art museum in the Eden Park neighborhood of Cincinnati, Ohio . Founded in 1881, it was the first purpose-built art museum west of the Alleghenies , and is one of the oldest in the United States. Its collection of over 67,000 works spanning 6,000 years of human history make it one of

1776-451: Is estimated that 20,000 people were present. Miller and Von Kreling enjoyed a degree of celebrity in the city. The fountain originally faced east, toward Europe, where much of Cincinnati's population originated. When Fountain Square was redone in 1969, the fountain was realigned to face west. With the newest rendition of Fountain Square, the fountain faces to south since it is on the edge of

1850-402: Is important to keep the size of the gating system small, because it all must be cut from the casting and remelted to be reused. The efficiency, or yield , of a casting system can be calculated by dividing the weight of the casting by the weight of the metal poured. Therefore, the higher the number the more efficient the gating system/risers. There are three types of shrinkage: shrinkage of

1924-407: Is lower than the surrounded liquid, which creates an energy interface between the two. The formation of the surface at this interface requires energy, so as nucleation occurs, the material actually undercools (i.e. cools below its solidification temperature) because of the extra energy required to form the interface surfaces. It then recalescences, or heats back up to its solidification temperature, for

1998-472: Is mixed with a resin so that it can be heated by the pattern and hardened into a shell around the pattern. Because of the resin and finer sand, it gives a much finer surface finish. The process is easily automated and more precise than sand casting. Common metals that are cast include cast iron , aluminium, magnesium, and copper alloys. This process is ideal for complex items that are small to medium-sized. Investment casting (known as lost-wax casting in art)

2072-453: Is more durable (if stored indoors) than a clay original which must be kept moist to avoid cracking. With the low cost plaster at hand, the expensive work of bronze casting or stone carving may be deferred until a patron is found, and as such work is considered to be a technical, rather than artistic process, it may even be deferred beyond the lifetime of the artist. In waste molding a simple and thin plaster mold, reinforced by sisal or burlap,

2146-403: Is one of the most popular and simplest types of casting, and has been used for centuries. Sand casting allows for smaller batches than permanent mold casting and at a very reasonable cost. Not only does this method allow manufacturers to create products at a low cost, but there are other benefits to sand casting, such as very small-size operations. The process allows for castings small enough fit in

2220-468: Is similar to sand casting except that plaster of paris is used instead of sand as a mold material. Generally, the form takes less than a week to prepare, after which a production rate of 1–10 units/hr-mold is achieved, with items as massive as 45 kg (99 lb) and as small as 30 g (1 oz) with very good surface finish and close tolerances . Plaster casting is an inexpensive alternative to other molding processes for complex parts due to

2294-427: Is similar to the benefits from vacuum casting, also applied to jewelry casting. Continuous casting is a refinement of the casting process for the continuous, high-volume production of metal sections with a constant cross-section. It's primarily used to produce a semi-finished products for further processing. Molten metal is poured into an open-ended, water-cooled mold, which allows a 'skin' of solid metal to form over

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2368-470: Is subdivided into two main categories: expendable and non-expendable casting. It is further broken down by the mold material, such as sand or metal, and pouring method, such as gravity, vacuum, or low pressure. Expendable mold casting is a generic classification that includes sand, plastic, shell, plaster, and investment (lost-wax technique) moldings. This method of mold casting involves the use of temporary, non-reusable molds. [REDACTED] Sand casting

2442-460: Is then poured directly into the mold, which vaporizes the foam upon contact. Non-expendable mold casting differs from expendable processes in that the mold need not be reformed after each production cycle. This technique includes at least four different methods: permanent, die, centrifugal, and continuous casting. This form of casting also results in improved repeatability in parts produced and delivers near net shape results. Permanent mold casting

2516-441: Is used for the pattern instead of wax. This process takes advantage of the low boiling point of foam to simplify the investment casting process by removing the need to melt the wax out of the mold. Full-mold casting is an evaporative-pattern casting process which is a combination of sand casting and lost-foam casting . It uses an expanded polystyrene foam pattern which is then surrounded by sand, much like sand casting. The metal

2590-453: Is used to dissipate the kinetic energy of the liquid material as it falls down the sprue, decreasing turbulence. The choke , which is the smallest cross-sectional area in the gating system used to control flow, can be placed near the sprue well to slow down and smooth out the flow. Note that on some molds the choke is still placed on the gates to make separation of the part easier, but induces extreme turbulence. The gates are usually attached to

2664-580: The Art Academy of Cincinnati officially left the museum's Eden Park campus, relocating to Over-the-Rhine. As of June 2020, the Cincinnati Art Museum and Cincinnati Playhouse in the Park, were both undergoing major renovations, including a new outdoor civic and art space titled "Art Climb". Art Climb includes a staircase from the sidewalk near the intersection of Eden Park Drive and Gilbert Avenue leading to

2738-416: The Genius of Water is dropping a gentle spray. At the west a young girl is offering the water to an old man with crutches. On the east side a mother partially nude is leading her naked and reluctant boy to the bath. Four outer figures with animals represent the pleasures of water. These are working drinking fountains from which passersby can drink. On the drinking fountains are figures of nude boys—one riding

2812-510: The McMicken School relocated to the newly built museum campus and was renamed the Art Academy of Cincinnati . The Cincinnati Art Museum enjoyed the support of the community from the beginning. Generous donations from a number of prominent Cincinnatians, including Melville E. Ingalls , grew the collection to number in the tens of thousands of objects, which soon necessitated the addition of

2886-681: The Monuments Men and Women Museum Network, launched in 2021 by the Monuments Men Foundation for the Preservation of Art . In the late nineteenth century, public art museums were still very much a new phenomenon, especially as far west as Cincinnati. Following the success of the 1876 Centennial Exhibition held in Philadelphia, the Women's Art Museum Association was organized in Cincinnati with

2960-600: The Monuments Men: The Berlin Masterpieces in America , Hank Willis Thomas: All Things Being Equal... , and No Spectators: The Art of Burning Man . The Cincinnati Art Museum's approach to hosting special exhibitions has changed over time. The museum found it impractical to spend as much as $ 2.5 million a year on special exhibitions when it has unexploited holdings like circus posters and Dutch contemporary design, especially given its declining endowment. As

3034-412: The ability to produce complex shaped parts net shape, pressure tightness, tight dimensional tolerances and the ability to cast thin walls. In this process molten metal is poured in the mold and allowed to solidify while the mold is rotating. Metal is poured into the center of the mold at its axis of rotation. Due to inertial force, the liquid metal is thrown out toward the periphery. Centrifugal casting

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3108-845: The art museum entrance. Consisting of multiple flights of steps, Art Climb opens up the museum grounds, connects the museum to its neighbors, and provides a space to incorporate outdoor artworks. The art museum has paintings by several European masters, including: Master of San Baudelio, Jorge Ingles, Sandro Botticelli ( Judith with Head of Holofernes ), Matteo di Giovanni , Domenico Tintoretto ( Portrait of Venetian dux Marino Grimani ), Mattia Preti , Bernardo Strozzi , Frans Hals , Bartolomé Esteban Murillo ( St. Thomas of Villanueva ), Peter Paul Rubens ( Samson and Delilah ) and Aert van der Neer . The collection also includes works by Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot , Pierre-Auguste Renoir , Camille Pissarro , Claude Monet ( Rocks At Belle Isle ), Vincent van Gogh , and Pablo Picasso . The museum also has

3182-419: The bottom of the casting to minimize turbulence and splashing. The gating system may also be designed to trap dross. One method is to take advantage of the fact that some dross has a lower density than the base material so it floats to the top of the gating system. Therefore, long flat runners with gates that exit from the bottom of the runners can trap dross in the runners; note that long flat runners will cool

3256-401: The building over its 138-year history. In 2003, a major addition, The Cincinnati Wing was added to house a permanent exhibit of art created for Cincinnati or by Cincinnati artists since 1788. The Cincinnati Wing includes fifteen new galleries covering 18,000 square feet (1,700 m ) of well-appointed space, and 400 objects. The Odoardo Fantacchiotti angels are two of the largest pieces in

3330-412: The casting, A is the surface area of the casting that contacts the mold , n is a constant, and B is the mold constant. It is most useful in determining if a riser will solidify before the casting, because if the riser does solidify first then it is worthless. The gating system serves many purposes, the most important being conveying the liquid material to the mold, but also controlling shrinkage,

3404-490: The centrifugal casting of railway wheels was an early application of the method developed by the German industrial company Krupp and this capability enabled the rapid growth of the enterprise. Small art pieces such as jewelry are often cast by this method using the lost wax process, as the forces enable the rather viscous liquid metals to flow through very small passages and into fine details such as leaves and petals. This effect

3478-464: The collection. Fantacchiotti created these angels for the main altar of St. Peter in Chains Cathedral in the late 1840s. They were among the first European sculptures to come to Cincinnati. The Cincinnati Wing also contains the work of Frank Duveneck , Rookwood Pottery , Robert Scott Duncanson , Mitchell & Rammelsberg Furniture, and a tall case clock by Luman Watson . The CAM is part of

3552-400: The components that can be produced using investment casting can incorporate intricate contours, and in most cases the components are cast near net shape, so require little or no rework once cast. A durable plaster intermediate is often used as a stage toward the production of a bronze sculpture or as a pointing guide for the creation of a carved stone. With the completion of a plaster, the work

3626-473: The cracking and "on a hunch" had it x-rayed . The museum's Decorative Arts and Design collection includes over 7,000 works, including works by Paul de Lamerie , Karen LaMonte , Kitaro Shirayamadani , Jean-Pierre Latz , and many more. The Cincinnati Art Museum hosts several national and international special exhibitions each year. Each exhibition is accompanied by public programs, activities and special events. Exhibitions included Paintings, Politics and

3700-458: The crystal growth stage. Nucleation occurs on a pre-existing solid surface because not as much energy is required for a partial interface surface as for a complete spherical interface surface. This can be advantageous because fine-grained castings possess better properties than coarse-grained castings. A fine grain structure can be induced by grain refinement or inoculation , which is the process of adding impurities to induce nucleation. All of

3774-507: The dilapidated market along 5th Street between Vine and Walnut Streets for the fountain. In its place an esplanade bisecting 5th Street was built, the designer was architect William Tinsley. Tinsley had also designed the Henry Probasco House in the suburb of Clifton . The esplanade made the fountain easily visible to anyone traveling by. Miller traveled to Cincinnati for the dedication ceremony, which took place on October 6, 1871, it

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3848-734: The fact that the pattern is invested, or surrounded, with a refractory material. The wax patterns require extreme care for they are not strong enough to withstand forces encountered during the mold making. One advantage of investment casting is that the wax can be reused. The process is suitable for repeatable production of net shape components from a variety of different metals and high performance alloys. Although generally used for small castings, this process has been used to produce complete aircraft door frames, with steel castings of up to 300 kg and aluminium castings of up to 30 kg. Compared to other casting processes such as die casting or sand casting , it can be an expensive process. However,

3922-688: The first of several Art Museum expansions. In 1907 the Schmidlapp Wing opened, which was followed by a series of building projects. The addition of the Emery (named after Cincinnati philanthropists Thomas J. Emery and his wife Mary Emery ), Hanna and French wings in the 1930s enclosed the courtyard and gave the Art Museum its current rectangular shape and provided the space in which the American, European and Asian collections are currently shown. Renovations during

3996-424: The fourth, by groups of fishermen and children. From the center of the pedestal rises a shaft spread at the top with interlaced vines and foliage and about these are four groups. On the north is a workman standing upon a burning roof and imploring the aid of water; at the south is a farmer standing in the midst of a field where are plainly seen the effects of a drought—he too is praying for rain. Upon these two groups

4070-618: The intent of bringing such an institution to the region for the benefit of all citizens. Enthusiasm for these goals grew steadily and by 1881 the Cincinnati Museum Association was incorporated. The art museum was at first temporarily housed in the south wing of Music Hall in Over-the-Rhine . Just five years later, or on May 17, 1886, the Art Museum building in Eden Park was dedicated with elaborate ceremonies. In November 1887,

4144-545: The late 1940s and early 1950s divided the Great Hall into two floors and the present main entrance to the Art Museum was established. The 1965 completion of the Adams-Emery wing added space for the permanent collection, lecture halls and temporary exhibition galleries. In 1993, a $ 13 million project restored the grandeur of the Art Museum's interior architecture and uncovered long-hidden architectural details. This project included

4218-411: The liquid , solidification shrinkage and patternmaker's shrinkage . The shrinkage of the liquid is rarely a problem because more material is flowing into the mold behind it. Solidification shrinkage occurs because metals are less dense as a liquid than a solid, so during solidification the metal density dramatically increases. Patternmaker's shrinkage refers to the shrinkage that occurs when the material

4292-431: The low cost of the plaster and its ability to produce near net shape castings. The biggest disadvantage is that it can only be used with low melting point non-ferrous materials, such as aluminium , copper , magnesium , and zinc . Shell molding is similar to sand casting, but the molding cavity is formed by a hardened "shell" of sand instead of a flask filled with sand. The sand used is finer than sand casting sand and

4366-541: The material is moving too fast then the liquid material can erode the mold and contaminate the final casting. The shape and length of the gating system can also control how quickly the material cools; short round or square channels minimize heat loss. The gating system may be designed to minimize turbulence, depending on the material being cast. For example, steel, cast iron, and most copper alloys are turbulent insensitive, but aluminium and magnesium alloys are turbulent sensitive. The turbulent insensitive materials usually have

4440-472: The material more rapidly than round or square runners. For materials where the dross is a similar density to the base material, such as aluminium, runner extensions and runner wells can be advantageous. These take advantage of the fact that the dross is usually located at the beginning of the pour, therefore the runner is extended past the last gate(s) and the contaminates are contained in the wells. Screens or filters may also be used to trap contaminates. It

4514-513: The most comprehensive collections in the Midwest . Museum founders debated locating the museum in either Burnet Woods , Eden Park, or downtown Cincinnati on Washington Park . Charles West, the major donor of the early museum, cast his votes in favor of Eden Park sealing its final location. The Romanesque-revival building designed by Cincinnati architect James W. McLaughlin opened in 1886. A series of additions and renovations have considerably altered

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4588-502: The nucleations represent a crystal, which grows as the heat of fusion is extracted from the liquid until there is no liquid left. The direction, rate, and type of growth can be controlled to maximize the properties of the casting. Directional solidification is when the material solidifies at one end and proceeds to solidify to the other end; this is the most ideal type of grain growth because it allows liquid material to compensate for shrinkage. Cooling curves are important in controlling

4662-421: The palm of one's hand to those large enough for a train car bed (one casting can create the entire bed for one rail car). Sand casting also allows most metals to be cast depending on the type of sand used for the molds. Sand casting requires a lead time of days, or even weeks sometimes, for production at high output rates (1–20 pieces/hr-mold) and is unsurpassed for large-part production. Green (moist) sand, which

4736-445: The quality of a casting. The most important part of the cooling curve is the cooling rate which affects the microstructure and properties. Generally speaking, an area of the casting which is cooled quickly will have a fine grain structure and an area which cools slowly will have a coarse grain structure. Below is an example cooling curve of a pure metal or eutectic alloy, with defining terminology. [REDACTED] Note that before

4810-439: The rate of product crystallization (solidification) may be adjusted in a crystallizer - a high-temperature resistant device that cools a growing metal rod or pipe by using water. The method is comparable to Czochralski method of growing silicon (Si) crystals, which is a metalloid . Metal casting processes uses the following terminology: Some specialized processes, such as die casting, use additional terminology. Casting

4884-418: The renovation of one of the Art Museum's signature spaces, the Great Hall. In addition, new gallery space was created and lighting and climate control were improved. The Art Museum's temporary exhibition space was expanded to approximately 10,000 square feet (930 m ) to accommodate major temporary exhibitions. In 1998, the museum's board decided to separate the museum from the Art Academy of Cincinnati. By

4958-585: The semi-solid metal, along with the use of controlled die filling conditions, ensures that the semi-solid metal fills the die in a non-turbulent manner so that harmful porosity can be essentially eliminated. Used commercially mainly for aluminium and magnesium alloys, SSM castings can be heat treated to the T4, T5 or T6 tempers. The combination of heat treatment, fast cooling rates (from using uncoated steel dies) and minimal porosity provides excellent combinations of strength and ductility. Other advantages of SSM casting include

5032-458: The speed of the liquid, turbulence, and trapping dross . The gates are usually attached to the thickest part of the casting to assist in controlling shrinkage. In especially large castings multiple gates or runners may be required to introduce metal to more than one point in the mold cavity. The speed of the material is important because if the material is traveling too slowly it can cool before completely filling, leading to misruns and cold shuts. If

5106-461: The square. The fountain was renovated for the first time in 1969 for a celebration of its centennial. The Fountain Square plaza was also redesigned for better traffic flow, and the fountain was moved and turned to face west rather than east. The fountain was turned to face the west because Fifth Street was made into a one way street heading east and drivers would be able to see the front of the statue. Additional repairs and another refurbishing project

5180-535: The still-liquid center, gradually solidifying the metal from the outside in. After solidification, the strand, as it is sometimes called, is continuously withdrawn from the mold. Predetermined lengths of the strand can be cut off by either mechanical shears or traveling oxyacetylene torches and transferred to further forming processes, or to a stockpile. Cast sizes can range from strip (a few millimeters thick by about five meters wide) to billets (90 to 160 mm square) to slabs (1.25 m wide by 230 mm thick). Sometimes,

5254-442: The strand may undergo an initial hot rolling process before being cut. Continuous casting is used due to the lower costs associated with continuous production of a standard product, and also increased quality of the final product. Metals such as steel, copper, aluminum and lead are continuously cast, with steel being the metal with the greatest tonnages cast using this method. The upcasting (up-casting, upstream, or upward casting)

5328-402: The thermal arrest the material is a liquid and after it the material is a solid; during the thermal arrest the material is converting from a liquid to a solid. Also, note that the greater the superheat the more time there is for the liquid material to flow into intricate details. The above cooling curve depicts a basic situation with a pure metal, however, most castings are of alloys, which have

5402-581: The turn of the twenty-first century, the Art Museum's collection numbered over 60,000 objects and, today, is the largest in the state of Ohio. In 2003, the Cincinnati Art Museum deepened its ties with the Greater Cincinnati community by opening the popular and expansive Cincinnati Wing, the first permanent display of a city's art history in the nation. In addition, on May 17, 2003, the Art Museum eliminated its general admission fee forever, made possible by The Lois and Richard Rosenthal Foundation . In 2005,

5476-516: Was undertaken in 1999. In 2005, as part of Fountain Square's revitalization, the city decided to move the entire fountain to the center of Fountain Square. The estimated cost was approximately $ 42 million. The city was responsible for $ 4 million. During the renovation the fountain was on display at the Cincinnati Art Museum . Fountain Square reopened on October 14, 2006, with an elaborate ceremony that included different stages for multiple bands, food, beer and fireworks . The fountain continues to be

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