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60-397: The original clubhouse, designed by Bruce Price , was built in 1886 and demolished in 1927. John Russell Pope 's clubhouse was constructed on the original stone foundations the following year. The clubhouse is U-shaped, with stucco over wood frame, low hipped slate roof, stone embedded in stucco, leaded glass casements, and mullions forming crossettes in continuous fenestration. Located at

120-511: A building to maximize the amount of space that could be rented, while still being architecturally consistent on the outside. Nine architects entered this competition, including Bruce Price, Napoleon LeBrun , George B. Post , Carrère and Hastings , and McKim, Mead & White . A separate competition was held for the decorative figures, which Rhind won. In February 1894, the company announced that Price had been selected to build American Surety's 20-story headquarters. Price's design called for

180-510: A cantilevered steel structure for its foundations . The building was erected between 1894 and 1896 as a 21-story structure, which was the second tallest building in New York City when completed. Between 1920 and 1922, an annex was built to designs by Meader, increasing the floor area and adding two stories to the building. A later tenant, the Bank of Tokyo , hired Kajima International to restore

240-414: A colonnade; a parapet between the 20th and 21st stories with gilded metal; and a large projecting stone cornice atop the 21st floor. The original gilded parapet and the sculptures were removed in the 1920–1922 expansion, and a cornice with anthemia was installed atop the two-story penthouse. The southern elevation of the 20th and 21st floors, from Price's original design, remains partially visible from

300-546: A facade of Maine granite. Its articulation consists of three horizontal sections similar to the components of a column , namely a base, shaft, and capital , making the American Surety Building one of the earliest New York City skyscrapers to feature such a layout. The facade contains several ornamental features, including sculptural elements designed by J. Massey Rhind . In addition, the American Surety Building uses an interior skeleton of structural steel, as well as

360-650: A favorable impression of its operations" in the general public. This had been a trend since 1870, with the completion of the former Equitable Life Building just north of the American Surety site. In the second half of the century, many firms in the Financial District were developing structures north of the neighborhood's traditional center of commerce at Wall Street . By 1865, the three-block of stretch of Broadway between Liberty and Wall Streets had seven buildings for banks or insurance companies, including

420-605: A fire in 1901 that damaged the Weather Bureau's quarters. In April 1920, the American Surety Company indicated its intention to acquire the Schermerhorn Building, and revealed plans for a $ 2.5 million annex to the American Surety Building (equivalent to $ 29 million in 2023 ) to be finished by 1921. The company then bought the Schermerhorn Building outright for $ 1.5 million, and started work on

480-539: A five-story pyramidal roof to his plans, similar to St Mark's Campanile in Venice . The campanile, as well as the progressively recessed windows, had been inspired by a failed plan for a structure opposite City Hall , which would have housed the New York Sun . Work on the foundations began in early 1894 and was completed by that November. The foundation work took eight to nine months, representing about forty percent of

540-440: A force of 80,000 pounds per foot (120,000 kg/m) on the foundation. If the walls had been load-bearing, then they would have needed to be 84 inches (2,100 mm) thick, imposing a force of 150,000 pounds per foot (220,000 kg/m) on the foundation. Due to the use of non-load-bearing curtain walls, an additional 87 square feet (8.1 m ) of usable space was provided in the width of each 20-foot (6.1 m) bay, resulting in

600-568: A partner. Following a brief study trip to Europe, he opened an office in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania , where he practiced from 1873 to 1876. He settled in New York City in 1877, where he worked on a series of domestic projects. These culminated in the design and layout of the exclusive 7,000-acre planned community of Tuxedo Park (1885–86), created by Pierre Lorillard IV . The striking buildings Price designed there, with their severe geometry, compact massing and axial plans, were highly influential in

660-433: A profit of $ 2,000 per year from the rental of the additional space. Foundation costs were also reduced, although the use of a steel frame canceled out some of the cost savings, since steel was slightly costlier than masonry. The usage of both curtain and bearing walls was not common at the time of the building's construction. The American Surety Building had more than 400 rooms upon completion, accessed by six elevators and

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720-479: A relatively simple building with a flat roof, and took inspiration from his previous commission for 280 Broadway . This appealed to the American Surety Company, because the site had supposedly cost $ 1.435 million and the company planned to spend another $ 1.25 million on construction. The cost was still relatively high; Price had convinced the American Surety Company that all four facades needed to be decorated because of its high visibility. Price had conceived

780-409: A spiral staircase. The elevators moved at 400 feet per minute (120 m/min), which was then considered very rapid. There were two water tanks , one each on the 10th and 21st floors, which had a cumulative capacity of 50,000 U.S. gallons (190,000 L; 42,000 imp gal) and supplied water to fire hoses on each floor. The 21st floor was used solely as a utility floor. The 10th-floor tank

840-706: Is actually the third golf course of the club, as the first became the Blair estate and the second was overtaken by the New York State Thruway , forcing the move of the course to the new location near the Eagle Valley section of Tuxedo. The course existing today was designed by Robert Trent Jones, Sr. It is an 18-hole championship course. 41°9′47″N 74°14′3″W  /  41.16306°N 74.23417°W  / 41.16306; -74.23417 Bruce Price Bruce Price (December 12, 1845 – May 29, 1903)

900-533: Is an elaborate frieze . The Broadway facade also has an entrance to the upper floors at its southern end. On Pine Street, the lowest two stories are supported by two-story piers above a granite water table , supporting an entablature that wraps around from Broadway. There is a service entrance on the east end of the Pine Street facade, and the third-story windows on this facade have projecting window surrounds with connecting spandrel panels. An entablature runs above

960-597: Is an office building and early skyscraper at Pine Street and Broadway in the Financial District of Manhattan in New York City , across from Trinity Church . The building was designed in a Neo-Renaissance style by Bruce Price with a later expansion by Herman Lee Meader . It is 388 feet (118 m) tall, with either 23 or 26 stories. It was one of Manhattan's first buildings with steel framing and curtain wall construction. The American Surety Building contains

1020-404: Is located on Broadway and consists of a two-story Ionic -style colonnade supporting a seven- bay -wide portico ; this portico was five bays wide prior to the expansion. The third-story windows above the portico are flanked by six classical figures designed by J. Massey Rhind . Two more figures, in the same style as Rhind's originals, were added in the expansion. At the top of the colonnade

1080-684: Is most identified with), as well as the first Banff Springs Hotel in Alberta, and many other hotels and stations. He was a Fellow of the American Institute of Architects (1890) and belonged to the Architectural League of New York . In 1900, he entered into a partnership with French architect Jules Henri de Sibour , who had earlier worked in his office. The firm continued to use the name "Bruce Price & de Sibour" until 1908, five years after Price's death. In 1871, Price married Josephine Lee,

1140-865: Is new, incredibly new." Among the Manhattan office buildings he designed were the American Surety Building , the St. James Building, the Bank of the Metropolis and the International Bank. He also collaborated with sculptor Daniel Chester French on the Richard Morris Hunt Memorial (1898) in Central Park . He designed a lecture hall and a dormitory at Yale University . His grandest residential commission

1200-463: The 4 and ​ 5 trains), and a building representative said in 1897 that the foundation was designed "with a view of withstanding the effect" of a subway tunnel. Thirty-two structural columns were used in the building, which each carry between 584 and 1,280 short tons (521 and 1,143 long tons; 530 and 1,161 t). The building utilized portal wind bracing , which could sustain winds of at least 82 miles per hour (132 km/h); this

1260-771: The Canadian Pacific Railway , including Windsor Station in Montreal and Château Frontenac in Quebec City. Price was born in Cumberland, Maryland , the son of William and Marian Bruce Price. He studied for a short time at Princeton University . After four years of internship in the office of the Baltimore architects Niernsee & Neilson (1864–68), he began his professional work in Baltimore with Ephraim Francis Baldwin as

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1320-710: The New York Stock Exchange rented about 25,000 square feet (2,300 m ) of offices at 100 Broadway, one block away from the New York Stock Exchange Building , where there was a shortage of space. During the early 1990s, the Bank of Tokyo vacated 150,000 square feet (14,000 m ) of space it occupied at 100 Broadway, moving to 1251 Avenue of the Americas in Midtown Manhattan . The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission designated

1380-644: The Trinity and United States Realty Buildings to the west; the Equitable Building to the north; 14 Wall Street to the east; and 1 Wall Street to the south. Entrances to the New York City Subway 's Wall Street station , served by the 4 and ​ 5 trains, are adjacent to the building. The lot covers about 15,000 square feet (1,400 m ), and measures 125 feet (38 m) on Pine Street and 123 feet (37 m) on Broadway. None of

1440-486: The 20th floor windows were recessed by 20 inches (510 mm); this allowed sunlight to illuminate the upper stories while utilizing entasis for architectural effect. These windows were subsequently replaced with sash windows . Unlike previous buildings such as the Park Row Building , which typically only had one decorated facade, the American Surety Building had all of its facades decorated. The main entrance

1500-546: The 4th and 15th floors. A two-story penthouse is set back above the 21st floor. The Broadway and Pine Street elevations were both seven bays wide before an expansion in 1920–1922 brought the building to 11 bays on both sides. Price said that he wanted to "design a monumental structure", and as such he intended the facade to resemble "a campanile with four pilaster faces, the seven flutes represented by seven rows of windows". The windows on upper stories were originally progressively recessed by 1 inch (25 mm) per story, so that

1560-560: The Continental Insurance Company Building at 100-102 Broadway, on the American Surety Building's future site. Fire insurance companies established buildings on Pine Street as well. The American Surety Company was one of the insurance firms located within the Financial District, having been established in 1881 at 160 Broadway. The American Surety Company bought two lots at Broadway and Pine Street in 1893: an L-shaped lot with frontage on both streets, and another lot at

1620-478: The Schermerhorn Building for 99 years at an annual cost of $ 75,000 (equivalent to $ 2,363,466 in 2023 ), which would be equivalent to paying 5% of the Schermerhorn Building's $ 1.5 million valuation each year. This allowed American Surety to construct its cornice as planned. The building was completed in 1896 at a cost of $ 1.75 million (equal to $ 55 million in 2023 ), of which 10% had been spent on underground work. The North American Trust Company

1680-564: The September 11 attacks. Madison Capital bought 100 Broadway in late 2010, and shortly afterward, the Borders branch closed after Borders Group filed for bankruptcy. Most of the vacant retail space was ultimately occupied in 2012 by Duane Reade , a pharmacy and convenience store. TD Ameritrade occupied the remaining retail space in 2013, and Northwood Investors bought the building the same year for $ 150 million. The American Surety Building

1740-449: The annex by May 1920. Herman Lee Meader supervised alterations, while Ernest R. Graham was hired as consulting architect. The work included a new L-shaped annex that widened the building by 40 feet (12 m), the width of four bays, on both Pine Street and Broadway. Meader added a light shaft along the new southern elevation, but retained Price's original facade. The work also involved removing existing flooring and partitions, since

1800-478: The annex, and the work was completed the next year. During the mid-20th century, one of the larger tenants was the Bank of Tokyo , which first took space in the American Surety Building in 1952 and expanded to the building's banking room and several floors over the next decade. Real estate investor Irving Brodsky bought the building in 1962, just after the American Surety Company merged with Transamerica Corporation . The Thomson Realty Company took ownership of

1860-444: The architect's idea was to fit buildings with the surrounding woods, and the gate-lodge and keep were built of graystone with as much moss and lichen as possible. The shingled cottages were stained with the color of the woods—russets and grays and dull reds—ugly to the taste of a quarter century later, though this treatment did much to neutralize the newness of the buildings—Old World and tradition-haunted as it looks, it

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1920-553: The architectural profession. Eight of Price's houses – including five from Tuxedo Park – were among the one hundred buildings selected for George William Sheldon 's landmark survey of American domestic architecture: Artistic Country-Seats (1886–87). The most famous of these, the Pierre Lorillard V cottage ("Cottage G"), though demolished and now known only through photographs, remains an icon of American architecture. Price's daughter wrote in 1911: "In beginning Tuxedo,

1980-513: The basement, these courts became a model for future courts built in the United States . They have full galleries for spectators. The original glass roof with canvasses has been replaced with artificial light. The golf course does not sit near the main clubhouse facility. It is roughly 5 miles (8 km) away just outside the gates of the private community known as Tuxedo Park where the main club, tennis club and pool are located. The golf course

2040-672: The building as a city landmark in 1995. After the September 11 attacks in 2001 led to the collapse of the World Trade Center nearby, the Borders Group replaced its destroyed World Trade Center branch with a 35,000-square-foot (3,300 m ) bookstore in the American Surety Building's base, which opened in 2003. The project was praised as one of several commercial projects that contributed to economic growth in Lower Manhattan after

2100-407: The building as a tower, which he saw as "the only artistic solution to the problem of high design". Although the American Surety Building was not entirely freestanding, being abutted by other structures, it had decorated facades on all four sides. Sometime during construction, the building's plans were modified so that it would have a 21st story. Price subsequently stated that he had planned to add

2160-411: The building in 1973. When the bank's lease expired that year, it decided to sign a long-term lease and concurrently renovate the building. After the Bank of Tokyo signed its lease, the bank hired Kajima International to refurbish 100 Broadway's lowest thirteen stories, used by the Bank of Tokyo, for $ 11 million. Kajima installed new elevators, mechanical systems, and bronze windows. In addition,

2220-438: The caisson shafts. The building's internal steel structure is cantilevered over the foundation piers due to the presence of other structures nearby when the American Surety Building was erected. The internal structure was designed to be completely separate from the surrounding buildings, and thus party walls could not be used. A steel plate was placed atop the masonry tips of each pier. A grillage of transversely laid I-beams

2280-428: The corner. The price of the latter—$ 400,000, equivalent to $ 12,135,980 in 2023 —was the largest price ever paid for a Broadway property at the time. The same year, the company announced that it wanted to build a 15-to-20-story headquarters tower, to be built on their lot measuring 100 by 85 feet (30 by 26 m). The company organized an architectural design competition , in which the contestants were directed to design

2340-585: The daughter of a Wilkes-Barre coal baron. They had two children: Emily Price Post , who became a novelist and the American authority on etiquette , and William, who died in infancy. Price is buried, along with his wife and son, in Hollenback Cemetery in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania. American Surety Building The American Surety Building (also known as the Bank of Tokyo Building or 100 Broadway )

2400-415: The eastern and southern elevations above the eighth story. Between the first and eighth stories, the eastern and southern walls were load-bearing brick walls. The southern brick wall was 4 feet (1.2 m) thick to prevent fire from spreading to the Schermerhorn Building to the south. At the time of the building's construction, the thickness of a curtain wall was limited to 32 inches (810 mm), imposing

2460-402: The foot of Tuxedo Lake , it commands a view to the other end of lake and two ranges of wooded hills. A lawn extends between the club house and the lake. To the northwest of the clubhouse is the court tennis and racquet house, also on West Lake Road. Designed by architects Warren and Wetmore , it was built between 1890 and 1900. Made of Bickley cement and supported by stone and brick arches in

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2520-478: The ground-floor banking and commercial spaces were reconfigured into an open arcade, with the colonnade shielding a glass wall behind it. A sculpture by Isamu Noguchi , a 17-foot-long (5.2 m) aluminum rhomboid weighing 1,600 pounds (730 kg), was also placed in the lobby. This renovation was completed by 1975. The Bank of Tokyo removed the Noguchi sculpture in 1980 without telling Noguchi. The same year,

2580-408: The lower 13 stories between 1973 and 1975. The American Surety Building was made a New York City designated landmark in 1995. The American Surety Building is located in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan , adjacent to Broadway to the west and Pine Street to the north, with Wall Street less than a block to the south. The building is adjacent to Trinity Church , Trinity's churchyard, and

2640-411: The north side of the building, as well as two staircases at the northwest and southeast corners. The lobby has a black-and-gold coffered ceiling with a baby-centaur frieze. The ground level contains a large open arcade with 30-foot-tall (9.1 m) ceilings. There was previously a banking room at street level, which contained a gold-leaf ceiling supported by four marble pillars. This banking room

2700-443: The now-demolished Manhattan Life Insurance Building one block south, which stood at 313 feet (95 m). At the time of the American Surety Building's development in the 1890s, new buildings in New York City were starting to use steel frames, and caisson foundation technology was still relatively new. The American Surety Building was the first New York City skyscraper to use a full steel skeleton. The American Surety Building

2760-554: The sides are parallel. The original lot, prior to the building's 1920–1922 expansion, measured 84.67 by 85.33 feet (26 by 26 m). The American Surety Building is either 23 or 26 stories tall, with a height of 338 feet (103 m). and was designed by Bruce Price in the Neo-Renaissance style. Upon completion, the American Surety Building was 21 stories tall with a height of either 308 or 312 feet (94 or 95 m). This made it New York City's second tallest building, behind

2820-497: The street. Contractor Charles Sooysmith designed the foundation, which was a mix of grillage and caissons. Sooysmith was among the first builders to use pneumatic caissons for foundations, having used them in other projects such as the Manhattan Life Insurance Building. The caissons were sunken to stone beds between 71 and 79 feet (22 and 24 m) deep, where the layer of bedrock was situated. Each caisson

2880-489: The third story on Pine Street and Broadway. The facades of the intermediate stories contain slightly projecting horizontal bands. A band course runs above the fourth story on the Broadway and Pine Street facades. There are sculptures extending across the 14th and 15th stories, connecting the intermediate floors to the transitional 15th story. The top six stories were treated as a "cap" with Corinthian style pilasters forming

2940-478: The total time allocated for the building's construction. The design for the American Surety Building's cornice, which projected 5 feet (1.5 m) beyond the lot line, led to a lawsuit filed by John Jacob Astor , who owned the Schermerhorn Building immediately to the south and east. When Astor threatened to build a 22-story building in May 1896, shutting off the windows on these sides, the American Surety Company rented

3000-454: The upper floors would have to be wider than the lower floors to align with the original building's walls, which receded gradually on each floor. The entrance portico on Broadway was shifted to the center of the facade; two figures on the 14th and 15th floors were removed; and a two-story penthouse was added. The New York Herald reported in July 1921 that the company had picked a leasing agent for

3060-763: Was Georgian Court , the neo- Georgian estate of George Jay Gould I in Lakewood, New Jersey . Price invented, patented, and built the parlor bay-window cars for the Pennsylvania Railroad and the Boston and Albany Railroad . This work prompted the Canadian Pacific Railways to consider his portfolio. He designed the Château Frontenac in Quebec City for the Canadian Pacific (arguably the structure Price

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3120-418: Was 9 feet (2.7 m) tall and made of 0.5-inch-thick (13 mm) steel plates. A steel shaft with a cross section of 3 by 5 feet (0.91 by 1.52 m) rose from each of the caissons, and was topped by a cylinder of 6 feet (1.8 m) in diameter by 10 feet (3.0 m) tall. The underlying ground was drawn out from the caissons, and then filled with concrete. Thirteen brick piers were subsequently built around

3180-497: Was also one of the earliest buildings on street corners whose articulation consisted of three horizontal sections similar to the components of a column (namely a base, shaft, and capital ). The design inspired those of other "tower" skyscrapers in the United States during the early 20th century. The facade consists of Maine granite with a 3-story base, a 12-story shaft, and a 6-story capital, with two transitional stories at

3240-545: Was an American architect and an innovator in the Shingle Style . The stark geometry and compact massing of his cottages in Tuxedo Park, New York , influenced Modernist architects, including Frank Lloyd Wright and Robert Venturi . He also designed Richardsonian Romanesque institutional buildings, Beaux-Arts mansions, and Manhattan skyscrapers. In Canada, he designed Châteauesque railroad stations and grand hotels for

3300-483: Was demonstrated during January 1896, when the building was subjected to that wind speed with minimal evidence of oscillation . Exposed steel beams were covered with 3.5-inch-thick (89 mm) fireproof tile, while the floor arches were made of 10-inch-thick (250 mm) firebrick. The floors themselves were made of brick arches, concrete and ash aggregate , and steel joints , covered with a marble finish. The northern and western elevations were curtain walls , as were

3360-434: Was erected at a time when buildings usually did not rise higher than 10 or 11 stories, and when skyscrapers were generally criticized. Architecture critic Russell Sturgis praised the ground-floor colonnade in 1899 as "a masterly adaptation of the loveliest forms of antiquity" reinforced by the pilasters on Pine Street and Broadway. When Price died in 1903, The Brickbuilder described the American Surety Building as "certainly

3420-487: Was installed above the plates. Deep plate girders were placed over the grillages, and the cantilevers extended outward from these girders to the edge of the building footprint, where they supported the columns of the superstructure. At the time of the American Surety Building's construction, there was already discussion on building a subway line under Broadway (which would become the Lexington Avenue Line , served by

3480-548: Was one of the building's earlier tenants, having obtained quarters at the American Surety Building by 1898. Another early tenant was the Weather Bureau , which moved from its previous quarters at the Manhattan Life Building and installed a 100-foot-tall (30 m) steel pole atop the American Surety Building. As built, there was an air shaft between the American Surety and Schermerhorn buildings; this air shaft led to

3540-486: Was removed in a 1970s renovation and replaced with the open arcade. During the late 19th century, life insurance firms were some of the first companies to build high-profile skyscrapers. At the time of the American Surety Building's construction, life insurance companies generally had their own buildings for their offices and branch locations. According to architectural writer Kenneth Gibbs, these buildings allowed each individual company to instill "not only its name but also

3600-504: Was used to reduce the maximum water pressure in the American Surety Building's pipes. When the building was expanded in 1920, a two-story penthouse was added, with 6,500 square feet (600 m ) of restaurant space on each floor. The rental space on the 1st through 7th floors was expanded from 4,316 to 12,000 square feet (401.0 to 1,114.8 m ), and above the 7th floor, the rental space was expanded to 11,000 square feet (1,000 m ). The expanded building had ten elevators clustered on

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