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67-721: Twangiza Mine is an open pit gold mine in South Kivu province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) which started operations in 2012. Production has been disrupted by attacks from rebel militias. Twangiza Mine is in Mwenga Territory , South Kivu. It is about 40 kilometres (25 mi) south of Bukavu , east of the RN2 highway and north of the Itombwe Mountains . The mine is at

134-401: A tiltrotator which allows attachments rotate 360 degrees and tilt +/- 45 degrees, in order to increase the flexibility and precision of the excavator. Before the 1990s, all excavators had a long or conventional counterweight that hung off the rear of the machine to provide more digging force and lifting capacity. This became a nuisance when working in confined areas. In 1993 Yanmar launched

201-464: A bucket as large as 52.0 m . Hydraulic excavators usually couple engine power to (commonly) three hydraulic pumps rather than to mechanical drivetrains . The two main pumps supply oil at high pressure (up to 5000 psi , 345 bar) for the arms , swing motor, track motors and accessories while the third is a lower pressure (≈700 psi , 48 bar) pump for pilot control of the spool valves ; this third circuit allows for reduced physical effort when operating

268-593: A chiefdom carries the honored title of " mwami " (king). The chiefdom is further subdivided into groupements (groupings), which extend the reach of traditional authority to regrouped villages ( localités ). Village heads and chiefs manage administrative and governance duties in their respective areas. Some of the notable chiefdoms and sectors in South Kivu: South Kivu is divided into 34 health zones ( zones de santé ). These are grouped into five health districts ( districts de santé ). These districts do not match

335-723: A considerable number of Congolese view the Banyamulenge as unwelcome intruders encroaching upon their native territories, thereby intensifying the deep-rooted animosity directed towards them. The UN estimates that in 2005, approximately 45,000 women were raped in South Kivu. It forms various armed groups, including the Rwandan-backed armed groups, Banyamulenge armed groups, Raia Mutomboki , Mai-Mai militias , ADF (Allied Democratic Forces) and FDLR. There have been numerous accounts and allegations of sexual violence perpetrated by members of

402-507: A consortium of Shomka Capital (65.5%) and Baiyin International Investment (34.5%). Shomka Resources is a Hong Kong -based resources company. Twangiza is an open-pit mine . The ore and waste rock are excavated on 2.5 metres (8 ft 2 in) high benches using hydraulic excavators , and loaded onto 40 tonne capacity trucks. Processing is done by two secondhand plants from Australia, one for crushing, screening and grinding, and

469-664: A coup d'état, President Laurent-Désiré Kabila relieved Rwandan General James Kabarebe of his position as Chief of Staff of the AFDL, while also issuing an order for the Rwandan Patriotic Army (RPA) soldiers to withdraw from Congolese territory. In response, on 2 August 1998, a faction of Tutsi soldiers mutinied and, with the assistance of the AFDL, the Banyamulenge militias, the Ugandan army (Ugandan People's Defence Force; UPDF), and

536-498: A dragline rather than pushing them away to fill them the way the first powered shovels did. Excavators are also called diggers, scoopers, mechanical shovels, or 360-degree excavators (sometimes abbreviated simply to "360"). Tracked excavators are sometimes called "trackhoes" by analogy to the backhoe . In the UK , wheeled excavators are sometimes known as "rubber ducks". Excavators are used in many ways: Modern hydraulic excavators come in

603-530: A mild mountain climate with a 3 to 4-month dry season from June to September. Cities like Bukavu and Uvira maintain an average annual temperature of 19 °C, while higher plateaus and mountains, such as Minembwe and Kahuzi-Biéga National Park, are even cooler, fostering layered and grassy mountain vegetation . Conversely, the central and western parts, including territories like Shabunda and Mwenga , feature an equatorial climate dominated by dense equatorial forests , with abundant rainfall throughout

670-571: A rescue plan. These were Baiyin International Investment, controlled by the Chinese government, and Gramercy Funds Management of Connecticut , USA. In January 2020 Banro sold the Twangize mine to Baiyin International Investments for a nominal $ 1, since the mine's liabilities were higher than its projected revenues. Twangiza Mine in 2021 was owned by Shomka Resources, which in turn was owned by

737-559: A skilled operator to control all four functions simultaneously. The most popular configuration in the US is the SAE controls configuration while in other parts of the world, the ISO control configuration is more common. Some manufacturers such as Takeuchi have switches that allow the operator to select which control configuration to use. Hydraulic excavators now perform tasks well beyond bucket excavation. With

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804-520: A staggering loss of lives. Numerous rebel groups and militias emerged, further intensifying the violence and leading to pervasive human rights violations , including large-scale massacres and incidents of sexual violence . On August 6, 1998, factions of the ANC/RPA/FAB perpetrated a massacre, claiming the lives of numerous civilians in Uvira , in South Kivu. As civilians sought shelter or attempted to flee

871-559: A wide variety of sizes. The smaller ones are called mini or compact excavators . For example, Caterpillar's smallest mini-excavator weighs 2,060 pounds (930 kg) and has 13 hp ; their largest model is the largest excavator available (developed and produced by the Orenstein & Koppel, Germany, until the takeover 2011 by Caterpillar, named »RH400«), the CAT 6090, which weighs in excess of 2,160,510 pounds (979,990 kg), has 4500 hp, and

938-735: Is Munyamulenge (South Kivu Banyamulenge Tutsi) who broke with the Rwandan-backed Rally for Congolese Democracy (RCD) back in 2003. He was formerly commander of the 122nd Brigade in the Minembwe area, who in 2005 rebelled against the authorities in defence of the Congolese Banyamulenge, against harassment and physical abuse. Also previously former second in command of 4th Military Region in Kasai-Occidental . Africa Confidential said in 2011 that he 'clearly remains implacably opposed to

1005-556: Is a melting pot of various ethnic groups, including the Shi , Fuliiru , Bembe , Vira , Lega , Nyindu , Holoholo , Bwari , Hunde , Nyanga , Amba , Swaga, Shu, and Mbuti . The region is also home to a small fraction of Hutu and Tutsi agro-pastoralists who were transplanted by Belgian colonial authorities in the mid-20th century. Since the First Congo War , the region has been plagued by armed conflicts and civil unrest. During

1072-468: Is a zone up to 200 metres (660 ft) wide of mudstone, siltstone and porphyry sills containing an irregular network of sulphidic veins. The gold is held in sulfides of pyrite and arsenopyrite in both the sediments and the feldspar porphyry sills. The highest sulfide content is in the axial plane of the fold. In the colonial era alluvial gold deposits were found upstream from the Mwana River to

1139-552: Is also rich in natural resources , including minerals like gold , coltan , tin , and tungsten . South Kivu Province is characterized by numerous rivers , lakes , and waterways that crisscross through its landscapes. The region lies in the center of the African Great Lakes , encompassed by Lake Kivu towards the west and sharing its border with the Virunga National Park on the east. The Ruzizi River , one of

1206-399: Is also used. The undercarriage includes tracks, track frame, and final drives, which have a hydraulic motor and gearing providing the drive to the individual tracks. The undercarriage, especially frequently for a mini-excavator, can also have blade similar to that of a bulldozer. The house includes the operator cab, counterweight , engine, fuel and hydraulic oil tanks. The house attaches to

1273-628: Is an amalgamation of geographical features comprising mountains , forests , waterfalls , and plains . The area boasts an array of wildlife species , including mountain gorillas , chimpanzees , African Forest Elephants , lions , giraffes , and vervet monkeys . It also hosts African buffalos , baboons , clawed frogs , dwarf crocodiles , savannah monitors , gray duikers , common agamas , and endangered eastern lowland gorillas . The province's national parks and nature reserves , such as Kahuzi-Biéga National Park and Itombwe Nature Reserve , are UNESCO World Heritage Sites . South Kivu

1340-684: Is associated with the presence of lakes, including Lake Kivu and Lake Tanganyika , which are major features of the landscape in South Kivu Province. In addition to volcanic and rift valley formations, the province also contains sedimentary basins . These basins, such as the Lake Kivu Basin , are areas where layers of sediment have accumulated over time. They are important for their mineral resources , including deposits of diamonds , gold , copper , cobalt , tin , tantalum and lithium . The province's eastern mountainous region experiences

1407-531: Is generally smaller, stronger, and has hardened side cutters and teeth used to break through hard ground and rocks. Buckets have numerous shapes and sizes for various applications. There are also many other attachments that are available to be attached to the excavator for boring, ripping, crushing, cutting, lifting, etc. Attachments can be attached with pins similar to other parts of the arm or with some variety of quick coupler . Excavators in Scandinavia often feature

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1474-433: Is mono stick but there are also, for example, telescopic sticks. The largest form ever of an excavator, the dragline excavator , eliminated the dipper in favor of a line and winch . On the end of the stick is usually a bucket . A wide, large capacity (mud) bucket with a straight cutting edge is used for cleanup and levelling or where the material to be dug is soft, and teeth are not required. A general purpose (GP) bucket

1541-505: Is to represent the state at the local level and oversee chiefdoms ( collectivités ). South Kivu Province is divided into eight territories: The city is a decentralized administrative unit with legal status. Cities are led by mayors appointed by presidential decree , as advised by the Ministry of the Interior and Security. The mayor has a deputy mayor , appointed in the same way. The mayor

1608-661: Is under the hierarchical authority of the provincial governor . South Kivu has three main cities of significance: Baraka , Bukavu (the provincial capital), and Uvira . The northern town of Minova expanded rapidly from 1994 to 2012 with a steady inflow of refugees following the Rwandan genocide as well as both First and Second Congo Wars , along with ongoing regional conflicts. The city of Bukavu has experienced an exponential urban growth since colonial times. Sadiki et al. (2010) report about 620,000 inhabitants for 2008. The population growth rate increased incredibly in 2002 due to

1675-616: The Burundi army ( Forces Armées Burundaises ; FAB), launched a rebellion aimed at overthrowing President Laurent-Désiré Kabila. Within a few weeks, this coalition formed the Rassemblement Congolais pour la Démocratie (RCD) and gained control over major urban centers in North and South Kivu, Orientale Province , North Katanga, and even managed to penetrate into the Équateur Province . The war resulted in wide-scale displacement, famine, and

1742-519: The Congolese army ( Forces Armées de la République Démocratique du Congo ; FARDC) in eastern Congo. The 10th Military Region of the newly established Congolese military, led by General Pacifique Masunzu, whose undisciplined former factional soldiers are responsible for human rights violations due to a continuing culture of impunity for military personnel, compounded by challenging living conditions, inadequate remuneration, and insufficient training. Masunzu

1809-656: The First and Second Congo Wars , it became a battleground for the Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Congo-Zaire (AFDL), the Rwandan Patriotic Army (RPA), and the Congolese Rally for Democracy (RCD). The presence of multiple armed groups in the area has led to insecurity, instability, and humanitarian crises. The conflict has resulted in the displacement of civilians , human rights abuses , and atrocities against

1876-504: The Great Rift Valley , South Kivu is bordered by Lake Kivu , Burundi , and Tanzania to the east; Maniema Province to the west; North Kivu Province to the north; and Tanganyika Province to the south. Covering an extensive area of approximately 65,070 square kilometers (25,120 square miles), it is administratively divided into eight territories and boasts a population of roughly 7,066,400 in 2020. The province's topography

1943-604: The Mitumba Mountains and the Kahuzi-Biéga National Park , which is home to endangered mountain gorillas and lush bamboo forests . South Kivu also boasts several notable lakes, including Lake Kivu and Lake Tanganyika . In addition to its mountains and lakes, the province also features a network of rivers and dense tropical rainforests . The major rivers in the province include the Ruzizi , which forms part of

2010-612: The Sange and Uvira , located in Uvira Territory . These regions experienced severe flooding, resulting in a sudden surge of water that overwhelmed the local infrastructure and communities. The force of the floodwaters led to the collapse of many houses, leaving families homeless and vulnerable. The aftermath of the flooding also led to the displacement of people who sought refuge in temporary shelters or with relatives in safer areas. Similarly, other areas in South Kivu Province also faced

2077-527: The AFDL and RCD factions throughout the duration of the Second Congo War , have been subject to widespread disdain among many Congolese due to their alleged involvement in a range of nefarious activities. These accusations include launching assaults on refugee camps and densely populated villages , engaging in civilian executions , and orchestrating acts of terrorism targeting Zairian civilians across various regions of South and North Kivu. Consequently,

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2144-644: The AFDL forces. Local people were coerced into burying the bodies in four large mass graves . In Kamanyola , on October 20, 1996, the AFDL forces killed an unknown number of refugees and Zairian civilians, disposing of their bodies in pit latrines . The AFDL persisted in launching attacks on South Kivu's refugee camps , rivers , airports , and densely populated villages . They carried out civilian executions and acts of terrorism against Zairian civilians in various locations, including Nyantende, Bukavu, Lwakabiri, Kashusha, Ulindi River , Kigulube, Ivela, Balika, Kavumu Airport , Lulingu , and Keisha. In May 1997,

2211-734: The AFDL gained control over significant parts of the country and captured the capital, Kinshasa . Mobutu fled the country and Laurent-Désiré Kabila assumed leadership, renaming the country the Democratic Republic of the Congo. From late 1997 onwards, the relationship between President Laurent-Désiré Kabila, Rwanda and the Tutsi soldiers present in the AFDL deteriorated. Laurent-Désiré Kabila's government faced multiple accusations of marginalizing Tutsi political factions , excluding them from his administration, and displaying preferential treatment toward his Katanga clan. In July 1998, driven by fears of

2278-596: The ANC conducted a massacre resulting in 300 deaths in the village of Katogota in South Kivu. The war officially ended in 2003 with the signing of the Sun City Agreement , which aimed to establish a transitional government and promote peace and stability in the DRC. However, sporadic violence and conflicts in the region persisted even after the official end of the war. The Banyamulenge , who actively aligned themselves with

2345-782: The First Congo War with a massacre in the Lemera groupement (grouping) of South Kivu, on October 6, 1996. The massacre claimed the lives of several dozen individuals. In a hospital massacre , 37 individuals, including two medical personnel , were killed. On October 20, 1996, the AFDL forces killed an unknown number of refugees and Zairian civilians in Rubenga, a village in South Kivu. Another attack occurred on October 21, 1996, in Lubarika village, where an unknown number of Rwandan and Burundian refugees, along with Zairian civilians, were killed by

2412-613: The Rwandan government.' His deputy Colonel Baudouin Nakabaka is a former Mai-Mai fighter with close links to the FDLR . In July 2007, United Nations human rights expert Yakin Erturk called the situation in South Kivu the worst she has ever seen in four years as the global body's special investigator for violence against women . Sexual violence throughout Congo is "rampant," she said, blaming rebel groups,

2479-494: The advent of hydraulic-powered attachments such as a breaker , a cutter, a grapple or an auger ,a crusher and screening buckets the excavator is frequently used in many applications other than excavation. Many excavators feature a quick coupler for simplified attachment mounting, increasing the machine's utilization on the jobsite. Excavators are usually employed together with loaders and bulldozers . Most wheeled, compact and some medium-sized (11 to 18-tonne) excavators have

2546-441: The area, leading to displacement, human rights abuses, and the disruption of essential services. At the outset of the First Congo War , South Kivu played a key role as a battleground for the Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Congo (AFDL), led by Laurent-Désiré Kabila . Its plateaus and hills served as strategic strongholds for the advancing AFDL forces, who aimed to pursue Hutu refugees , particularly

2613-412: The armed forces and national police. Her statement included that "Frequently women are shot or stabbed in their genital organs, after they are raped. Women, who survived months of enslavement, told me that their tormentors had forced them to eat excrement or the human flesh of murdered relatives." In June 2014, around 35 people were killed in an attack in the South Kivu village of Mutarule . The attack

2680-553: The border with Burundi , and the Ulindi River , which flows into Lake Tanganyika . The rainforests of South Kivu are part of the Congo Basin , one of the world's largest tropical rainforest systems. These forests are teeming with biodiversity, housing a wide variety of plant and animal species . They provide habitat for endangered wildlife , including chimpanzees , forest elephants , and various species of primates . The region

2747-707: The combat zone, they fell victim to the FAC in confrontations, resulting in hundreds of fatalities. Moreover, on the same day, members of the ANC, the armed wing of the RCD rebel, killed 13 people, including the chief of the Kiringye area, in the village of Lwiburule in South Kivu. Another massacre unfolded as elements of the ANC/RPA claimed the lives of 15 individuals in the vicinity of Kivovo, Kigongo, and Kalungwe, all situated in South Kivu. The victims suffered from dagger wounds or were shot near

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2814-402: The controls. Generally, the 3 pumps used in excavators consist of 2 variable displacement piston pumps and a gear pump. The arrangement of the pumps in the excavator unit changes with different manufacturers using different formats. The three main sections of an excavator are the undercarriage , the house and the arm. The boom, the front part that is attached to the cab itself and holds the arm,

2881-452: The entry of massive population from Goma after the Nyiragongo eruption of 17 January 2002. Traditional authority is vested in chieftaincies , also known as collectivities ( collectivités ) and sectors. The selection of the powerholder within a chiefdom or sector is determined by ethnic traditions and later recognized or formalized by the state, following traditional norms. The leader of

2948-484: The ex- FAR / Interahamwe , while simultaneously seeking to overthrow Mobutu 's government. This response was prompted by the mistreatment of Tutsi civilians under Mobutu's regime, which subjected them to arbitrary arrests and detentions conducted by Zairian police and soldiers . The AFDL's pursuit of Hutu refugees led to widespread violence and atrocities. The AFDL forces, resorting to indiscriminate killings , mass executions , and acts of torture , initiated

3015-441: The extensive arms of state administration, functioning as representatives of the central government . Each territory within the province is led by a Territorial Administrator and two Assistant Territorial Administrators. Recognizing the vastness of the territories, administrative management positions are established, headed by resident assistant territorial administrators or administrative management position leaders, aiming to bridge

3082-532: The gap between governance and the governed. Appointed by the Ministry of the Interior and Security , territorial officials are included in the state's budgetary provisions. While they directly report to the Ministry of the Interior, they are also accountable to the governor , who acts as the representative of both the President in the province and the Ministry of the Interior. The primary role of territorial administrators

3149-402: The geography of the territories. Excavator Excavators are heavy construction equipment primarily consisting of a boom , dipper (or stick), bucket , and cab on a rotating platform known as the "house" . The modern excavator's house sits atop an undercarriage with tracks or wheels , being an evolution of the steam shovel (which itself evolved into the power shovel when steam

3216-411: The house. The boom attaches to the house and provides the up-and-down movement. It can be one of several different configurations: Attached to the end of the boom is the stick (or dipper arm). The stick provides the digging movement needed to pull the bucket through the ground. The stick length is optional depending whether reach (longer stick) or break-out power (shorter stick) is required. Most common

3283-513: The larger Virunga Mountains , which stretches from Uganda through Rwanda and into the DRC. The province also includes parts of the Albertine Rift , a branch of the larger East African Rift System . This rift valley is characterized by tectonic forces that led to the stretching and thinning of the Earth's crust , resulting in the formation of deep valleys and steep escarpments . The rift valley

3350-472: The local population. Additionally, the region's rich natural resources , such as minerals and timber , have been a driving factor for some of the conflicts. South Kivu Province was created from Sud-Kivu District in 1989, when the existing Kivu Province was divided into three parts (South Kivu, North Kivu and Maniema ). For three decades, the region has been plagued by armed conflicts and violence. Various armed groups and militias have operated in

3417-512: The longest rivers in the world, flows along the province's eastern edge. Meanwhile, its tributaries—the Sange , Kavinvira, Kavimvira, Luvimvi, Luvungi, Luvubu, Luberizi, Runingu, Mulongwe, Kiliba, Kalimabenge, and Lugulu Rivers—run through the verdant terrains, nurturing the surrounding ecosystems and supporting farming activities . The province is home to several lakes, including Lake Tanganyika which serve as critical sources of freshwater and habitats for diverse aquatic species . While

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3484-568: The main and north sections porphyritic sills from 1 to 50 metres (3 ft 3 in to 164 ft 1 in) thick have intruded into the Neoproterozoic sediments. They have been extensively altered by hydrothermal circulation , but may be derived from intrusive alkaline rocks emplaced about 750 Ma along what is today the Albertine Rift . The Neoproterozoic sediments contain small granitic intrusions from which colonial companies and artisanal miners extracted tin. The main ore deposit

3551-448: The mine began commercial production on 1 September 2012. In February 2017 a group of armed robbers attempted to enter the mine gate. Three of the mine's police and one of the robbers were killed. In 2017 Banro almost went bankrupt and halted operations after a series of militia attacks. In early 2018 a Canadian court allowed the Banro's main creditors to become its senior shareholders as part of

3618-727: The north end of the 210 kilometres (130 mi) Twangiza-Namoya gold belt , also called the Maniema-South Kivu Gold Belt, which stretches from South Kivu into Maniema . The belt extends from Twangiza southwest to Namoya in Maniema. The eastern section of the Twangiza property is part of the Itombwe synclinorium, a fold that stretches 150 kilometres (93 mi) south from Twangiza. It contains weakly metamorphized Neoproterozoic sediments, mostly mudstone , trending north–south. Near

3685-525: The other for leach, adsorption and elution. Processing includes gravity separation and carbon-in-leach (CIL) carbon adsorption - desorption -recovery (ADR), with cyanide as a reagent. Gold production volumes were 98,184oz (2014), 135,532oz (2015), 104,438oz (2016) and 109,871oz (2017). No reports are available for production after May 2018. Proven and probable reserves in Twangiza Mine are 1.82 million ounces of metal. South Kivu Situated within

3752-489: The present day Twangiza deposit. Minière des Grands Lacs (MGL) began exploration at Twangza in 1957 and dug 8,200 metres (26,900 ft) of trenches and 12,100 metres (39,700 ft) of adits on seven levels. MGL collected 17,400 samples in total. In 1976 MGL merged with eight other mining companies to form the Société Minière et Industrielle du Kivu (SOMINKI). Banro Resource Corporation of Canada acquired control of

3819-646: The primary port in Kalundu and at the facilities of SEP Congo. On August 24, 1998, RCD forces and Rwandan soldiers unleashed a massacre in Kasika and neighboring villages in South Kivu, resulting in the deaths of more than 1,000 people, as reported by the United Nations Mapping Report . The majority of the recovered bodies, predominantly women and children , were discovered on the 60-kilometer journey from Kilungutwe village to Kasika. Prior to their murders,

3886-449: The property in 1996, and between 1997 and 1998 undertook extensive explorations, including geological mapping, airborne geophysical surveying and diamond drilling. Soon after this work was completed, President Laurent-Désiré Kabila expropriated the property by presidential decree. Banro sought compensation, and on 19 April 2002 the DRC government restored the property to Banro with a mining convention that would last until 2027. Under Banro

3953-423: The province is rich in natural resources , it is also fraught with challenges and dangers. The area is susceptible to periodic floods , particularly during the rainy season , which cause disruptions to both the community and infrastructure. Over the last few years, parts of the province have been ravaged by flooding. In March 2020–23, torrential rains and the overflow of nearby tributaries inundated homes, including

4020-468: The provinces of North Kivu to the north, Maniema to the west, and Tanganyika to the south. To the east, it shares borders with Rwanda , Burundi and Tanzania , forming part of the African Great Lakes region . The province is predominantly mountainous , with the western side of the Albertine Rift Valley running through its territory. This creates a series of peaks and valleys, including

4087-422: The undercarriage by way of a center pin. High-pressure oil is supplied to the tracks' hydraulic motors through a hydraulic swivel at the axis of the pin, allowing the machine to slew 360° unhindered and thus provides the left-and-right movement. The arm provides the up-and-down and closer-and-further (or digging movement) movements. Arms typically consist of a boom, stick and bucket with three joints between them and

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4154-716: The women were subjected to rape followed by brutal disembowelment using daggers . From December 30, 1998, to January 2, 1999, RCD forces committed another massacre , claiming the lives of over 800 civilians, primarily belonging to the Babembe community , in the small village of Makobola in South Kivu. Many victims endured machete attacks or were shot at close range, while others met their demise through burning or drowning in nearby rivers. Infants and young children were callously thrown into deep pit latrines, left to perish, while adults who dared to disobey orders and attempted to escape were met with bullets . On May 14, 2000, members of

4221-455: The world's first Zero Tail Swing excavator, which allows the counterweight to stay inside the width of the tracks as it slews, thus being safer and more user friendly when used in a confined space. This type of machine is now widely used throughout the world. There are two main types of control configuration used in excavators to control the boom and bucket, each distributing the four primary digging functions across two x-y joysticks. This allows

4288-585: The wrath of floods, including Nyambasha , Bushushu, Rambira, and Nyamukubi in Kalehe Territory . These communities, situated in low-lying areas near rivers and water bodies , are particularly susceptible to the destructive impact of flooding. Heavy rains and rising water levels overwhelm local infrastructure and defenses, causing homes to collapse and forcing residents to flee for safety. The province houses many volcanoes , including Mount Kahuzi , Mount Muhi and Mount Kabobo . These volcanoes are part of

4355-630: The year. The Ruzizi Plain , however, presents a unique micro-climate —a tropical climate with a dry tendency and lower rainfall (± 1,000 mm/year). The region's vegetation is characterized by a grassy savannah with thorns and Myrtillocactus geometrizans , most notably in the Kahuzi-Biéga National Park. South Kivu Province, like all other provinces, is administratively divided into territories and cities . Further subdivisions of territories are: chiefdoms or sectors , groupements (groupings), and villages. Territories serve as

4422-603: Was apparently part of dispute over cattle. On 7 August 2015 the 2015 South Kivu earthquake , a magnitude 5.8 earthquake, struck 35 km (22 mi) north-northeast of Kabare at a depth of 12.0 km (7.5 mi). One policeman was killed. On July 16, 2020, the Ngumino and Twiganeho militias of the Banyamulenge community perpetrated the Kipupu massacre , which claimed the lives of 220 people in South Kivu village of Kipupu, as reported by provincial lawmakers. South Kivu borders

4489-402: Was replaced by diesel and electric power). All excavation-related movement and functions of a hydraulic excavator are accomplished through the use of hydraulic fluid , with hydraulic cylinders and hydraulic motors , which replaced winches, chains, and steel ropes . Another principle change was the direction of the digging action, with modern excavators pulling their buckets toward them like

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