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80-424: The play explores the deliberations of a jury of a homicide trial, in which a dozen "men with ties and a coat" decide the fate of a teenager accused of murdering his abusive father. In the beginning, they are nearly unanimous in concluding the youth is guilty, influenced by their own background and upbringing. One man dissents, declaring him "not guilty", and he sows a seed of reasonable doubt . Eventually, he convinces

160-469: A genetic-mapping project conducted by the company ScotlandsDNA (now called BritainsDNA). In 2012, Conti and the company announced that Conti shares a genetic marker with Napoléon Bonaparte . Conti said that he "burst out laughing" when told he was related to Napoléon on his father's side. Conti considered running as the Conservative candidate in the 2008 London mayoral election , but did not, and in

240-1008: A Play and the Laurence Olivier Award for Actor of the Year in a New Play in role in Whose Life Is It Anyway? which he performed on Broadway and the West End in 1978 and 1979. He also directed the Frank D. Gilroy play Last Licks (1979) on Broadway. Conti returned to the West End portraying Jeffrey Bernard in the Keith Waterhouse play Jeffrey Bernard Is Unwell (1989). Conti received an Academy Award for Best Actor nomination for Reuben, Reuben (1983). Conti also acted in such films as The Duellists (1977), Merry Christmas, Mr. Lawrence (1983), Saving Grace (1986), The Quick and

320-497: A book by David Simpatico and music and lyrics by Michael Holland. It was written again in 1957 as a feature film, 12 Angry Men , which Sidney Lumet directed, and which starred Henry Fonda . It was nominated for Academy Awards in the categories of Best Director , Best Picture , and Best Writing of Adapted Screenplay . Indian director Basu Chatterjee remade it as Ek Ruka Hua Faisla in 1986. In 2007, Russian film director Nikita Mikhalkov completed 12 , his remake of

400-432: A campaign against the opening of a Tesco supermarket in nearby Belsize Park . Conti put his Hampstead house up for sale in 2015 for £ 17.5 million after his long-running opposition to the building plans of his neighbour, the footballer Thierry Henry . Conti had also opposed development plans for Hampstead's Grove Lodge, the 18th-century Grade II listed former home of novelist John Galsworthy . Conti participated in

480-501: A cast including Dan Castellaneta , Jeffrey Donovan , Héctor Elizondo , Robert Foxworth , Kevin Kilner , Richard Kind , Armin Shimerman , Joe Spano and Steve Vinovich . Legal burden of proof In a legal dispute, one party has the burden of proof to show that they are correct, while the other party has no such burden and is presumed to be correct. The burden of proof requires

560-464: A complaint, petition or other pleading. The defendant is then required to file a responsive pleading denying some or all of the allegations and setting forth any affirmative facts in defense . Each party has the burden of proof of its allegations. Per Superintendent v. Hill (1985), in order to take away a prisoner's good conduct time for a disciplinary violation, prison officials need only have "some evidence", i.e., "a modicum of evidence"; however,

640-517: A court must determine whether to involuntarily hospitalize a mentally ill patient or to issue an Assisted Outpatient Treatment Order. This standard was also codified by the United States Supreme Court in all mental health civil commitment cases. This standard is used in many types of equity cases, including paternity , persons in need of supervision , child custody , the probate of both wills and living wills , petitions to remove

720-404: A crime will be found". The primary issue was whether Drug Enforcement Administration agents had a reason to execute a search. Courts have traditionally interpreted the idea of "a fair probability" as meaning whether a fair-minded evaluator would have reason to find it more likely than not that a fact (or ultimate fact) is true, which is quantified as a 51% certainty standard (using whole numbers as

800-420: A death sentence should be imposed when the defendant's motives or intentions are the contingent factors in sentencing. However, in some cases such as defamation suits with a public figure as the defamed party, the public figure must prove actual malice. Burden of proof refers most generally to the obligation of a party to prove its allegations at trial. In a civil case, the plaintiff sets forth its allegations in

880-410: A given description, or the gravity of the consequences flowing from a particular finding are considerations which must affect the answer to the question whether the issue has been proved to the reasonable satisfaction of the tribunal. In such matters “reasonable satisfaction” should not be produced by inexact proofs, indefinite testimony, or indirect inferences. Everyone must feel that, when, for instance,

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960-405: A lion than a dog. The task for the tribunal then when faced with serious allegations is to recognize that their seriousness generally means they are inherently unlikely, such that to be satisfied that a fact is more likely than not the evidence must be of a good quality. But the standard of proof remains 'the balance of probabilities'. In Australia, two standards of proof are applied at common law:

1040-512: A long-running series of Vauxhall Astra car advertisements in the United Kingdom from the early to the mid-1990s. Conti has appeared in such films as Merry Christmas, Mr. Lawrence , Reuben, Reuben , American Dreamer , Shirley Valentine , Miracles , Saving Grace , Dangerous Parking , and Voices Within: The Lives of Truddi Chase . Conti's novel The Doctor , about a former secret operations pilot for intelligence services,

1120-482: A mere 'hunch' is insufficient." The reasonable indication standard is used in interpreting trade law in determining if the United States has been materially injured. Reasonable suspicion is a low standard of proof to determine whether a brief investigative stop or search by a police officer or any government agent is warranted. This stop or search must be brief; its thoroughness is proportional to, and limited by,

1200-410: A new standard, that of "reasonable to believe". This standard applies only to vehicle searches after the suspect has been placed under arrest. The Court overruled New York v. Belton (1981) and concluded that police officers are allowed to go back and search a vehicle incident to a suspect's arrest only where it is "reasonable to believe" that there is more evidence in the vehicle of the crime for which

1280-586: A nomination for "Best Play" at the Sydney Helpmann Awards . Several London West End productions of the play have been made. In 1964, Leo Genn headed a cast which included Mark Kingston , Paul Maxwell , Arnold Ridley and Robert Urquhart . In 1996 a production at the Comedy Theatre directed by Harold Pinter starred Kevin Whately , with Timothy West , Peter Vaughan and Whately's fellow actor in

1360-402: A parent or guardian. The "some credible evidence" standard is used as a legal placeholder to bring some controversy before a trier of fact, and into a legal process. It is on the order of the factual standard of proof needed to achieve a finding of "probable cause" used in ex parte threshold determinations needed before a court will issue a search warrant. It is a lower standard of proof than

1440-407: A party during the trial must be highly and substantially more probable to be true than not and the trier of fact must have a firm belief or conviction in its factuality. In this standard, a greater degree of believability must be met than the common standard of proof in civil actions (i.e. preponderance of the evidence), which only requires that the facts as a threshold be more likely than not to prove

1520-480: A party to produce evidence to establish the truth of facts needed to satisfy all the required legal elements of the dispute. The burden of proof is usually on the person who brings a claim in a dispute. It is often associated with the Latin maxim semper necessitas probandi incumbit ei qui agit , a translation of which is: "the necessity of proof always lies with the person who lays charges." In civil suits, for example,

1600-436: A person from life support (" right to die " cases), mental hygiene and involuntary hospitalizations, and many similar cases. Clear and convincing evidence is the standard of proof used for immunity from prosecution under Florida's stand-your-ground law . Once raised by the defense, the state must present its evidence in a pre-trial hearing, showing that the statutory prerequisites have not been met, and then request that

1680-456: A police officer to have an unquantified amount of certainty the courts say is well below 51% before briefly detaining a suspect (without consent) to pat them down and attempt to question them. The "beyond reasonable doubt" standard, used by criminal juries in the United States to determine guilt for a crime, also contrasts with probable cause which courts hold requires an unquantified level of proof well above that of probable cause's 51%. Though it

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1760-507: A reasonable person, considering the record as a whole, would accept as sufficient to find that a contested fact is more likely to be true than untrue.” One author highlights the phrase “more likely to be true than untrue” as the critical component of the definition. From 2013 to 2020, the Department of Education required schools to use a preponderance of evidence standard in evaluating sexual assault claims (USA). Clear and convincing evidence

1840-487: A search, or an arrest, is unreasonable. It is also used by grand juries to determine whether to issue an indictment . In the civil context, this standard is often used where plaintiffs are seeking a prejudgement remedy . In the criminal context, the U.S. Supreme Court in United States v. Sokolow , 490 U.S. 1 (1989), determined that probable cause requires "a fair probability that contraband or evidence of

1920-510: A similar approach is taken in Canada. In the United Kingdom the evidential requirements of the civil standard of proof don't vary with the seriousness of an allegation. The case law that establishes this is Briginshaw v Briginshaw , which is the fifth most cited decision of Australia's High Court. The case has since been incorporated into the uniform evidence law. The Briginshaw principle

2000-405: A single party for the duration of the court proceeding. Once the burden has been entirely discharged to the satisfaction of the trier of fact , the party carrying the burden will succeed in its claim. For example, the presumption of innocence in a criminal case places a legal burden upon the prosecution to prove all elements of the offense (generally beyond a reasonable doubt), and to disprove all

2080-518: A term of imprisonment exceeding 12 months are called 'Summary Offences'. Some offences (with a term of imprisonment <10 years) may be heard by a court of summary jurisdiction, a.k.a. Magistrates Court with the consent of all parties; however the court may not impose a sentence greater than 12 months. Juries are required to make findings of guilt 'beyond reasonable doubt' for criminal matters. The Australian constitution does not expressly provide that criminal trials must be 'fair', nor does it set out

2160-463: Is a higher level of burden of persuasion than "preponderance of the evidence", but less than "beyond reasonable doubt". It is employed intra-adjudicatively in administrative court determinations, as well as in civil and certain criminal procedure in the United States. For example, a prisoner seeking habeas corpus relief from capital punishment must prove his factual innocence by clear and convincing evidence. New York State uses this standard when

2240-411: Is a party's duty to prove a disputed assertion or charge, and includes the burden of production (providing enough evidence on an issue so that the trier-of-fact decides it rather than in a peremptory ruling like a directed verdict) and the burden of persuasion (standard of proof such as preponderance of the evidence). A "burden of persuasion" or "risk of non-persuasion" is an obligation that remains on

2320-531: Is a seizure under the Fourth Amendment. The state must justify the seizure by showing that the officer conducting the stop had a reasonable articulable suspicion that criminal activity was afoot. The important point is that officers cannot deprive a citizen of liberty unless the officer can point to specific facts and circumstances and inferences therefrom that would amount to a reasonable suspicion. The officer must be prepared to establish that criminal activity

2400-417: Is also the standard of proof used in United States administrative law . In at least one case, there is a statutory definition of the standard. While there is no federal definition, such as by definition of the courts or by statute applicable to all cases, The Merit Systems Protection Board’s has codified their definition at 5 CFR 1201.56(c)(2). MSPB defines the standard as “The degree of relevant evidence that

2480-439: Is beyond the scope of this topic, when courts review whether 51% probable cause certainty was a reasonable judgment, the legal inquiry is different for police officers in the field than it would be for grand jurors. In Franks v. Delaware , the U.S. Supreme Court held that probable cause requires that there not be "reckless disregard for the truth" of the facts asserted. Examples of a police officer's truth-certainty standards in

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2560-538: Is met if the proposition is more likely to be true than not true. Lord Denning , in Miller v. Minister of Pensions , described it simply as "more probable than not". Another high-level way of interpreting that is that the plaintiff’s case (evidence) be 51% likely. A more precise statement is that “the weight [of the evidence, including in calculating such a percentage] is determined not by the amount of evidence, but by its quality.” The author goes on to affirm that preponderance

2640-486: Is regrettably all too common and not at all improbable. Nor are serious allegations made in a vacuum. Consider the famous example of the animal seen in Regent’s Park. If it is seen outside the zoo on a stretch of greensward regularly used for walking dogs, then of course it is more likely to be a dog than a lion. If it is seen in the zoo next to the lions’ enclosure when the door is open, then it may well be more likely to be

2720-418: Is solely circumstantial, i.e. , when conviction is based entirely on circumstantial evidence , certain jurisdictions specifically require the prosecution's burden of proof to be such that the facts proved must exclude to a moral certainty every reasonable hypothesis or inference other than guilt. The main reason that this high level of proof is demanded in criminal trials is that such proceedings can result in

2800-403: Is that no other logical explanation can be derived from the facts except that the defendant committed the crime, thereby overcoming the presumption that a person is innocent unless and until proven guilty. If the trier of fact has no doubt as to the defendant's guilt, or if their only doubts are unreasonable doubts, then the prosecutor has proved the defendant's guilt beyond a reasonable doubt and

2880-401: Is “merely enough to tip the scales” towards one party; however, that tilt need only be so slight as the weight of a “feather.” Until 1970, it was also the standard used in juvenile court in the United States . Compared to the criminal standard of “proof beyond a reasonable doubt,” the preponderance of the evidence standard is “a somewhat easier standard to meet.” Preponderance of the evidence

2960-558: The Child Support Standards Act , and in child custody determinations between parties having equal legal rights respecting a child. It is also the standard of proof by which the defendant must prove affirmative defenses or mitigating circumstances in civil or criminal court in the United States. In civil courts, aggravating circumstances also only have to be proven by a preponderance of the evidence, as opposed to beyond reasonable doubt (as in criminal court). The standard

3040-669: The electric chair , and occasional profanity . A film version of the CBS play was shown in 1973 on the Televisión Española (TVE1) show Estudio 1 , with the title Doce hombres sin piedad  [ es ] ("Twelve Men Without Mercy"). In 1963, the West German television channel ZDF produced a film adaptation under the title Die zwölf Geschworenen  [ de ] . In 2005, L.A. Theatre Works recorded an audio version of 12 Angry Men , directed by John de Lancie , with

3120-479: The "Briginshaw test does not create any third standard of proof between the civil and the criminal." Tom Conti Tommaso Antonio Conti (born 22 November 1941) is a Scottish actor. Conti has received numerous accolades including a Tony Award and a Laurence Olivier Award as well as nominations for an Academy Award , a BAFTA Award and two Golden Globe Awards . He won the Tony Award for Best Actor in

3200-415: The "preponderance of the evidence" standard. The standard does not require the fact-finder to weigh conflicting evidence, and merely requires the investigator or prosecutor to present the bare minimum of material credible evidence to support the allegations against the subject, or in support of the allegation; see Valmonte v. Bane, 18 F.3d 992 (2nd Cir. 1994). In some Federal Appellate Circuit Courts, such as

3280-712: The British comedy-drama Auf Wiedersehen, Pet , Tim Healy , with a star of the first movie version E. G. Marshall as the voice of the judge. A further revival opened in November 2013 at the Garrick Theatre and was extended until June 2014, starring Tom Conti , Jeff Fahey , Nick Moran and Robert Vaughn . In June-July 2022, Theater Latté Da in Minneapolis presented a world-premiere musical adaptation based on Reginald Rose's teleplay called Twelve Angry Men: A New Musical , with

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3360-458: The British producer/director Guy Masterson directed a hugely successful Australian version of his hit Edinburgh 2003 production, produced by Arts Projects Australia and Adrian Bohm at QPAC Brisbane, Sydney Theatre and Melbourne Athenaeum . Shane Bourne played as Juror 3, Peter Phelps as Juror 4, Marcus Graham as Juror 8, George Kapiniaris as Juror 2, and Henri Szeps as Juror 9. This production won three Melbourne Green Room Awards and

3440-593: The Dead (1987), Shirley Valentine (1989), The Tempest (2010), The Dark Knight Rises (2012), and Paddington 2 (2017). He portrayed Albert Einstein in Christopher Nolan 's Oppenheimer (2023). Conti was born on 22 November 1941 in Paisley, Renfrewshire , the son of hairdressers Mary McGoldrick and Alfonso Conti. After being raised Roman Catholic , he described himself as antireligious in 2011. His father

3520-481: The Second Circuit, the "some credible evidence" standard has been found constitutionally insufficient to protect liberty interests of the parties in controversy at CPS hearings. Preponderance of the evidence (American English), also known as balance of probabilities (British English), is the standard required in civil cases, including family court determinations solely involving money, such as child support under

3600-419: The balance of probabilities had led to a departure from the common law principles of just two standards. Baroness Hale said: 70. ... Neither the seriousness of the allegation nor the seriousness of the consequences should make any difference to the standard of proof to be applied in determining the facts. The inherent probabilities are simply something to be taken into account, where relevant, in deciding where

3680-477: The case of Kirk constrains the way that State courts may operate during criminal trials per the Kable Doctrine . In Australia, the civil standard is termed the 'balance of probabilities'. In Australia, the 'balance of probabilities' involves considerations that the evidence required to establish a fact at the civil standard will vary with the seriousness of what is being alleged. Although it has been noted

3760-421: The court deny a motion for declaration of immunity. The judge must then decide from clear and convincing evidence whether to grant immunity. This is a lower burden than "beyond a reasonable doubt", the threshold a prosecutor must meet at any proceeding criminal trial, but higher than the "probable cause" threshold generally required for indictment . Clear and convincing proof means that the evidence presented by

3840-468: The criminal standard and the civil standard. It is possible for other standards of proof to be applied where required by law. The criminal standard in Australia is, 'beyond reasonable doubt'. An offence against a Commonwealth law, with a term of imprisonment in excess of 12 months is an 'indictable offence'; and is constitutionally required to be tried before jury of 12 people. Offences that do not carry

3920-596: The decision of the House of Lords in Re B (A Child) [2008] UKHL 35 there had been some confusion – even at the Court of Appeal – as to whether there was some intermediate standard, described as the 'heightened standard'. The House of Lords found that there was not. As the above description of the American system shows, anxiety by judges about making decisions on very serious matters on the basis of

4000-417: The defendant (for example, the statutory defense to drunk in charge that there was no likelihood of the accused driving while still over the alcohol limit ). However, where the law does not stipulate a reverse burden of proof, the defendant need only raise the issue and it is then for the prosecution to negate the defence to the criminal standard in the usual way (for example, that of self-defence ). Prior to

4080-421: The defendant should be pronounced guilty. The term connotes that evidence establishes a particular point to a moral certainty which precludes the existence of any reasonable alternatives. It does not mean that no doubt exists as to the accused's guilt, but only that no reasonable doubt is possible from the evidence presented. Further to this notion of moral certainty, where the trier of fact relies on proof that

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4160-399: The defenses except for affirmative defenses in which the proof of non-existence of all affirmative defense(s) is not constitutionally required of the prosecution. The burden of persuasion should not be confused with the evidential burden , or burden of production, or duty of producing (or going forward with evidence) which is an obligation that may shift between parties over the course of

4240-579: The deprivation of a defendant's liberty or even in their death. These outcomes are far more severe than in civil trials, in which monetary damages are the common remedy. Another noncriminal instance in which proof beyond a reasonable doubt is applied is LPS conservatorship . In the three jurisdictions of the UK (Northern Ireland; England and Wales ; and Scotland) there are only two standards of proof in trials. There are others which are defined in statutes, such as those relating to police powers. The criminal standard

4320-425: The detention and allow the person to go about their business. If the investigation confirms the officer's initial suspicion or reveals evidence that would justify continued detention the officer may require the person detained to remain at the scene until further investigation is complete, and may give rise to the level of probable cause. In Arizona v. Gant (2009), the United States Supreme Court arguably defined

4400-415: The elements of a fair trial, but it may by implication protect other attributes. The High Court has moved toward, but not yet, entrenched procedural fairness as a constitutional right. If it did so, this would have the potential to constitutionalise the 'beyond reasonable doubt' standard in criminal proceedings. State offences are not subject to the constitution's section 80 requirement for a jury. However,

4480-421: The evidence, or lack of evidence, in a case, then the level of proof has not been met. Proof beyond a reasonable doubt, therefore, is proof of such a convincing character that one would be willing to rely and act upon it without hesitation in the most important of one's own affairs. However, it does not mean an absolute certainty. The standard that must be met by the prosecution's evidence in a criminal prosecution

4560-885: The existing box office record for drama at the Fringe Festival and garnered much critical acclaim. In 2004, the Roundabout Theatre Company presented a Broadway production of the play at the American Airlines Theatre , starring Boyd Gaines as Juror No. 8, with James Rebhorn (No. 4), Philip Bosco (No. 3), and Robert Prosky as the voice of the judge. In 2007, 12 Angry Men ran on a national theatre tour with Richard Thomas and George Wendt starring as Jurors No. 8 and No. 1, respectively. The 2008 tour did not include Wendt but featured Kevin Dobson , of Kojak and Knots Landing , as Juror No. 10. In 2004–05,

4640-417: The field and their practical consequences are offered below: Some credible evidence is one of the least demanding standards of proof. This proof standard is often used in administrative law settings and in some states to initiate Child Protective Services (CPS) proceedings. This proof standard is used where short-term intervention is needed urgently, such as when a child is arguably in immediate danger from

4720-414: The film. The jury of the 64th Venice Film Festival assigned its special prize to this remake "to acknowledge the consistent brilliance of Nikita Mikhalkov's body of work". 12 Angry Lebanese is a 2009 documentary film that chronicles efforts to stage an adaptation of Twelve Angry Men with inmates inside Beirut's Roumieh Prison . In 2014, Chinese film director Xu Ang remade it as 12 Citizens . It

4800-406: The hearing or trial. The evidential burden is the burden to adduce sufficient evidence to properly raise an issue at court. There is no burden of proof with regard to motive or animus in criminal cases in the United States. The intent surrounding an offense is nevertheless crucial to the elements of the offense in a first-degree-murder conviction. This brings up the ethical dilemma of whether or not

4880-530: The highest standard used as the burden of proof in Anglo-American jurisprudence and typically only applies in juvenile delinquency proceedings, criminal proceedings, and when considering aggravating circumstances in criminal proceedings. It has been described, in negative terms, as a proof having been met if there is no plausible reason to believe otherwise. If there is a real doubt, based upon reason and common sense after careful and impartial consideration of all

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4960-419: The increment of measurement). Some courts and scholars have suggested probable cause could, in some circumstances, allow for a fact to be established as true to a standard of less than 51%, but as of August 2019, the United States Supreme Court has never ruled that the quantification of probable cause is anything less than 51%. Probable cause can be contrasted with "reasonable articulable suspicion" which requires

5040-399: The issue for which they are asserted. This standard is also known as "clear, convincing, and satisfactory evidence"; "clear, cognizant, and convincing evidence", and is applied in cases or situations involving an equitable remedy or where a presumptive civil liberty interest exists. For example, this is the standard or quantum of evidence use to probate a last will and testament . This is

5120-565: The issue is on which of two dates an admitted occurrence took place, a satisfactory conclusion may be reached on materials of a kind that would not satisfy any sound and prudent judgment if the question was whether some act had been done involving grave moral delinquency The Briginshaw principle is sometimes incorrectly referred to as the Briginshaw standard of proof, in Qantas Airways Limited v. Gama Justices French and Jacobson stated

5200-444: The judge is a woman and four of the jurors are black, but most of the action and dialogue of the film are identical to the original. Modernizations include a prohibition on smoking in the jury room, the changing of references to income and pop culture figures, more dialogue relating to ethnicity, discussion about who else could have committed the murder if it wasn't the defendant, references to execution by lethal injection as opposed to

5280-572: The lead in Jeffrey Bernard Is Unwell at the Garrick Theatre . Besides taking the leading role in the TV versions of Frederic Raphael 's The Glittering Prizes and Alan Ayckbourn 's The Norman Conquests , Conti appeared in the " Princess and the Pea " episode of the family television series Faerie Tale Theatre , guest-starred on Friends and Cosby , and played opposite Nigel Hawthorne in

5360-489: The low standard of evidence. A more definite standard of proof (often probable cause ) would be required to justify a more thorough stop/search. In Terry v. Ohio , 392 U.S. 1 (1968), the Supreme Court ruled that reasonable suspicion requires specific, articulable, and individualized suspicion that crime is afoot. A mere guess or "hunch" is not enough to constitute reasonable suspicion. An investigatory stop

5440-406: The most successful opening weekends of 2023, and received wide critical acclaim. Conti has been married to Scottish actress Kara Wilson since 1967 and their daughter Nina is an actress and performs as a ventriloquist . According to Nina, her parents have an open marriage . Conti is a resident of Hampstead in northwest London, having lived in the area for several decades. Conti was part of

5520-454: The other jurors to look beyond their own personal bias and support a unanimous "not guilty" verdict. American writer Reginald Rose first wrote this work as a teleplay for the Studio One anthology television series; it aired as a live CBS Television production on 20 September 1954. He adapted the drama for the stage in 1955 under the same title . Rose wrote several stage adaptations of

5600-417: The plaintiff bears the burden of proof that the defendant's action or inaction caused injury to the plaintiff, and the defendant bears the burden of proving an affirmative defense . The burden of proof is on the prosecutor for criminal cases , and the defendant is presumed innocent . If the claimant fails to discharge the burden of proof to prove their case, the claim will be dismissed. A "burden of proof"

5680-465: The sentencing judge is under no obligation to adhere to good/work time constraints, nor are they required to credit time served. "Reasonable indication (also known as reasonable suspicion) is substantially lower than probable cause; factors to consider are those facts and circumstances a prudent investigator would consider, but must include facts or circumstances indicating a past, current, or impending violation; an objective factual basis must be present,

5760-722: The story. In other theatrical adaptations in which female actors are cast, the play is retitled 12 Angry Jurors , 12 Angry Men and Women or 12 Angry Women . One early adaptation was staged in San Francisco in 1955. In 2003 at the Edinburgh Fringe Festival , the British producer/director Guy Masterson directed an all-comedian revival at the Assembly Rooms , including Bill Bailey as Juror 4, Phil Nichol as Juror 10, Owen O'Neill as Juror 8, Stephen Frost as Juror 3, and Russell Hunter as Juror 9. The production broke

5840-475: The suspect was arrested. There is still an ongoing debate as to the exact meaning of this phrase. Some courts have said it should be a new standard while others have equated it with the "reasonable suspicion" of the Terry stop. Most courts have agreed it is somewhere less than probable cause. Probable cause is a higher standard of proof than reasonable suspicion, which is used in the United States to determine whether

5920-423: The truth lies. 72. ... there is no logical or necessary connection between seriousness and probability. Some seriously harmful behaviour, such as murder, is sufficiently rare to be inherently improbable in most circumstances. Even then there are circumstances, such as a body with its throat cut and no weapon to hand, where it is not at all improbable. Other seriously harmful behaviour, such as alcohol or drug abuse,

6000-659: Was Italian, while his mother was born and raised in Scotland to Irish parents. Conti was educated at independent Catholic boys' school Hamilton Park St Aloysius' College, Glasgow ; and at the Royal Scottish Academy of Music and Drama . Conti is a theatre, film, and television actor. He began working with the Dundee Repertory in 1959. He appeared on Broadway in Whose Life Is It Anyway? in 1979, and in London, he played

6080-408: Was a logical explanation for what they perceived. The requirement serves to prevent officers from stopping individuals based merely on hunches or unfounded suspicions. The purpose of the stop and detention is to investigate to the extent necessary to confirm or dispel the original suspicion. If the initial confrontation with the person stopped dispels suspicion of criminal activity the officer must end

6160-417: Was articulated by Dixon in that case in these terms: ...it is enough that the affirmative of an allegation is made out to the reasonable satisfaction of the tribunal. But reasonable satisfaction is not a state of mind that is attained or established independently of the nature and consequence of the fact or facts to be proved. The seriousness of an allegation made, the inherent unlikelihood of an occurrence of

6240-547: Was formerly described as "beyond reasonable doubt". That standard remains , and the words commonly used , though the Judicial Studies Board guidance is that juries might be assisted by being told that to convict they must be persuaded "so that you are sure". The civil standard is 'the balance of probabilities', often referred to in judgments as "more likely than not". The civil standard is also used in criminal trials in relation to those defenses which must be proven by

6320-474: Was published in 2004. According to the foreword, his friend Lynsey De Paul recommended the manuscript to publisher Jeremy Robson. He appeared in the BBC sitcom Miranda alongside Miranda Hart and Patricia Hodge , as Miranda's father, in the 2010 seasonal episode "The Perfect Christmas". Most recently he portrayed Albert Einstein in Christopher Nolan 's 2023 thriller-drama Oppenheimer . The film had one of

6400-638: Was shown at the 2014 Rome Film Festival on October 19, 2014 and was released in China on May 15, 2015. Vaaimai (2016) is a Tamil language adaptation of Twelve Angry Men . 12 Angry Men was remade for television in 1997. Directed by William Friedkin , the remake stars George C. Scott , James Gandolfini , Tony Danza , William Petersen , Ossie Davis , Hume Cronyn , Courtney B. Vance , Armin Mueller-Stahl , Mykelti Williamson , Edward James Olmos , Dorian Harewood , and Jack Lemmon . In this production,

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